Eden comment: Nicolson to Victoria Sackville-West, March 1, 1945, Nicolson, p. 439. Dulles-Wolff episode: Feis3, chap. 61; Allen Dulles, The Secret Surrender (Harper, 1966); Deborin, pp. 431-432. Churchill on advantage of separate military surrender: Churchill6, pp. 441, 444-445; see also Churchill to Eden, March 24, 1945, Churchill6, p. 442. View of Combined Chiefs of Staff: Feis3, pp. 584 ff. Roosevelt-Stalin exchange on matter: Correspondence2, pp. 198-213; see also Ulam, p. 381; Kolko, pp. 375-379; Deborin, pp. 431-432.
Asia: Never, Never, Never. Iwo Jima: Kirby, pp. 235-240; Yu Te-jen, pp. 250-253; S. E. Morison, Victory in the Pacific (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962). Hurley’s trip to Washington and rumors in Chungking: Hurley testimony, Military Situation in the Far East, pp. 2883-2885. Draft agreement between Nationalists and Communists: Military Situation in the Far East, pp. 3669-3679. Summary of China’s dilemma: Stettinius to Roosevelt, Jan. 4, 1945, Feis2, pp. 219-220. Hurley’s disagreement with Foreign Service officers in China: ibid., pp. 260-264; United States Relations with China, pp. 87-92; Hurley testimony, pp. 3255-3257. Hurley meetings with Roosevelt, March 1945: Hurley testimony, pp. 2883-2885, 2887, 2906; Feis2, pp. 265, 272; Hassett, pp. 321, 326; Tsou, p. 298. Postwar testimony on China must be treated with caution; but see Harriman testimony, Military Situation in the Far East, pp. 3335-3342. Battle of Okinawa: Roy E. Apple-man, James M. Burns, Russell A. Gugeler, and John Stevens, Okinawa: The Last Battle (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1948); Mori-son, cited above; Yu Te-jen, pp. 254-264. For its effect on military thinking, see Churchill6, pp. 626, 627-629. Stimson on giving Russians information: memorandum, Dec. 31, 1944, Stimson Papers. Later atomic-bomb developments: Stimson Diary, Feb. 13, Feb. 15, March 5, March 15, 1945; Moore, p. 362; Freedman, p. 726; Hewlett and Anderson, pp. 339-340, 342.
Wedemeyer’s meeting with Roosevelt: Wedemeyer, p. 340; Military Situation in the Far East, pp. 2293-2567. Policy toward Indochina: Hull, pp. 1596-1599; Eden, p. 378; Arthur H. Schlesinger, Jr., The Bitter Heritage (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967) and works cited therein. Roosevelt to Stalin on Indochina: Malta-Yalta, p. 770. Roosevelt’s trusteeship idea: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 562-563. Press conference discussion: ibid., pp. 562-564. Churchill at Yalta on the Empire: Malta-Yalta, pp. 844, 856, 858; Byrnes, p. x; Moran, pp. 244-245. Roosevelt’s position on trusteeship issue, March 1945: Hurley testimony, Military Situation in the Far East, pp. 2890-2891 (testimony of June 21, 1951). Declaration of Independence as exemplar: Shaplen, p. 29.
“The Work, My Friends, Is Peace.” Legislative situation: Drury, p. 408 and passim. Guaranteed wage plans and Trade Agreements Act renewal: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 592-593, 595-600. Roosevelt on the good old times: Roosevelt to Morgan Hoyt, Feb. 28, 1945, PL, p. 1572. Roosevelt on ending of war in May: Perkins, p. 396. Roosevelt at the dinner of the White House Correspondents’ Association, March 22, 1945: Drury, pp. 388-390. Military situation in Europe: John Toland, The Last 100 Days (Random House, 1966).
Hassett to Bruenn on Roosevelt’s health, March 30, 1945: Hassett, pp. 327-328; Bruenn Ms. does not mention this incident. Churchill on deteriorating relations with Russia: Churchill6, p. 456. Roosevelt’s efforts to quiet the situation: Roosevelt to Stalin, (received April 13, 1945), Correspondence2, p. 214; Roosevelt to Churchill, April 12, 1945, Churchill6, p. 454. Philippine independence: Sergio Osmeña to Roosevelt, March 31, 1945, Philippines Folder, 1-45, FDRL; PC 998, April 5, 1945;
PPA, 1944-45, pp. 607-610; see also Sayre Papers, Box 7, LC; Hassett, p. 330; Early to Stimson, April 11, 1945, White House Correspondence-Stimson, AR. Undelivered Jefferson Day speech: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 613-616; Hassett, p. 333; Rosenman, p. 551.
EPILOGUE
For the sake of continuity, some of the ideas and language used in the epilogue to the first volume of this biography have been used or expanded in this epilogue. Asbell, chaps. 1-3, has recounted Roosevelt’s death in detail and with sensitivity; see also Hassett, pp. 333-338; Reilly, pp. 229-234; Tully, pp. 361-366. Roosevelt-McDuffie exchange: Asbell, pp. 7-9. Churchill’s reaction to the news: Churchill8, p. 471; Stalin’s: Sulzberger, p. 253; Chiang Kai-shek’s: NYT, April 13, 1945, p. 10; Goebbels’s: Shirer, pp. 1440-1441. Other foreign reaction: Nicholas Halasz, Roosevelt Through Foreign Eyes (Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1961), pp. 308-319.
Freedom’s Once-Born. Departure from Warm Springs: Walker, pp. 300-302; Asbell, chap. 12. Luce’s feeling about Roosevelt: John Kobler, Luce: His Time, Life, and Fortune (Doubleday, 1968), pp. 122-123. Acheson on Roosevelt’s condescensions: Dean Acheson, Morning and Noon (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 165. Sholto-Douglas and Roosevelt: William Sholto-Douglas, Years of Command (London: Collins, 1966), pp. 230-231. Jones on Roosevelt: George Dixon, Washington Times-Herald, Feb. 1, 1945. Roosevelt and Buckingham Palace: John M. Carmody interview, OHP, 607.
“The Lonesome Train”: Millard Lampell, “The Lonesome Train,” a musical legend, Decca Records, 1949; Asbell, chap. 15. Concept of the “once-born”: William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (Longmans, Green, 1935), p. 199, as cited and interpreted in Erik H. Erik-son, Young Man Luther (Norton, 1962), pp. 41, 117. Roosevelt’s references to home and family in connection with policy matters are too numerous to be listed; some examples can be found in Range, p. 62; Churchill6, p. 216; PL, p. 1380. William White on the funeral in Washington: quoted in Asbell, p. 170. Funeral service in the White House: Biddle, p. 360; Lilienthal, p. 693. Eleanor Roosevelt’s confrontation of Anna: confidential source.
Democracy’s Aristocrat. Clare Boothe Luce on Roosevelt’s cautiousness: Kobler, p. 121. Poll on choice of new Navy Secretary: Cox Diary, May 1, 1944, FDRL. “Meaning it”: Erikson, Young Man Luther, pp. 208-210. Hopkins on Roosevelt’s commitment: Sherwood, p. 266; see also White, pp. 75-76, 87-88. Roosevelt’s belief in the brotherly spirit of science: PPA, 1944-45, p. 615. Roosevelt on dreaming dreams: Roosevelt to Smuts, Nov. 24, 1942, PL, pp. 1371-1372. Roosevelt to MacLeish, June 9, 1943: PSF, MacLeish Folder. Niebuhr on love and life: Reinhold Niebuhr, Christianity and Power Politics (Scribner, 1940), chap, 1; see also Osgood, pp. 381-383.
New York City rumors: PM, April 13, 1945, p. 9. Reactions abroad are from Time, April 23, 1945, p. 27; Life, April 23, 1945, pp. 30, 32; NYT, April 14, 1945, p. 14. Lincoln’s trip: Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (Harcourt, Brace, 1939), Vol. IV, chap. 76. Individuals’ views of Roosevelt: Maisky, pp. 286-287; Churchill6, Bk. 2, chap. 9; Arnold Papers, LC. Buchan: Janet Adam Smith, John Buchan (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1965), p. 405. Sherwood: Sherwood, p. 882. Lyndon Johnson: Life, April 23, 1945, p. 32. Stimson: Stimson to Eleanor Roosevelt, April 16, 1945, Stimson Papers. See also William S. White, pp. 12-15. The final sentences in this section are from Burns, p. 477. See, generally, Allen.
Voyager’s Return. Roosevelt on returning to Hyde Park: Roosevelt to Hannegan, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 197-198. Hyde Park burial service: Asbell, chap. 18; and contemporary accounts.
INDEX
A | B | C | D | E
F | G | H | I | J
K | L | M | N | O
P | Q | R | S | T
U | V | W | Y | Z
ABDA, 203, 209
Acheson, Dean, 581, 603
Adak, 489
Admiralty Islands, 444
Adriatic Sea, 407, 408, 519
Advisory Commission to the Council of National Defense (NDAC), 51
Aegean Sea, 407
AFL, 55, 56, 195, 263, 265, 521
AFL-CIO, 194. See also CIO
Africa, 10, 12, 16, 64, 68, 74, 79, 179, 187, 235, 236, 239, 302, 310, 311, 317, 325, 368, 371, 372, 377, 383, 480, 493, 527, 546, 552; East Africa, 77; North Africa, 15, 69, 74-75, 76, 80, 86, 88, 143, 153, 179-180, 186, 191, 229, 234, 237, 247, 283, 285-298, 305, 308-309, 312, 313, 317, 319-323, 327-330, 342, 349, 377, 381, 392, 396, 548, 578; Northwest Africa, 180, 236, 313, 326; West Africa, 13. See also Algiers; GYMNAST; Libya; Morocco; TORCH; Tunis
Afrika Korps, 311, 474
Agaña, Guam, 202
Agar, Herbert, 272
A
gricultural lobby in Congress, 197
Agriculture, Department of, 23, 62, 143
Aid: to China, 20, 79, 81, 82-83, 98, 110, 145, 153, 156, 186, 242, 317, 323, 374, 376, 378, 415, 422, 445, 541, 544, 549, 589, 590; to Great Britain, 11-12, 13, 15, 16, 23, 24-25, 28, 33, 38, 41, 42, 46, 51, 69, 84, 87, 88, 98, 100, 103, 115, 133, 134, 153, 211, 234, 247, 513, 549, 608; to Russia, 103, 111-112, 114, 115, 127, 151, 152, 153, 211, 232, 233-234, 237, 247, 248-249, 310, 319, 398, 411; to Turkey, 414
Air Force, U.S.: air unit offered to Stalin, 313; and the Atlantic war, 244; Eighth Air Force, 446; Fourteenth Air Force, 445; Fifteenth Air Force, 446; Twentieth Air Force (509th Composite Group), 558
Air power, 12, 46, 445-446, 474, 494. See also Bombing
Air rights, 514
Aircraft production, 194, 334
Alaska, 181, 226, 231, 233, 266, 490, 507
Alaska-Siberia airplane ferry route, 313
Albania, 15, 299
Aleutian Islands, 225, 226, 337, 489, 523
Alexander, Sir Harold, 319, 327, 329, 478, 586
Alexandria, 285, 308, 579
Algiers, 173, 285, 286, 288-298, 314, 320, 371, 389, 481, 482, 579
Aliens, treatment of, in the U.S., 214, 268
Allis-Chalmers plant, 56, 269
Allen, George E., 503
Alps, 408, 440, 518
Alsace-Lorraine, 365
Aluminum, dearth of, 52
Aluminum Company of America, 52
Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 55, 263
Amazon River, 316
America First Committee, 41, 48, 120, 134, 500
“American Century,” 357
American Civil Liberties Union, 216
American Dilemma, An (Myrdal), 472
American Jewish Congress, 395
American Labor party, 277, 281
American Legion, 220
Andaman Islands, 202, 222, 414, 415
Anderson, Sir John, 457
Anderson, Maxwell, 271
Anglo-American-Canadian policy committee, 457
Angola, 397
Ann Arbor, Mich., 466
Anti-Comintern Pact, 1936, 19
Antigua, 25
Anti-Semitism, 280. See also Jews
ANVIL, 414, 415, 439, 440, 478-480
Anzio, 438-440, 446
Appeasement, 28
Appropriations Committee (Senate), 432
Arabs, 397, 578-579. See also Ibn Saud
Arakan, Burma, 541
ARCADIA Conference, 178-190, 229, 247
Archangel, 113, 153
Arctic Sea, 243, 310
Ardennes, 553, 558
Argentia meeting, 125-131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 178, 475
Argentina, 57
Arizona, U.S.S., 162
Arkansas River, 510, 528
Arkansas Valley development, 301
Army, U.S., 246, 349, 470-472; First Army, 482; Third Army, 482; Fifth Army, 321, 394, 438; Seventh Army, 382; II Corps, 326, 329; Corps of Engineers, 251; 36th Division, 438; 7th Infantry Division, 489; 9th Infantry Division, 321; Ordnance, 250, 344; Specialized Training Program, 464; War Plans Division, 229. See also Combined Chiefs of Staff; Joint Chiefs of Staff, American
Army Air Force. See Air Force, U.S.
Army-Navy Joint Board, 182
Arnold, Henry (“Hap”), 183, 316, 318, 402, 407, 446, 490, 494
“Arsenal of Democracy” speech. See Roosevelt, Franklin Delano: oratory
Artificial harbors, 477
Asia. See Far East; Pacific theater; and names of specific Asian countries Athens, 538, 565
Atlanta Constitution, 599
Atlantic bases, acquisition of, 160
Atlantic Charter, 128, 130, 132, 183, 187, 242, 243, 362, 379, 380, 384, 467, 534, 547, 560, 572, 583, 592, 593; quoted, 130-131
Atlantic Convoy (film), 271
Atlantic First strategy, 86, 87, 91-92, 101-107, 112, 115, 128, 150, 179, 181, 188, 189, 207, 217, 231, 242-243, 312, 314, 319, 422, 546, 593, 609
Atlantic theater, 10, 12, 13, 65, 69, 77, 79, 80, 87, 89-91, 92, 98-104, 110, 111, 127, 139-141, 142, 143, 147-148, 173-174, 180, 243-245, 308, 309, 327, 328, 368, 474
Atlas Mountains, 317, 324
Atomic bomb, 249-252, 345, 455-459, 546, 550, 558, 587, 591, 596, 608
Attlee, Clement, 10, 241
Attu, 226, 383
Augusta, U.S.S., 125, 126, 129, 475
Austin, Warren, 426, 594
Australia, 20, 90, 156, 181, 185, 186, 203-204, 207, 209, 223, 225, 248, 266, 283, 382, 390, 444, 488
Austria, 15, 365, 519
Auto Workers (union), 193
Automobile industry, 118
Avery, Sewell, 454-455
Axis. See Germany; Italy; Japan
Azores, 65, 105, 127, 180, 352, 353
B-18’s, 346
B-24 Liberators, 346
B-29’s, 558
Badoglio, Pietro, 384, 385, 391-394, 422, 548, 608
Bailey, Josiah, 98
Balaklava, 578
Bali, 223
Balkans, 14, 15, 17, 64, 65, 71-72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 94, 100, 305, 308, 314, 369, 392, 408, 479, 483-484, 518, 537, 545, 557
Ball, Joseph H., 426, 526, 594
Baltic, 17, 94, 102, 187, 365, 409, 413, 557, 582
Baltimore, U.S.S., 488, 489, 496
Baltimore Sun, 22, 119
Bangkok, 203
Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 514
Bankhead, William B., 427, 506
Bankhead bill, 340
Banking and Currency Committee (House), 197; (Senate), 40
“Barbarossa” (German plan to crush
Russia), 68, 72, 106. See also Russia: German invasion
Barbary Coast, 403
Barclay, Edwin, 324
Barkley, Alben W., 40, 48, 164, 197, 258, 427, 429, 433, 434, 435-436, 437, 504, 506, 533
Barton, Bruce, 98
Baruch, Bernard, 52-53, 60, 62, 247, 259, 334, 339, 340, 352, 432, 449, 451, 581
Bastert, Russell, 551
Bastogne, 554
Bataan Peninsula, 206, 207, 226
Bathurst, 316, 324, 390
Bean, Louis H., 524
Beard, Charles A., 516
Beaverbrook, Lord, 153, 179, 182, 334
Becker, Carl, 516
Belgium, 33, 80, 185, 365, 474
Belgrade, 71-72
Beneš, Eduard, 300
Bengal, 381
Bengal, Bay of, 202, 222, 231, 376, 404, 405, 411
Benghazi, 76
Bennett, John J., 277
Berchtesgaden, 330, 477
Bering Strait, 368
Berle, Adolf A., 129, 398, 580, 603
Berlin, 17, 80, 446, 557, 582, 585, 599 Bermuda, 266, 396, 580
Bessarabia, 15
Beveridge, Sir William, 361
Biak Island, 444, 487
Biddle, Francis, 164, 214, 215, 216, 217, 337, 453, 455, 594
Big Three meetings. See Casablanca Conference; Teheran Conference; Yalta Conference
Big Four (China, Great Britain, Russia, United States), 358, 359, 366, 404, 409, 427, 515, 516, 544, 547, 549, 604, 609. See also names of specific countries
Bilbo, Theodore G., 427
Bill of Rights, 214, 386; second, proposed, 560
Biscay, Bay of, 87
Bismarck (German battleship), 99-100, 126
Bismarck Archipelago, 202
Bitter Lake, 578
Bituminous-coal mines, 335
Bizerte, 285. 298, 326, 329, 330
Black Americans: discrimination against, in industry, 54, 264-265, 421, 462-463, 466, 510; Federal Employment Practices Committee and, 124, 264-265, 421, 462; importance of, to the war effort, 271-272, 385; integration as postwar problem, 466; lynching of, 388; migration of, to cities, 355, 461, 462; plight of, in the U.S., 54-55; problems of, mentioned by Gandhi in letter to F.D.R., 239; race riots involving, 388, 466; refused admittance to white universities, 462-463; right of, to j
obs, 510; and F.D.R., 123-124, 265-266, 463, 472; Eleanor Roosevelt as spokeswoman for, 8, 59, 123, 124, 266, 472; in the services, 54-55, 265-266, 471-472, 512; shifting to Republican party, 280; and the South, 431, 461, 462; tendency to vote Democratic, 524; transitional period for, 262, 462-463; urge President to abolish discrimination in federal agencies, 123; vote for F.D.R., 530; Willkie as champion of, 499, 512
Black Sea, 237, 564
Blair House, 451
Bloom, Sol, 40, 45, 164
“Blue Print for Extermination,” 395
Board of Economic Warfare (BEW), 341
Boeing plant, Seattle, 269, 334
Boettiger, John, 269, 406, 414, 579
Boettiger, Mrs. John. See Roosevelt, Anna
Boettiger, John, Jr. (Johnnie), 532, 579
Bohlen, Charles E., 406
Bohr, Niels, 249-250, 457, 458, 459, 591
Bombay Harbor, 549
Bombing: of Belgrade, 71-72; of Chungking, 81-82; of Europe, 484; of France, planned, 305; of Germany, 17, 237, 244, 325, 345, 346, 370, 371, 445-446, 554, 557, 595-596, 601; of Great Britain, 9, 29, 33, 78, 79, 558; of Japan, 86, 224, 344-345, 346. 445, 486, 558, 588, 595-596, 599; of Rome, 383
Bonhomme Richard (French warship), 481
Bonomi, Ivanoe, 537
Borneo, 20, 202, 209, 592
Bose, Subhas Chandra, 219
Boston, 528, 529
Bougainville, 284, 382
Bowles, Chester, 350
Boy Scouts, 467
Bradley, Omar, 474, 475, 560
Brady, Dorothy, 33
Brazil, 57, 324
Bremen, 445, 519, 595
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