by Ruth Scurr
9: The Pact with Violence
1. Price (2003), p. 328.
2. 30 March 1793, William Bentley Papers, American Antiquarian Society.
3. Doyle (1990), pp. 197–200. See also Blanning (1986) and (1996).
4. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 3a, p. 160.
5. Ibid., vol. 9, p. 315.
6. Archives parlementaires, vol. 59, pp. 717–18.
7. Croker (1857), p. 436. Later the Committee of General Security and the Committee of Public Safety sometimes intervened in making appointments to the tribunal.
8. Doyle (1990), p. 227. The armed bands that smashed the print shops where Girondin journals were produced were in disguise but probably organized by Jacques René Hébert, a radical journalist and editor of the increasingly popular Père Duchesne.
9. For important recent work on the comités de surveillance, see Guilhaumou and Lapied (2004).
10. The establishment of the Committee of Public Safety was preceded by a complicated sequence of short-lived committees of government. Between 4 and 25 March there was the Committee of General Defense, set up in response to the foreign and domestic crises. It was succeeded by the Commission de salut public, which had twenty-five members drawn from both the Mountain and Girondin factions. This was too large and disunited to function and was finally replaced by the famous Committee of Public Safety on 6 April.
11. Biard (1998), pp. 3–24.
12. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 320.
13. Ibid., vol. 9, p. 320.
14. Ibid., p. 346.
15. Ibid., p. 318.
16. Ibid., p. 363.
17. Ibid., p. 377.
18. Thompson (1989), p. 170.
19. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 420.
20. Ibid., p. 418.
21. Archives parlementaires, vol. 61, pp. 624–25.
22. Ibid., vol. 62, p. 34.
23. Thompson (1989), p. 181.
24. Croker (1857), p. 365.
25. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 490.
26. Ibid., p. 513.
27. Croker (1857), p. 366.
28. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 541.
29. Thompson (1939), p. 333.
30. Shuckburch (1989), pp. 34–35.
31. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 437.
32. Ibid., pp. 452–53.
33. Ibid., p. 459.
34. Le patriote français, no. 1354, p. 1.
35. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 112.
36. Michelet (1979), vol. 2, p. 452.
37. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 548.
38. Doyle (1990), p. 246.
39. Thompson (1989), p. 195.
40. Archives parlementaires, vol. 61, p. 279.
41. Thompson (1989), pp. 179–80.
42. There is dispute as to whether Robespierre had bodyguards. The Jacobins living in or near his street often walked home with him, but this may only have been because they were going in the same direction.
43. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 623.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., p. 624.
46. Ibid., p. 625.
47. Thompson (1989), p. 182.
48. Croker (1857), p. 561.
49. Jones (1990), p. 204.
50. Carnot’s decree of August 1793, Archives parlementaires, vol. 73, p. 121.
51. Charlotte does not date this trip in her memoirs, but Augustin wrote to Buissart in Arras on 20 July 1793 telling him he had agreed to go on mission; see Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 3a, p. 176. It was during this trip that Augustin and Charlotte first met Napoleon Bonaparte, who later gave Charlotte a state pension of thirty-six hundred francs when he became premier consul; see Laponneraye (2000), p. 113.
52. Laponneraye (2002), pp. 87–88.
53. Ibid., p. 94.
54. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 539.
55. Thompson (1939), p. 446; Mathiez (1973), p. 138.
56. Lazare Carnot and Claude Prieur joined the Committee of Public Safety on 14 August, just over a fortnight after Robespierre, then Jacques Billaud-Varenne and Jean Marie Collot d’Herbois joined on 6 September; see Palmer (1965), p. 4.
57. Carlyle (1848), vol. 3, p. 277.
58. Robespierre (1828), vol. 2, pp. 13–15.
59. Hardman (1999), p. 112.
60. Archives parlementaires, vol. 74, pp. 303–4.
61. Doyle (1990), p. 253.
62. Croker (1857), p. 263.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid., p. 264.
65. Le moniteur, vol. 18, p. 146.
66. Croker (1857), p. 357.
67. Thompson (1989), p. 89.
68. Ibid., p. 70.
69. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 159.
70. Claretie (1908), pp. 194–95.
71. Thompson (1989), p. 90.
72. Croker (1857), p. 564.
73. Archives parlementaires, vol. 77, p. 500.
74. Robespierre (1920), p. 3.
75. Archives parlementaires, vol. 77, pp. 500–501.
76. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, pp. 32–33.
77. Saint-Just (1908), vol. 2, pp. 492–536.
78. Hardman (1999), p. 114.
79. Thompson (1939), p. 430.
80. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 8, p. 233.
81. Ibid., vol. 10, p. 195.
82. Thompson (1939), p. 428; Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 194.
83. Belloc (1927), p. 281.
84. Palmer (1965), p. 127.
85. Le vieux Cordelier, p. 73.
86. Ibid., p. 75.
87. Aulard (1889–97), vol. 5, p. 569; Belloc (1927), p. 284.
88. Le vieux Cordelier, p. 14.
89. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 309.
90. Le vieux Cordelier, p. 20.
91. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 309.
92. Aulard (1889–97), vol. 5, p. 603.
93. Ibid., pp. 601–2.
94. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 352.
95. Ibid., p. 357.
96. Ibid., p. 374.
97. Thompson (1989), p. 129.
98. Hardman (1999), p. 137.
99. Hamel (1987), vol. 2, p. 335.
100. Thompson (1989), p. 129. Williams (n.d.), p. 128, describes Danton’s conversations with prisoners in the Conciergerie.
101. The source of this story is a friend of a friend of E. Hamel. See Thompson (1939), p. 463; Hamel (1987), vol. 2, p. 337.
102. Danton (1910), p. 247.
103. Michelet (1979), vol. 2, p. 753.
104. Belloc (1910), p. 301.
105. Saint-Just (1908), vol. 2, pp. 305–32.
106. There is evidence to suggest that Robespierre’s notes were written in response to an initial draft of Saint-Just’s speech, in which case the collaboration between them was even more complex. See Mathiez (1973), pp. 121–56.
107. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 414.
108. Desmoulins (1874), pp. 389–91.
109. Danton (1910), p. 248.
110. Michelet (1979), vol. 2, p. 745.
111. Danton (1910), p. 250.
112. Ibid., pp. 257–58.
113. Ibid., pp. 259–64.
114. Ibid., pp. 251–52.
115. Archives Parlementaires, vol. 88, pp. 151–52.
116. Danton (1910), p. 271.
117. Le vieux Cordelier, p. 170.
118. Belloc (1910), p. 336, claims a Mme Gély was the source of this story. See also Claretie (1908), pp. 285–86 (who assumes Danton was thinking of his wife when he muttered “I shall never see her again”), and Michelet (1979), vol. 2, p. 758.
10: Robespierre’s Red Summer
1. The title “Robespierre’s Red Summer” is borrowed from Richard Cobb. See also Hardman (1999), p. 125.
2. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 426.
3. Hardman (1999), p. 162; Robespierre (1828), vol. 2, p. 7.
4. Robespierre, (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 437.
5.
Ibid., p. 444.
6. Ibid., p. 452.
7. Ibid., p. 448.
8. Thompson (1939), p. 530.
9. Croker (1857), p. 279.
10. Ibid., p. 279.
11. Ibid., p. 500.
12. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 471.
13. Ibid., vol. 3b, pp. 127–28.
14. Belloc (1927), p. 310.
15. Williams (n.d.), p. 142.
16. Favone (1937), pp. 49–50. On the extent of popular support for Robespierre’s new religion, see Vovelle (1988).
17. Croker (1857), p. 447.
18. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 481.
19. Hardman (1999), p. 143.
20. Thompson (1939), p. 548.
21. Hardman (1999), pp. 154–56.
22. Ibid., p. 109.
23. Stéfan-Pol (1900), p. 75.
24. Hardman (1999), p. 109.
25. Ibid., p. 131.
26. Ibid., p. 132.
27. Ibid., p. 182.
28. Laponneraye (2002), pp. 106–9.
29. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 496.
30. Ibid., p. 497.
31. Croker (1857), p. 401. The original source is A. Lamartine, whose accuracy Croker doubts.
32. Relying on the Committee of Public Safety’s register, Belloc (1927), p. 315, claims Robespierre was only absent six times during the period between 22 Prairial and 9 Thermidor, but Thompson (1939), p. 540, doubts the accuracy of the register and notes that Robespierre’s signature appears only three times on the committee’s documents during this period.
33. Croker (1857), pp. 400–401.
34. Hardman (1999), p. 150.
35. Archives Parlementaires, vol. 87, p. 100.
36. Ibid., vol. 93, p. 553.
37. Thompson (1939), p. 550.
38. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 519.
39. Ibid., p. 520.
40. Ibid., p. 522.
41. Hardman (1999), p. 139.
42. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 528.
43. Ibid., p. 529.
44. Ibid., p. 534.
45. Croker (1857), p. 397; Hardman (1999), pp. 138–39.
46. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 543.
47. Ibid., pp. 544–45.
48. Ibid., p. 546.
49. Ibid., p. 547.
50. Ibid., pp. 554–55; Croker (1857), pp. 406–7.
51. Ibid., p. 560.
52. Ibid., p. 559.
53. Ibid., p. 561.
54. Ibid., p. 575.
55. Ibid., p. 576.
56. Croker (1857), p. 413.
57. Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 10, p. 587.
58. Saint-Just (1908), vol. 2, p. 477.
59. Thompson (1939), p. 567.
60. Saint-Just (1908), vol. 2, p. 332.
61. Croker (1857), p. 421; Archives parlementaires, vol. 93, pp. 553–54.
62. Archives parlementaires, vol. 93, p. 555.
63. Palmer (1965), p. 380.
64. Croker (1857), p. 423.
65. Robespierre (1828), vol. 2, p. 72.
66. Ibid., p. 74.
67. Ibid.
68. It was rumored that Robespierre had secretly married Eléanore Duplay with Saint-Just as a witness; see Proyart (1850), pp. 208–9.
69. Proyart (1850), p. 210; Pernoud and Flaissier (1960), p. 336.
70. Aulard (1889–97), vol. 5, p. 594.
71. Palmer (1965), p. 381.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
MR = Maximilien Robespierre
Academy of Amiens
Academy of Arras
Academy of Metz
Achilles
A la nation artésienne, sur la nécessité de reformer les États d’Artois (pamphlet)
Alexander the Great
Altar of the Fatherland
American Revolution
bills of rights and
Ami des noirs (abolitionist society)
Ami du peuple, L’ (newspaper)
Anson’s Voyage Round the World (Walter)
Antifédéraliste (newspaper)
Arles, archbishop of
Arras
elections and taxation and
Estates General and
on eve of Revolution
history and economy of
Jacobin Club in
judicial system in
MR elected to Estates General for
MR practices law in
MR visits
shame surrounding MR in
Arras, bishop of
Arras Commune
Artois, Count of (brother Louis XVI)
Artois province
counterrevolution in
atheism and de-Christianization
Audrein, Yves-Marie
Austria
war with
Austrian Netherlands
Bacon, Francis
bad blood
Bailly, Jean Sylvain
Barère, Bertrand
Barnave, Antoine
Bastille
Bastille, fall and demolition of. See also Festival of Federation
first anniversary of
second anniversary of
fifth anniversary of
Bastille of Artois
Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de
Beauvais, bishop of
Beccaria, Cesare
Becket, Saint Thomas
Belgium
Bentabole, Pierre-Louis
Bentley, William
Bergasse, Nicolas
Bernard, Jacques-Claude
Bertrand, Francis
Bicêtre reformatory massacre
Billaud-Varenne, Jacques
Bonnet rouge
Bouillé, Marquis de
Bourbon alliance
Bourbon dynasty
Bourdon, Léonard
Boyer-Fonfrède, Jean-Baptiste
bread prices
bread riots of 1789
Bréard, Jean
Breton Club
Brissot, Jacques (“Phédor”)
advocates republic
background of
Danton and
expelled from Jacobins
fall of monarchy and
influence of, with Louis XVI
leads Girondins
leads pro-war party
MR attacks
trial and execution of
British constitutional model
Brunswick, Duke of
Brutus
Brutus (play)
Buissart, Antoine “Barometer,”
Buissart, Mme
Buonarotti, Philippe
Burke, Edmond
Cabanis, Pierre Jean George
Cabarrus, Thérésa
Caen Girondins
Caesar
Cambon, Pierre Joseph
Capet, Hugh
Carlyle, Thomas
Carmelites, convent of
Carnot, Lazare
Carraut, Jacqueline Marguerite (mother)
Carraut, (maternal grandparents)
Carrier, Jean Baptist
Catherine de Médicis
Catherine the Great, Czarina of Russia
Catholic Church
confession debate
counterrevolution and
National Assembly debates future and wealth of
tithes stopped
Catiline
censorship
Cercle Social
certificate of civisme
Chalier, Joseph
Champ de Mars massacre
Charles I, king of England
Châteauvieux rebellion (Nancy mutiny)
celebration of freed soldiers
Châtelet massacre
Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard
&n
bsp; Cherubini, Luigi
Chronique de Paris
Cicero
Cietty, Pierre
citizens, active vs. passive
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
signed by Louis XVI
civil war. See federalist revolt threat of, in 1790
Clavière, Etienne
clergy
Estates General and
MR defends
National Assembly and
resistance by
Revolution and
Collège d’Arras
Collège Louis-le-Grand (Paris)
Collot d’Herbois, Jean Marie
comités de surveillance
Commission for Civil Administration and Police
Committee of General Security
Committee of Public Safety
created
Dantonists trial and
MR trial and
suspends constitution
Terror initiated by
Condé, Prince de
Condorcet, Marquis de
Confessions (Rousseau)
Conseil d’Artois (Council of Artois)
Constitutional Committee
Cook, James
Corday, Charlotte
Cordeliers Club
Danton loses control of
fall of monarchy and
led by Hébert
Coronelli, Vincenzo
Correspondence Committee of Paris Jacobin Club
counterrevolution
Courier français
Couthon, Georges
criminal code
Crinchon river
Croker, John Wilson
Cromwell, Oliver
Cunosse, Melanie
Dalibard, Thomas-François
Damiens, Robert-François
Danton, Gabrielle
Danton, George Jacques
advocates deposition of king
“audacity” speech by
Champ de Mars massacre and
Cordeliers led by
death of wife and
defends MR
fall of
fall of monarchy and
Hébert opposed by
insurrection of 1793 and
Louis XVI and
on MR
personality of
remarriage of
Revolutionary Tribunal and
September Massacres and
Terror advocated by
trial and execution of
trial of Louis XVI and
voted off CPS
war and
Dantonists
Dauchez, Jean Baptiste
David, Jacques-Louis
death penalty
for Louis XVI
debtors law
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
Défenseur de la constitution, Le (journal)
Deflue, Louis
Delacroix, Jean
De l’esprit des lois (Montesquieu)
