Saturday Evening Post, 151
Science (journal), 128
“scientific racism,” 163
seal hunting, 175, 195–96
Second Battle of Adobe Walls, 182
“The Second Coming” (Yeats), xvii
Seminole Indians, 91, 92
Seton, Ernest Thompson, 67
Seventh-day Adventist Church, 80, 81, 215
Seymour, Edmund, 213
sharp-shinned hawk, 178
Shaw, George Bernard, 219
Sheridan, Philip (“Little Phil”), 22, 70; anti-conservation efforts, 19, 66; conversion to conservation cause, 189
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 19, 22, 69; conduct of Indian wars, 17–19, 70; as enemy of wildlife preservation, 15, 65, 66, 189
“side-hunt,” 178–79
Simon, Leo, 201
Sioux Indians, 20; Black Elk (medicine man), 136–37; buffalo donated to new zoo, 136–37; buffalo slaughter by, 63, 69; Little Bighorn massacre and, 14
Smith, Hoke, 203
Smith, May Riley, 202
Smithsonian expeditions of 1886: arrival in Miles City, 23–24; bleached skeletons of buffalo seen, 28–29; blizzards, 42, 45; buffalo found hiding in ravines, 38; bull calf (“Sandy”) found, 31–32; camp on Big Dry Creek, 37, 38; camp on Phillips Creek, 31; consultation at Fort Keogh, 24–25; decision to go to Sand Creek area, 25–26; decision to return in autumn, 32; decision to undertake, 6–7; first expedition, 23–29; first kills of second expedition, 38–39; first specimen taken, 32; journey to Montana Territory, 13–14; largest specimen taken, 42–44; at LU-Bar Ranch, 30; makeup of party, 26–27; return from, 131; second expedition, 35–46; specimen stolen by Piegan Indians, 40–41, 164; travel along Sunday Creek Trail, 26–29, 45
Smithsonian Institution, 133; exhibition of “Ole Boss,” 96; Langley’s “reign of terror,” 143; National Zoo (see National Zoo); politics within, 145; U.S. National Museum as part of, xvi, 3–4
“sneak-hunting,” 61–62
snowy egrets, 8, 200, 203, 219
Societe d’Acclimatation, 203
soldiers, 37, 63, 173–74
Spencer, Anne, 165
Spiro, Jonathan Peter, 163–64
“sportsmen,” 178
Stanley, Henry, 109
still-hunts, 61–62
St. Louis World’s Fair, 157
Stockdale, Thomas, 139
Stone Calf (Cheyenne chief), 66
Stuart, Katherine, 202
Sulzer Alaskan Game bill, 207
tarsier (Tarsius spectrum), 121
taxidermy: bull bison used as model for ten-dollar bill, 44–45; “clay manikin process,” 55; early attempts at, 82; Hornaday considered master taxidermist, 3–4, 57; Hornaday’s discovery of, 79; learning, as employee at Ward’s, 84; work of skinning and skeletonizing specimens, 39. See also American bison habitat grouping
Taxidermy and Zoological Collecting (Hornaday), 55
Tecumseh (Shawnee chief), 18
Texas Rangers, 182
“The Steam Roller Of The Feather Importers In The United States Senate” (Hornaday), 202–3
Thirty Years War for Wild Life (Hornaday): as battle plan to save wildlife, 210; estimates of game slaughtered, 71–72; Hornaday’s complaint in, 194; praise for Sens. Chamberlain and Lane, 203; publication of, 209
Throckmorton, James, 70
tigers. See Bengal tigers
Time magazine, 204
The Time of the Buffalo (McHugh), 67–68
Travellers Insurance Company, 110
Tremont House (Chicago), 10
Trowbridge, Lawrence, 193
True, Frederick, 145
Twain, Mark (Samuel Clemens), 127
Two Years in the Jungle (Hornaday), 107, 112, 128, 217
Union Land Exchange, 148
Union Pacific Railroad, 22
University of Pittsburgh, 172
upper classes, 151
U.S. Biological Survey, 178, 179
U.S. Bird Treaty Act of 1918, 207
U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 133
U.S. Congress: complex hierarchy of, 133; failure of National Zoo enabling act, 139; game laws written by hunters, 71; ineffectualness of, 65; law against pelagic sealing, 196; passage of Wilson Tariff Act, 199–203; passes Lacey Act of 1905, 185
U.S. National Museum, xvi, 21; classification of fish specimens, 217; “Department of Living Animals,” 134, 135–37; Hornaday as chief taxidermist, 3–4, 141; planned “extermination exhibit,” 135. See also American bison habitat grouping
Van Der Lubbe, Marinus, 212
Varner, Allen (uncle), 9, 79, 87–88
Verner, Samuel Phillips (“Fwela”), 162; abandons Ota Benga, 166; brings Ota Benga to U.S., 157–58; takes Ota Benga to New York Zoological Park, 158–59
Wallace, Alfred Russel, xiv; Darwin-Wallace paper, 118–19; on Dyak tribes, 124; scientific genius of, 119, 120; on size of orangs, 126
Wallace Line, 120
“war against wildlife,” 15
Ward, Henry Augustus, 75–77, 91; appearance and demeanor, 75; funds Indian expedition, 106, 111; help financing expedition to Everglades, 88; hires Hornaday as “assistant workman,” 76–77; instructions to “plunder Ceylon,” 120; massive collections of, 83–84; offer to help finance African expedition, 86–87; publishes Hornaday’s letters, 122; receives application from Hornaday, 82–83; sends Hornaday to Chicago Exposition of 1875, 98; sends Hornaday to South America, 99–100; squabbles with Hornaday, 111
Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, 9, 75–77, 90; Hornaday’s impressions of, 83–84; Hornaday’s letters as publicity for, 122; need for more specimens, 118; various buildings in, 83–84
“war for wildlife,” xiv–xvi, 171–80; Andrew Carnegie’s support of, 128; Col. Dodge as ally in, 69–70; eagerness to return to, 148; Hornaday as populist rabble-rouser, 201, 202; Hornaday’s book on, 71–72, 194, 203, 209, 210; as Hornaday’s “thankless task,” 213; Hornaday’s view of, xv; moral outrage in, 71, 197; in retirement years, 205–11; survey of wildlife decline, 177–80
Washington Critic, 147
Washington Post, 139, 203
Washington Zoological Park. See National Zoo
Weeks-McLean Law of 1913, 194, 207
Welch, A. S., 82
Wheeler, Joe (“Fighting Joe”), 139–40
White Dog (Cheyenne guide), 26, 27
Wichita Mountains (OK), 185–86
Wichita National Forest and Game Reserve, 185, 186, 187–88
wild game dinner, menu for, 10–11
wildlife: lack of respect for, 70; sanctuaries for (see wildlife reserves); slaughtered: estimates of, 71–72; in Montana Territory, 28; stages of man’s contact with, 132
Wildlife Conservation Society, 206, 218
wildlife protection: Hornaday’s battle for (see “war for wildlife”); ineffective legal system for, 15; international treaties, 196; lack of, by federal government, 173–74; medals given for, 203; Permanent Wild Life Protection Fund, 205–8; sanctuaries (see wildlife reserves). See also game protection laws
Wildlife Protection Medal (Boy Scouts), 217
wildlife reserves: for bison, 183; creation of, xvi; creation of bird sanctuaries, 208; Hornaday’s fight for, 176; no-kill game sanctuaries, 207
William T. Hornaday Award (Boy Scouts), 217
Wilson, Woodrow, 203
Wilson Tariff Act: actions of feather-trade lobbyists against, 201–3; Hornaday drafts clause for bill, 200–201; passage of, 203; testimony about feather trade, 199–200
The Winning of the West (Theodore Roosevelt), 52
Winter of the Blue Snow, 45
World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893, 98, 150
World War I, 207
Yale University, 172
Yeats, William Butler, xvii
Yellowstone Journal, 24
Yellowstone National Park: under military occupation, 173–74; Mount Hornaday, 216–17; Sen. Lacey as defender of, 191; Sheridan’s crusade to save
, 189
Yerkes, Robert, 127
Youth’s Companion (magazine), 103
Zahl, “Doc” (buffalo hunter), 33–34
zoo-building craze, 150
Zoological Park Commission, 140, 144
zoological parks: Berlin Zoo, 151, 154; Bronx Zoo (see New York Zoological Park); Central Park zoo, 150; circus-like atmosphere, 159; collection of specimens for, 134–35; first zoo in Philadelphia, 4; National Zoo (see National Zoo); needed in Washington D.C., 131; use of moats and barless enclosures, 154
Zoological Society Bulletin, 160
Beacon Press
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FRONTISPIECE: W.T. Hornaday in his office at New York Zoological Park, 1910. Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bechtel, Stefan.
Mr. Hornaday’s war : how a peculiar Victorian zookeeper waged a lonely crusade for wildlife that changed the world / Stefan Bechtel.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8070-0635-1 (acid-free paper)
E-ISBN 978-0-8070-0636-8
1. Hornaday, William T. (William Temple), 1854–1937. 2. Hornaday, William T. (William Temple), 1854–1937—Political and social views. 3. Wildlife conservationists—United States—Biography. 4. Zoo keepers—United States—Biography. 5. Zoologists—United States—Biography. 6. Taxidermists—United States—Biography. 7. Wildlife conservation—United States—History. 8. Wildlife conservation—History. 9. Game protection—United States—History. 10. Game protection—History. I. Title. II. Title: Mister Hornaday’s war.
QL31.H67B43 2012
590.92—dc23 [B]
2011048450
Mr. Hornaday's War Page 31
