151. Marc Frey, “ISIS, Foreign Terrorist Fighters, and the Value of the Visa Waiver Program,” Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS), October 8, 2014.
152. Elizabeth Dickinson, “The Case Against Qatar,” Foreign Policy, September 30, 2014.
153. Matthew Levitt, “Qatar’s Not-So-Charitable Record on Terror Finance,” The Hill, September 24, 2014.
154. Associated Press, “New Sanctions Proposed for the Islamic State Group Oil Trading,” February 6, 2015.
155. Julie Hirschfeld Davis, “U.S. Strikes Cut Into ISIS Oil Revenues, Treasury Official Says,” New York Times, October 23, 2014.
156. Austin Long, “The Anbar Awakening,” Survival, Vol. 50, No. 2, April 2008, pp. 67–94.
157. Matthew Levitt, “Show Me the Money: Targeting the Islamic State’s Bottom Line,” Homeland Security Policy Institute, October 1, 2014.
158. Michael Eisenstadt, “Defeating ISIS: A Strategy for a Resilient Adversary and an Intractable Conflict,” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, No. 20, November 2014.
CHAPTER 9
1. Michael Freeman, “Introduction to Financing Terrorism: Case Studies,” in Michael Freeman, Financing Terrorism: Case Studies, Farnham: Ashgate, 2012, p.3.
2. See Patrick B. Johnston, “Does Decapitation Work? Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Targeting in Counterinsurgency Campaigns,” International Security, Vol. 36, No. 4, Spring 2012, pp. 47–79.
3. Sudarsan Raghavan, “As the U.S. Mission Winds Down, Afghan Insurgency Grows More Complex,” Washington Post, February 13, 2015.
4. Victor Comras, “Al Qaeda Finances and Funding to Affiliated Groups,” in Jeanne K. Giraldo and Harold A. Trinkunas, Terrorism Financing and State Responses: A Comparative Perspective, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007, p. 127.
5. Juan Miguel del Cid Gomez, “A Financial Profile of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 2010, p. 17.
6. Aaron Brantly, “Financing Terror Bit by Bit,” CTC Sentinel, October 2014, Vol. 7, No. 10, p. 1.
7. Michael T. Flynn and Simone A. Ledeen, “Pay for Play: Countering Threat Financing,” Joint Forces Quarterly, No. 56, 1st Quarter 2010, p. 123.
8. Tom Keatinge, “What Role Does CFT Play in International Security? Can It Be Deemed Effective?” Dissertation submitted to King’s College London for MA in Intelligence & International Security, August 2012, p. 8.
9. Matthew Levitt, “Al-Qa’ida’s Finances: Evidence of Organizational Decline?” CTC Sentinel, Vol. 1, No. 5, April 2008, p. 7.
10. Juan Miguel del Cid Gomez, “A Financial Profile of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 2010, p. 10.
11. Ibid., p. 7.
12. The Al Qaeda Manual, Department of Justice, p. 22.
13. Ibid., p. 18.
14. Keatinge, “What Role Does CFT Play?” p. 29.
15. Jacob N. Shapiro and David A. Siegel, “Underfunding in Terrorist Organizations,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 51, No. 2, 2007, p. 408.
16. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond Al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement, Part I, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp., 2006, pp. 60–61.
17. Juan Miguel del Cid Gomez, “A Financial Profile of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 2010, p. 15.
18. On Qatar in particular, see David Andrew Weinberg, “Qatar and Terror Finance, Part I: Negligence,” Foundation for Defense of Democracies, Center on Sanctions & Illicit Finance, December 2014.
19. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond Al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement, Part I, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp., 2006, p. 62.
20. Keatinge, “What Role Does CFT Play,” pp. 33–34.
21. Ibid., p. 30. It is worth nothing that there is another interpretation, which is that the French or Germans had infiltrated this apartment building.
22. Juan C. Zarate, Treasury’s War: The Unleashing of a New Era of Financial Warfare, New York: Public Affairs, 2013, p. 80.
23. Basile, p. 170.
24. Phil Williams, “From the New Middle Ages to the New Dark Ages: The Decline of the State and U.S. Strategy,” United States Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, 2008, p. 13.
25. Rohan Kumar Gunaratna and Arabinda Acharya, “Terrorist Finance and the Criminal Underground,” in Michael A. Innes, ed., Denial of Sanctuary: Understanding Terrorist Safe Havens, Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007, p. 99.
26. David E. Kaplan, “Paying for Terror: How Jihadist Groups Are Using Organized Crime Tactics and Profits to Finance Attacks on Targets Around the Globe,” U.S. News & World Report, November 27, 2005.
27. Timothy Wittig, Understanding Terrorist Finance, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 190.
28. Moises Naim, “Mafia States: Organized Crime Takes Office,” Foreign Affairs, May/June 2012, Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 100–112.
29. “Challenges and Opportunities in Countering Threat Finance,” Praescient Analytics, October 2012, p. 3.
30. Matthew Levitt and Michael Jacobson, “The Money Trail: Finding, Following, and Freezing Terrorist Finances,” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Focus #89, November 2008, pp. 38–39.
31. Diana L. Ohlbaum, “Terrorism, Inc.: How Shell Companies Aid Terrorism, Crime and Corruption,” Open Society Foundations, October 2013, p. 1.
32. Richard H. Shultz, Jr. et al., “Armed Groups: A Tier One Security Priority,” Institute for National Security Studies, United States Air Force, INSS Occasional Paper No. 57, September 2004.
33. Robert J. Bunker and John P. Sullivan, “Integrating Feral Cities and Third Phase Cartels/Third Generation Gangs Research: The Rise of Criminal (Narco) City Networks and BlackFor,” Small Wars & Insurgencies, Vol. 22, No. 5, 2011, p. 765.
34. Juan Miguel del Cid Gomez, “A Financial Profile of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 2010, p. 11.
35. Thomas J. Bierstecker and Sue E. Eckert, eds., Countering the Financing of Terrorism, London: Routledge, 2008, p. 2.
36. Robert J. Bunker, “Fighting Irregular Fighters: Defeating Violent Non-State Actors,” Parameters, Vol. 43, No. 4, Winter 2013–2014, p. 64.
37. Chad C. Serena, It Takes More Than a Network: The Iraqi Insurgency and Organizational Adaptation, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014, p. 143.
38. Even while terrorist attacks can be inexpensive, the author recognizes the difference between conducting a one-off attack and the more expensive aspects of terrorism, including training, preparation, transportation, and so on.
39. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond Al-Qaeda: The Global Jihadist Movement, Part I, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp., 2006, p. 60.
40. Kevin D. Stringer, “Counter Threat Finance (CTF): Grasping the Eel,” Military Power Revue, No. 2, 2013.
41. Moises Naim, The End of Power: From Boardrooms to Battlefields and Churches to States, Why Being in Charge Isn’t What It Used to Be, New York: Basic, 2013, p. 107.
42. Emilie Oftedal, “The Financing of Jihadi Terrorist Cells in Europe,” Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), January 2015, pp.3–7.
43. Data from Joshua Prober, “Accounting for Terror: Debunking the Paradigm of Inexpensive Terrorism,” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Watch 1041, November 1, 2005.
44. Phil Williams, “In Cold Blood: The Madrid Bombings,” Perspectives on Terrorism, June 2008, p. 22. For a more in-depth analysis of the Madrid bombings, see Phil Williams, “The Madrid Train Bombings,” in Paul Shemella, ed., Fighting Back: What Governments Can Do About Terrorism, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011, pp. 298–316.
45. Bill Chappel, “ISIS Seen Profiting From Informal Money System in Spain,” NPR, February 10, 2015. See also, Jose Maria Irujo, “Network of 250 Spanish Butchers and Phone Shops Funding Jihadists in Syria,” El Pais, February 6, 2015.
46. Eric Schmit
t, Mark Mazzetti and Rukmini Callimachi, “Disputed Claims Over Qaeda Role in Paris Attacks,” New York Times, January 14, 2015.
47. Keatinge, “What Role Does CFT Play?” pp. 23–25.
48. Zarate, Treasury’s War, p. 430.
49. Mark Rice-Oxley, “Why Terror Financing Is So Tough to Track Down,” The Christian Science Monitor, March 8, 2006. See also, Keatinge, “What Role Does CFT Play?” p. 18.
50. Juan Miguel del Cid Gomez, “A Financial Profile of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 4, Iss.4, October 2010, p. 3.
51. Randall Mikkelsen, “Bankers Say ‘Derisking’ Underway Amid Sanctions Crackdown; That’s the Point, U.S. Regulators Say,” Reuters, October 3, 2014.
52. “Hitting at Terrorists, Hurting Businesses,” The Economist, June 14, 2014. See also, “Poor Correspondents,” The Economist, June 14, 2014.
53. Tom Keatinge, “Breaking the Banks: The Financial Consequences of Counterterrorism,” Foreign Affairs, June 26, 2014.
54. See Jennifer E. Carter, “Emerging DoD Role in the Interagency Counter Threat Finance Mission,” U.S. Army War College Strategy Research Project, 2012; Matthew Levitt, “Follow the Money: Leveraging Financial Intelligence to Combat Transnational Threats,” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Winter/Spring 2011, pp. 34–43; and J. Edward Conway, “Analysis in Combat: The Deployed Threat Finance Analyst,” Small Wars Journal, July 4, 2012.
55. Perl, p. 255.
56. Laura K. Donohue, “Anti-Terrorist Finance in the United Kingdom and United States,” Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 27, Winter 2006, p. 405.
57. Sue E. Eckert and Thomas J. Biersteker, “(Mis)Measuring Success in Countering the Financing of Terrorism,” in Peter Andreas and Kelly M. Greenhill, eds., Sex, Drugs, and Body Counts: The Politics of Numbers in Global Crime and Conflict, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010, p. 260.
58. Scott Helfstein with John Solomon, “Risky Business: The Global Threat Network and the Politics of Contraband,” Combating Terrorism Center, May 2014, p. 29.
59. Timothy Wittig, Understanding Terrorist Finance, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 112.
60. For more, see Douglas Farah’s chapter, “Fixers, Super Fixers, and Shadow Facilitators: How Networks Connect,” in Michael Miklaucic and Jacqueline Brewer, Convergence: Illicit Networks and National Security in the Age of Globalization, Washington, DC: National Defense University (NDU) Press, 2013.
61. Shima D. Keene, “Operationalizing Counter Threat Finance Strategies,” Letort Papers, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) and United States Army War College (USAWC) Press, December 2014, p.21; see also, Shima D. Keene, Threat Finance: Disconnecting the Lifeline of Organised Crime and Terrorism, U.K.:Gower Publishing Co., 2013.
62. Juan Miguel del Cid Gomez, “A Financial Profile of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 2010, p. 17.
Bibliography
Aaron, David. In Their Own Words: Voices of Jihad, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corp., 2008.
Aas, Katja Franko. Globalization & Crime, Los Angeles: Sage, 2013.
Abdullah, Ibrahim and Patrick Muana. “The Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone: A Revolt of the Lumpenproletariat,” in Christopher Clapham, ed., African Guerillas, Oxford: James Currey, 1998.
Abocar, A. “Canada Police Say Tamil Gangs Funding Rebels,” Reuters, March 28, 2000.
AbuKhalil, As’ad. “Ideology and Practice of Hizballah in Lebanon:” Islamization of Leninist Organizational Principles. pp. 390–403. Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 27, No. 3, July 1991.
Achakzai, Matiullah. “Taliban Code of Conduct Seeks to Win Heart, Minds,” Associated Press, August 3, 2010.
Acharya, Arabinda, Syed Adnan Ali Shah Bukhari, and Sadia Sulaiman. “Making Money in the Mayhem: Funding Taliban Insurrection in the Tribal Areas of Pakistan,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2009, pp. 95–108.
Adams, James. The Financing of Terror: How the Groups That Are Terrorizing the World Get the Money to Do It, New York: Simon and Shuster, 1986.
Addis, Casey L. and Christopher M. Blanchard, Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report, January 3, 2011.
Ahram, Ariel I. “Can ISIS Overcome the Insurgency Resource Curse?” Washington Post Monkey Cage, July 2, 2014.
Ahram, Ariel I. “The Dangerous Mixture of Oil and Water in Iraq,” Political Violence @ a Glance, August 18, 2014.
Alagha, Joseph. The Shifts in Hizbullah’s Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology, and Political Program, Leiden: Amsterdam University Press, 2006.
Albanese, Jay S. Transnational Crime and the 21st Century: Criminal Enterprise, Corruption, and Opportunity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Albanese, Jay and Philip Reichel, eds. Transnational Organized Crime: An Overview from Six Continents, Los Angeles: Sage, 2014.
Ali, Lorraine. “Islamic State’s Soft Weapon of Choice: Social Media,” Los Angeles Times, September 22, 2014.
Alonso, Rogelio. “Irish Republican Thinking Toward the Utility of Violence,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2001, pp. 131–144.
Andreas, Peter. Blue Helmets and Black Markets: The Business of Survival in the Siege of Sarajevo, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008.
Anonymous, Imperial Hubris: Why the West If Losing the War on Terror, Washington, DC: Brassey’s, Inc., 2004.
Appel, Yoav. “Israel: Bombers Tried to Use Cyanide,” Associated Press, June 5, 2002.
Arango, Tim. “Uneasy Alliance Gives Insurgents an Edge in Iraq,” New York Times, June 18, 2014.
Arango, Tim and Eric Schmitt. “Escaped Inmates from Iraq Fuel Syrian Insurgency,” New York Times, February 12, 2014.
Arango, Tim and Eric Schmitt. “U.S. Actions in Iraq Fueled the Rise of a Rebel,” New York Times, August 10, 2014.
Argo, Nichole. “The Role of Social Context in Terrorist Attacks,” Chronicle of Higher Education, January 13, 2006.
Arias, Enrique D. “Understanding Criminal Networks, Political Order, and Politics in Latin America,” in Anne L. Clunan and Harold A. Trinkunas, eds., Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in Era of Softened Sovereignty, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.
Aryasinha, Ravinatha. “Terrorism, the LTTE and the Conflict in Sri Lanka,” Conflict, Security, & Development, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2001, pp. 25–50.
Asfar, Shahid et al. “The Taliban: An Organizational Analysis,” Military Review, May/June 2008, pp. 58–73.
Bacon, Esther. “Balkan Trafficking in Historical Perspective,” in Kimberley L. Thachuk, ed., Transnational Threats: Smuggling and Trafficking in Arms, Drugs, and Human Life, Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007.
Bahney, Benjamin et al. An Economic Analysis of the Financial Records of al-Qa’ida in Iraq, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corp., 2010.
Bahney, Benjamin W. et al. “Insurgent Compensation: Evidence from Iraq,” American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, Vol. 103, No. 3, 2013, pp. 518–522.
Bajoria, Jayshree. The Sri Lankan Conflict, Council on Foreign Relations Backgrounder: May 18, 2009.
Balasingham, Adele S. Liberation Tigers and Tamil Eelam Freedom Struggle, Madras: Political Committee, LTTE, 1983.
Baracskay, Daniel. “The Evolutionary Path of Hamas: Examining the Role of Political Pragmatism in State Building and Activism,” Terrorism & Political Violence, 2014, pp. 1–17.
Barfield, Thomas. Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.
Basile, Mark. “Going to the Source: Why Al-Qaeda’s Financial Network Is Likely to Withstand the Current War on Terrorist Financing,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2004, pp. 169–185.
Bazzi, Mohamad. “Lebanon: Hezbollah’s Way,” GlobalPost, August 7, 2010.
Becker, Jo. “Beirut Bank Seen as a Hub of Hezbollah’s Financing,” New York Times, December 13, 2011.
Beecher, Lionel. “What Sri Lanka Can Teach Us about COIN,” Small Wars Journal, August 27, 2010.
Beith, Malcolm. “HSBC Report Shows Difficulty of Stopping Money Launderers,” Daily Beast, July 19, 2012.
Bell, J. Bowyer. “Revolutionary Dynamics: The Inherent Inefficiency of the Underground,” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1990, pp. 193–211.
Bell, Stewart. “Canada a Key Source of Tamil Tiger Funding,” National Post, July 20, 2009.
Berg Harpviken, Kristian. “The Transnationalization of the Taliban,” International Area Studies Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2012, pp. 203–229.
Bergen, Peter. Holy Terror, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden, New York: Free Press, 2001.
Bergen, Peter and Emily Schneider. “Now ISIS Has Drones?” CNN.com, August 25, 2014.
Berger, James M. “The Islamic State vs. al Qaeda,” Foreign Policy, September 2, 2014.
Bhasin, Tavishi and Maia C. Hallward. “Hamas as a Political Party: Democratization in the Palestinian Territories,” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2013, pp. 75–93.
Bierstecker, Thomas J. and Sue E. Eckert, eds. Countering the Financing of Terrorism, London: Routledge, 2008.
Bishop, Patrick and Eamonn Mallie. The Provisional IRA, London: Corgi Books, 1992.
Blair, Dennis C. “Annual Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community,” Testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, February 2, 2010.
Blanford, Nicholas. Warriors of God: Inside Hezbollah’s Thirty-Year Struggle against Israel, New York: Random House, 2011.
Bloom, Mia. Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror, New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.
Boghardt, Lori P. “The Terrorist Funding Disconnect with Qatar and Kuwait,” Washington Institute for Near East Policy,” Policywatch 2247, May 2, 2014.
Boyle, Michael P. et al. “Expressive Responses to News Stories about Extremist Groups: A Framing Experiment,” Journal of Communication, Vol. 56, No. 2, 2006, pp. 271–288.
Brachman, Jarret. “The Worst of the Worst,” Foreign Policy, January 22, 2010.
Terrorism, Inc.: The Financing of Terrorism, Insurgency, and Irregular Warfare Page 36
