Millennium Plot, 136
Ministry of Defense (MoD), 121
Ministry of Interior (MoI), 121
Mogadishu, 11
Money laundering, 7–8, 32; Afghanistan, 131; Al-Qaida, 137–38; Australia, 12; Hamas, 99; Hezbollah, 74; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 156–57; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 51–52; Taliban, 116
Money Laundering Control Act, 24
Moorland, Caroline, 33
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), 9, 55
Morrison, Danny, 44
Mortgage fraud, 72
Mosul, Around, 160
Mubarak, Hosni, 146
Mughniyeh, Imad, 88
Muhammad, Jaysh, 162
Mujahedin, 113, 133, 141; and Pakistan, 17; stinger missiles, 15
Multi-barrel rocket launchers (MBRLs), 55
Muralitharan, Vinayagamoorthy, 57, 67
Mustad’afin, 88
Mustakbirin, 88
Muswadda, Adnan, 107
Mutative process, 8
Nablus Mall, 99
Naim, Moses, 142, 179
Naji, Abu Bakr, 165
Nandikadal Lagoon, 68
Naqqash, Anis, 75
NASCO conglomerate, 137
Nasrallah, Sayeed Hassan, 6, 86, 91
National Drug Control Strategy (NDCS), 131
National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), 16
National Security Council (NSC), 25
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), 4
NATO: bombardment Serbs, 16; Haqqani, 17; Libya, 23; Taliban, 17
NCL Holdings, 115
Nedumaran, P., 60
Neo-Taliban. See Taliban
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 109
New York City, 29
New York Times, 139
Nigeria: human trafficking, 12; rampage of Boko Haram, 24, 141
Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories (NCCTs), 25
Non-kinetic activities: and Al–Qaida, 151–52; and Hamas, 111–12; and Hezbollah, 92–93; and ISIS, 169; and LTTE, 68; and PIRA, 46–47; and Taliban, 130–31
Nonprofit organizations (NPOs), 6
Norman, Paul, 46
North Africa: Al-Qaida in, 143; and human trafficking, 12; Western tourists kidnappings, 9–10
Northern Aid Committee (NORAID), 28–29
Northern Ireland: armed robberies, 33; civil rights movement, 27; Irish Republican Army, 29; Libya, 15; and Northern Command, 39; PIRA usage of funds, 35, 36; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 15, 27–47
Northern Ireland Housing Executive, 31
Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), 122
Norton, Richard, 87
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), 182
Notre Dame University, 89
Observer Group Lebanon (OGL), 75
Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), 24
Office of Intelligence and Analysis, 26
Oftedal, Emilie, 182
Òglaigh na hÉireann, 42
Omar, Mullah Mohammed, 113, 129
Open source intelligence (OSINT), 167
Operational capability, 14–19; Al-Qaida, 141–46; Hamas, 103–6; Hezbollah, 80–85; intelligence, 16–17, 57–59, 81–83, 104–5, 121–22, 143–44; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 56–61; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 36–40; sanctuary, 17–18, 37–38, 83–84, 122, 144–45; Taliban, 120–23; training, 18–19, 39–40, 84–85; weapons, 15–16, 36–37, 56–57, 80–81, 103–4, 120–21
Operational security (OPSEC), 14
Operation(s): Autumn Clouds, 111; Bushmill, 46; Case Lead, 111; Cast Lead, 95; Christo, 46; Days of Penitence, 111; Green Quest, 26; Hit andWin, 46; Kamikaze, 92; Pillar of Defense, 95, 111; Protective Edge, 111; Rainbow, 111; Returning Echo, 111; Summer Rain, 111
Operations security (OPSEC), 81
Organizational capacity, 19–23; Al-Qaida, 146–50; Hamas, 106–10; human resources and recruitment, 22–23, 42–43, 88–90, 109–10, 126–28; ideology, 20–22, 41–42, 87–88, 108–9, 124–26, 148; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 163–68; leadership, 19–20, 41, 85–87, 107–8, 123–24; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 61–66; media and publicity, 23, 43–44, 90–91, 110, 128–29; and PIRA, 40–44; Taliban, 123–29
Organizational design, 19–20
Organizational structure, 19–20, 65; horizontal, 20; two-tiered, 65; vertical, 20
Oslo Accords, 110
Pakistan, 4, 11; Al-Qaida, 134; Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), 126; jihadist, 122; Madrassa, 119; mujahedin, 17; safe havens, 123; Taliban, 115, 119, 122–23, 130, 136
Palestine: Hamas and Islamic Jihad, 96; suicide bombers, 98
Palestine Liberation Organization, 6
Palestinian Authority (PA), 100
Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), 72
Pape, Robert, 142
Path analysis, 8
Pathmanathan, Kumaran, 56
PayPal, 174
People’s Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE), 54, 63
Peru, 4, 12
Peshawar, 11; and arms trafficking, 11
Peters, Gretchen, 119, 151
Philippines, 9
An Phoblacht, 23, 29, 43
Pillar of Defense, Operation, 95, 111
Pollack, Kenneth, 19
Poppy, 12
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 40, 55
Prabhakaran, Velupillai, 6, 60–65, 68
Prevention of Terrorism Act, 46
Projected recoilless improvised grenade (PRIG), 37
Prostitution, 12
Protection payments, 13. See also Extortion
Protective Edge, Operation, 111
Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA): activity funding, 28–35, 172–75; armed robbery and theft, 10, 33–34; COIN, 17, 36–38; counter terrorists’ finances, 44–47; dark economy, 32–35; external state support, 35; extortion and protection, 34–35; fraud, 31; fund usage, 35–44; gray economy, 28–32; human resources and recruitment, 42; ideology, 41, 63–64; intelligence, 37–38, 57–59; leadership, 41; legal businesses, 31–32; media and publicity, 43; minimalist model, 16; money laundering, 32; operating costs, 28; operational capability, 36–40; Qaddafi weapon supplied, 15; recruitment, 23; Republic of Ireland (ROI), 38, 39; sanctuary, safe haven, and operational space, 38–39; smuggling, trafficking, and counterfeiting, 34; training, 39–40; troubles in Northern Ireland, 27–47; United States, 175; weapons, 37–38
Psychological operations (PSYOP), 23, 81
Pure Tamil Movement, 50
Qaddafi, Muammar, 16, 38; external state support, 35; weapon supplied to PIRA, 15
Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), 133
Qana massacre, 91
Qanat Al-Moqawama, 90
Qaseem, Naim, 88
Qassam rockets, 104, 111
Quetta military, 121
Quetta Shura Taliban (QST). See Taliban
Rabasa, Angel, 17
Rabita Trust, 136
Radar and Telecommunications Unit, 56
Ra’id, Muhammad, 85
Rainbow, Operation, 111
Ramachandran, M. G., 60
Ramadan (Muslim holy month), 135
Rammallah-al-Bireh zakat committee, 99
Ranstorp, Magnus, 85, 86
Rantissi, Abdel Aziz, 108
Reagan, Ronald, 44
Recruiting Section, 56
Recruitment: Iraq, 22; Jemmah Islamiyah, 22; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 22; PKK, 22; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 23; Southeast Asia, 22
Regev, Eldad, 75
Relief Committee of Imam Khomenei (RCIK), 89
Republican Clubs, 41
Republican News, 43, 44
Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), 56
Resolution 1373, 25
Returning Echo, Operation, 111
Revival of Islamic Heritage Society (RIHS), 136
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
(FARC), 9, 183; and drug trafficking, 11; intelligence, 16
Revolutionary United Front (RUF), 13, 16
Richards, David, 128
Richardson, 99
Robbery, armed, 10
Rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs), 15
Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 51
Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 45
Rubezone Chemicals plant, 57
Rubin, Barnett, 114
Russia: Counterinsurgency (COIN), 15; human trafficking, 12; weapons supply to Abkhazia, 15; weapons supply to Moldova, 15; weapons supply to Nagorno-Karabakh, 15
Ruthirakumaran, Viswanathan, 49–50
Ruttig, Thomas, 128, 130
Sa, Khun, 7
Sadaqah, 135
Safa Group, 137
Safe houses, 38
Salafist Islam, 109
Salafist jihadist organizations, 6
Salafist jihadists, 133
Sanabil al Khair, 135
Sanctuary, 17–18; Al-Qaida, 17, 144–45; Guatemala, 18; Hamas, 105; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 59–60; Malaya, 17; Mozambique, 17, 18; Nicaragua, 18; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 38–39; Taliban, 122; Thailand, 17; Vietcong, 17
Sands, Bobby, 31
Sawt al Aksa, 110
Sawt al-Jihad, 150
Sea Battle “Regiments,” 56
Sean MacStiofain, 41
Sea Pigeons, 55, 56
Sea Tigers, 55–57, 65
Second Intifada, 95, 111
Sendero Luminoso, 12
Sensitive Investigative Unit (SIU), 131
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks: Al-Qaida, 25, 55, 149; and failed states, 177–79
Serena, Chad C., 181
Shadow war, 78
Shaheed, 109
Shalit, Gilad, 100
Shanthakumar, Sothilingam, 56
Shari, Muhi a-din, 103
Sharia, 127, 165
Sharifian Caliphate, 165
Shebeens, 31
Shepherd, Bryan, 22
Shia Islam, 87
Shia schools, 72
Shin Bet, 99
Shinn, James, 126
Shura, Quetta, 123
Shuras, 126
Sigma Distribution, Inc., 73
Signals intelligence (SIGINT), 17
Sinhala Only Act, 64
Sinn Fein, 28, 34, 35, 41, 44
Slobodan Milosevic, 16
Small arms and light weapons (SALW), 15
Smuggling, 10–12; charcoal, 13; defined, 10; diamonds, 13; Hamas, 101; Hezbollah, 76–77; human, 10; illicit narcotics, 11; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 158–59; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 53; oil, 158, 168; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 34; Taliban, 114, 117–18; weapons, 11
Social entrapment, 64
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT), 176
Somalia, 5, 9, 13
Soubha, Nagy, 107
Southeast Asia: Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) kidnappings, 9; Al-Qaida’s network in, 92; Hezbollah foothold in, 71, 80; LTTE campaigns in, 22; recruitment, 22
South Lebanese Army (SLA), 81
SouthWest African People’s Organization (SWAPO), 55
Soviet-Afghan War, 134, 142
Soviet invasion, 114
Soviet jihad, 166
Soviet Union, 11; and criminal violence, 14; support to proxies, 13; weapon supply, 15. See also Russia
Spain, 4, 12
Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT), 111
Special Security Apparatus (SSA)., 82
Sri Lanka: background, 48–49; equality, 62; population, 48; Tamil Tigers, 4–5
Sri Lankan Armed Forces’ (SLAF), 65, 66
Stinger missiles, 15
Strasbourg Christmas and Al-Qaida attack, 176
Sudan: Al-Qaida, 137, 146; United Nations legitimacy, 23
Summer Rain, Operation, 111
Sunuqrut, Mazen, 99
Sunuqrut Global Group, 99
Suresh, Manicavasagam, 49
Suspicious activity requests (SARs), 24
Sykes-Picot Agreement, 150
Syria, 5; Hezbollah, 79; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) training camps, 163; kidnapping risk, 9
Syrian civil war, 95
Tabqa Dam, 159
Tajco Company, LLC, 73
Taliban: activity funding, 113–19; Afghan Threat Finance Cell (ATFC), 130; Al-Qaida, 119, 125, 129, 142, 144; armed robbery, 117; assassination campaign, 16; background, 113; charities, 115; Code of Conduct, 124, 127; COIN, 121, 124; counter terrorists' finances, 129–31; drug trafficking, 113, 114, 117–18; extortion and protection, 118; Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), 122, 144; fraud, 115; fund usage, 119–29; Haqqani Network (HQN), 125; “hearts and minds,” 129; human resources and recruitment, 126–28; ideology, 124–26; insurgency in Afghanistan, 16; intelligence, 121–22; International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 128; kidnapping for ransom (KFR), 116–17; legal businesses, 115; madrassas, 128; media and publicity, 128–29; money laundering, 116; NATO, 17; Osama bin Laden, 129; Pakistan, 115, 119, 122–23, 130; pious, 125; smuggling, trafficking, and counterfeiting, 114, 117–18; from strugglers to smugglers, 113–32; training, 122–23; Twitter, 43; weapons, 120–21
Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization, 63
Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP), 67
Tamil Nadu, 59–60
Tamil New Tigers (TNT), 49
Tamil Relief Organization (TRO), 51
Tamil street gangs, 51
Tamil Tigers. See Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), 49
Tannenbaum, Elhanan, 75
Tanzania: Al-Qaida attack on U.S. embassies, 25; Hezbollah stronghold in, 75
Taxation: cigarettes, 76; fraud, 31; Hindu temples, 53; Islamic, 118
Taylor, Charles, 13, 16
Taylor, Max, 32
Techne vs. metis, 18–19
Technical expertise, 18
Technical Investigative Unit (TIU), 131
Technology: command and control networks, 19; exchange between Hezbollah and Palestinian groups, 106; and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 57, 58t; used by Taliban, 43
Tehrik, Nifaz Shariat Muhammadi (TNSM), 145
Tel Aviv, 78, 95, 105
Telecommunications fraud, 72–73
Templer, Gerald, 21
Temporary Provisions Act, 46
Territorial entrapment, 64
Terrorism: challenges in combating financing, 171; cost of terrorist attacks, 182f; countering financing of, 23–26, 44–47, 66–68, 91–93, 111–12; groups ability to raise funds, 172–75; inexpensive and group’s goals, 182–84; vs. Insurgency, 2, 15; introduction, 1–26; legal avenue for financing, 184–85. See also specific terrorist groups
Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (TFI), 26
Terrorist Finance Unit (TFU), 46
Terrorist financing: charity, 6; diaspora support, 5–6; fraud, 6–7; legal businesses, 7
Terrorist Financing Operations Section (TFOS), 25
Terrorist Intelligence Gathering Evaluation and Review committee (TIGER), 45
Thailand: and arms trafficking, 11; sanctuary, 17
Thanabalasingam, Chetti, 49
Thatcher, Margaret, 44
Theft, armed, 10
Themar al-Mubaraka Company, 137
Thruelsen, Peter Dahl, 119
Tidey, Don, 33
Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), 55
Tone, Theobald Wolfe, 27
Torsello, Gabriele, 117
Trafficking: and Cold war, 11; defined, 10; drug, 12; Hamas, 101; Hezbollah, 76–77; human, 10; illicit narcotics, 11; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 158–59; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 53; money, 159; oil, 158; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 34; Taliban, 117–18
Training, 18–19; Al-Qaida, 146; Gaza, 97; Hamas, 106; Hezbollah, 84–85; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS
), 163; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 60–61; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 39–40; Taliban, 122–23; Tamil militants, 60
Triple Diamonds NV, 76
Triple Frontier, 71
Tueni, Gibran, 86
Turkey, 5, 18
Turkish People’s Liberation Army, 40
Twitter, 43
Ukraine, 5
U.K.’s National Criminal Intelligence Service, 47
Ummah, 88, 148; Al-Qaida, 134; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 155
Underwater Demolition Teams, 56
Union Transport Africaines, 71
United Kingdom: Hindu temples taxation, 53; Joint Action Group on Organized Crime of the Metropolitan Police, 46–47; and LTTE activities, 66
United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), 55
United Nations, 131
United Nations Security Council, 25, 169
United Nations Security Council Resolution, 89
United States: Afghanistan, 123; anti-Communist trade union movement, 30; combating financing of terrorism (CFT), 25; cooperation, 175–77; employment, 29; failed states serves breeding ground for terrorists after 9/11, 177–79; and Islamic charities, 4–5; non-state actors and goals, 179–81; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 175; Republican terrorism, 29; support to proxies, 13; weapon supply, 4–5
United States Marine Corps (USMC), 120
University of Gaza, 111
Uruguayan Tupamaros, 40
USA PATRIOT Act, 25
U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), 169
U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), 74
Ushr, 118
U.S. Treasury Department, 93
Valley of the Apurimac and Ene River (VRAE), 12
Valvettithurai, 56
Vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs), 142, 161
Vick, Alan, 2
Virtual Tamil nation, 66
Voice of Jihad, 150
Voices of Tigers, 66
Volunteers of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, 42
Wadi al-Aqiq, 137
Wafic Safa, 82
Warlord Economy, 114
War of the flea, 120
Wasiq, Abdul Haq, 121
Watan Group, 115
Weapons, 15–16; Al-Qaida, 142–43; Central Asia, 15; Chechnya, 15; Diaspora community supplier of, 15; Hezbollah, 80–81; Indian weapons supply to LTTE, 15; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 160–61; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 56–57; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 37–38; Qaddafi supplied to PIRA, 15; smuggling Gaza, 101; Soviet Union, supply of, 15; supplied in Caucasus, 15; supplied in South Asia, 15; supplied in West Africa, 15; United States, supply of, 15
Wehrey, Frederic, 86
Weiss, Gordon, 62
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