Gordon, Cyrus H. “The Metcalf Stone.” Manuscripts 21, no. 3 (1969).
Gordon, G. B. “The Serpent Motive in the Ancient Art of Central America and Mexico.” Transactions of the University of Pennsylvania 1, no. 3 (1905). Spanish ed. published in 2013 by Hardpress.
Guitel, Geneviève. “Comparaison entre les numérations Aztèqe et Egyptienne.” Annales 13, no. 4 (1958): 687–705.
Hagar, Stansbury. “The Bearing of Astronomy on the Subject.” American Anthropologist 14 (1912): 32–48.
Holden, E. S. “Studies in Central American Picture Writing.” In First Annual Report of The Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1879–80. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1879.
Holmes, William H. “Bearing of Archaeological Evidence on the Place of Origin.” American Anthropologist 14 (1912): 30–36.
Howey, M. Oldfield. The Encircled Serpent: A Study of Serpent Symbolism in All Countries and Ages. 1955; reprint, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2005.
Kelley, David H. “Calendar Animals and Deities.” Southwest Journal of Anthropology 16 (1960): 317–37.
. “The Nine Lords of the Night.” In J. Graham, ed., Studies in the Archaeology of Mexico and Guatemala, University of California Archaeology Research Facility Contributions 16 (1972): 58–68. See also many articles by D. H. Kelley.
Luyties, O. Egyptian Visits to America: Some Curious Evidence Discovered. New York: N.p., 1922.
Marti, Samuel. “Mudra: Manos Simbólicas en Asia y América.” Cuadernos Americanos 69 (1970).
Medvedov, Daniel. “Anatomia Maya.” Abstracts of Papers: 44th International Congress of Americanists. Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1982.
Moran, H. A., and David H. Kelley. The Alphabet and the Ancient Calendar Signs. Palo Alto, CA: Daily Press, 1969.
Nachitgall, V. Von. “On the Origin of American Advanced Cultures.” Paideuma 7 (1960).
Nichols, Dale. The Pyramid Text of the Ancient Maya. Antigua, Guatemala: Mazdan Press, 1969.
Rands, Robert L. “The Water Lily in Maya Art: A Complex of Alleged Asiatic Origin.” Smithsonian Bulletin 151 (1953).
Rejón García, Manuel. “Los Mayas Primitivos.” In Imprenta de la Lotería del Estado Merida. Yucatan, 1905.
Reko, B. P. “Star Names of the Chilam Balam of Chumayel.” El Mexico Antiguo 4 (1935–38): 95–129.
Smith, Joseph Lindon. Tombs, Temples, and Ancient Art. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956.
Sorenson, John L. An Ancient American Setting for the Book of Mormon. Salt Lake City: Deseret, 1996.
. “The Significance of an Apparent Relationship Between the Ancient Near East and Meso America.” In Carroll L. Riley et al., eds., Man Across the Sea. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971.
. “Some Mesoamerican Traditions of Immigration by Sea.” El Mexico Antiguo 8 (1955): 425–38.
Soto-Hall, Maxímo. Los Mayas. Coleccion Labor, Biblioteca Ciencias Histroicas, No. 403. Barcelona: Editorial Labor, 1937.
Stewart, D. N. “Geometric Implications in Construction of the Caracol: Greek Measures in Maya Architecture.” El Palacio 59, no. 6 (1952): 163–74.
Thompson, J. Eric S. Maya History and Religion. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. See also review in American Anthropologist 73, no. 4 (1971): 915–17.
Van Blerkom, Linda Miller. “A Comparison of Maya and Egyptian Hieroglyphics.” Katunob 11, no. 3 (1979): 1–8
Winzerling, E. O. Aspects of the Maya Culture. New York: North River, 1956.
Wolff, Werner. Déchiffrement de l’écriture Maya et traduction des codices. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1938.
Shang Dynasty and Olmec Art and Pyramids
General
Xu, H. Mike. Origin of the Olmec Civilization. Edmond: University of Central Oklahoma Press, 1996. See also http://www.chinese.tcu.edu/www_chinese3_tcu_edu.htm.
Mexico
Bahn, Paul G. Lost Cities. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997.
Diaz, Edith Ortiz. “Salamaya.” Arqueología Mexicana, Especial 15.
“La Mixteca.” Arqueología Mexicana, Especial 15, no. 9.
“La Navegacion entre Los Mayas.” Arqueología Mexicana 6, no. 33.
“Los Tesoros de Palenque.” Arqueología Mexicana, Especial 18.
Marin, Carlos Martinez. National Museum of Anthropology. Instituto Nacional de Antropología, 1967.
Caral-Supe
Solís, Ruth Shady. The Caral Supe Civilisation: 5,000 Years of Cultural Identity in Peru. Lima: Instituto Nacional de Cultura, 2005.
Monte Alban
Robles García, Nelly M. Monte Alban. Mexico: Monclem Ediciones, 2004.
Chichen Itza
Chan, Román Piña. Chichen Itza: La Ciudad de Los Brujos del Agua. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1980.
Lothrop, S. Kirkland. Metals from the Cenote of Sacrifice: Chichen Itza, Yucatan. Vol. 10 of Memoirs, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 1952.
Martinez, Hector Perez. Relacion de los Cosas de Yucatan. Mexico, 1938.
Stephens, John Lloyd. Incidents of Travels in Yucatan. London: Author, 1843.
Willard, Theodore Arthur. The City of the Sacred Well. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1926
Paracas
Pierantoni Campora, Antonio. La Cultura Paracas: Treinta Siglos de Arte Textil (The Paracas Culture: Thirty Centuries of Textile Art). Lima: Editora Diskcopy, 2005.
Machu Picchu
Frost, Peter, et al. Machu Picchu Historical Sanctuary. Lima: Nuevas Imágenes, 1995.
Uxmal
Casanova, J. P. Uxmal and the Puuc Region. Mérida, Mexico: Editorial Dante, 1992.
Cholula
Solís Olguín, Felipe, et al. Cholula: The Great Pyramid. Mexico City: Grupo Azabache, 2006.
Chavin
Burger, Richard L. Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization. London: Thames & Hudson, 1995.
Maya
Hughes, Nigel. Maya Monuments. Woodbridge, UK: Antique Collectors Club, 2000.
Pyramid Builders of South America and China
Alva, Walter, and Christopher B. Donnan. Royal Tombs of Sipan. Los Angeles: Fowler Museum of Cultural History, University of California, 1993.
Burger, Richard L. Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization. London: Thames & Hudson, 1992.
Gurney, O. R. The Hittites. Rev ed. New York: Penguin, 1990.
Heyerdahl, Thor. The Pyramids of Tucume: The Quest for Peru’s Forgotten City. London: Thames & Hudson, 1995.
Kolata, Alan L. Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1993.
Markham, Sir Clement. The Incas of Peru. New York: AMS Press, 1969.
Moseley, Michael E. “The Batan-Grande.” In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1990.
Moseley, Michael E., and Kent C. Day. Chan Chan: Andean Desert City. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982.
Pozorski, Sheila, et al. Early Settlement and Subsistence in the Casma Valley, Peru. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1987. And Andean Archaeology (2002) 21–51.
Reinhard, Johan. “Peru’s Ice Maidens: Unwrapping the Secrets.” National Geographic, June 1996.
Rostworowski, María de Diez Canseco. Historia del Tahuantinsuyu. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Ministerio de la Presidencia, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 1988.
Rostworowski, María de Diez Canseco, et al. The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library, 1990.
Shimada, Izumi. Pampa Grande and the Mochica Culture. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994.
Trazegnies, Fernando de. China y el Perú precolombino. In “La inmigración China al Perú. Arqueología Historia y sociedad.” Richard Chuhue, Li Jing Na y Antonio Coello, compiladores. Instituto Confucio. Universidad Ricardo Palma. Lima, Perú, 2012.
Velikovsky, Immanuel. Worl
ds in Collision. London: Abacus, 1972.
Von Hagen, Adriana, and John Hyslop. The Cities of the Ancient Andes. London: Thames & Hudson, 2008.
PART C. CHINA’S EXPLORATIONS TO THE NORTH
Kublai Khan’s Lost Fleets
Thompson, Gunnar. American Discovery. Raleigh, NC: Lulu.com, 2013.
. Marco Polo’s Daughters. Raleigh, NC: Lulu.com, 2011.
The Carolinas, Virginia, and the Eastern Seaboard
Baldwin, William P. Lowcountry Day Trips. 2nd ed. Greensboro, NC: Legacy, 2010.
Byrd, William. The Secret Diary of William Byrd of Westover, 1709–1712. New York: Arno Press, 1972.
De Gast, Robert. Five Fair Rivers. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
Edgar, Walter B. South Carolina: A History. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999.
. South Carolina: The WPA Guide to the Palmetto State. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988.
Fleming, Kevin, et al. Delaware Discovered. Annapolis, MD: Portfolio Press, 1992.
Jolley, Harley E. The Blue Ridge Parkway. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1969.
Lee, Siu-Leung. 2006. http://www.asiawind.com/zhenghe.
. Deciphering the Kunyu Wanguo Quantu, A Chinese World Map—Ming Chinese Mapped the World Before Columbus (in Chinese). Taipei: Linking Publishing Company, 2012.
Leifermann, Henry. South Carolina. Oakland, CA: Compass American Guides, 2006.
Lonely Planet. Great Smoky Mountains & Shenandoah National Parks. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet, 2005.
. Virginia and the Capital Region. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet, 2000.
Scott, Jane. Between Ocean and Bay: A Natural History of Delmarva. Centreville, MD: Tidewater, 1991.
Smith, Captain John. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles. Edited by Philip Barbour. New York: Wisconsin Historical Society/Scribner’s, 2003.
Twining, Mary Arnold, and Keith E. Baird. Sea Island Roots: African Presence in the Carolinas and Georgia. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1991.
Nova Cataia
Chiasson, Paul. The Island of Seven Cities: Where the Chinese Settled When They Discovered America. Toronto: Random House Canada, 2008.
The Pacific Coast
Davis, Nancy Yaw. The Zuni Enigma. New York: Norton, 2002.
Mertz, Henriette. Gods from the Far East: Two Ancient Records of Chinese Exploration in America. 1975; reprint, n.p.: Forgotten Books, 2008.
. Pale Ink. Self-published, 1953.
. The Wine Dark Sea: Homer’s Heroic Epic of the North Atlantic. Chicago: Author, 1964.
Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilisations in China. 34 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954–2008.
Also please refer to www.gavinmenzies.net for further bibliographies and books relating to the Pacific coast of North America.
The Florida Bog People
Brown, M. D., et al. “mtDNA Haplogroup X: An Ancient Link Between Europe/Western Asia and America?” American Journal of Human Genetics 63, no. 6 (1998): 1852–61.
“The First Americans—Part 6—DNA of the Windover Bog People.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbayBEbIEwc.
Ice Age Columbus. Discovery Channel, 2005.
Places to Go and Things to Do. Titusville Community Guide. http://www.nbbd.com/godo.
Reidla, Maere, et al. “Origin and Diffusion of mtDNA Haplogroup X.” American Journal of Human Genetics 73, no. 5 (2003): 1178–90.
Schurr, Thomas G. “Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of the New World.” American Scientist 88 (2000): 246–53.
Secrets of the Bog People. Learning Channel, 2003.
Stone Age Columbus. BBC 4, 2002.
“Stone Age Sailors Beat Columbus to America.” Observer, November 28, 1999.
Tracing the Genes. PBS, 2004.
NOTES
CHAPTER 1: A LAND BRIDGE TOO FAR
1. Here is our supplies list for the Bering Strait crossing we had planned:
Comprehensive kit of tools
Oil
Oil filters
Air filters
Fuel filters
Fuel shut-off valve
Bulbs
Brakes
Wipers
Starter
Alternator
Tires and wheels
Emergency puncture repair kits
Constant-velocity joint gaiters and fitting sleeve
Front wheel bearing kit
Rear wheel bearing kit
Driveshaft
Alternator belt
Cam belt
Diesel pump belt
Water jet belt
Water hoses
Inspection lamp (12 volt)
Powerful searchlight with own battery, preferably halogen
Jack and wheel brace and possibly four spare wheel nuts
12-volt tire compressor/pump
Brake fluid
Clutch cable
Throttle cable
Gasket set
Radiator fan
Radiator
Radiator fan switch
Fiberglass repair kit
Hand cleaner
Rubber gloves
Here are the provisions and essentials:
First-aid kit
Life jackets
Foghorn
Distress flares
Fire extinguishers
Rope
Winch
Waterproofs
Sleeping bags
Cooking utensils and cutlery
Stove
Gas
Water container
Insect repellent
Soap
Washing liquid
Condiments
Toilet paper rolls
Tissues
Small plastic washbowl
12-volt water heater
12-volt fridge/cooler/cooker
Spare heavy-duty battery (12-volt)
Small spade
CHAPTER 2: ALONG THE SILK ROAD
1. Gavin Menzies, 1421: The Year China Discovered America (New York: William Morrow, 2003), 139.
CHAPTER 3: PLANTS BETWEEN CONTINENTS
1. Sorenson and Johannessen described Biology Verifies Ancient Voyages as “an expanded version of a presentation given at a conference, ‘Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World,’ held at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, May 5th, 2001. . . . Since our initial paper was submitted for inclusion in that volume, we made further discoveries. Some additions were included in an electronic version entitled Scientific Evidence for Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Voyages to and from the Americas (Sino-Platonic Papers No. 133, CD-ROM edition, April 2004), published by the Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. The present book incorporates further material. Because much of the literature that enters into our argument in this paper is interpreted in ways other than biologists conventionally do, for readers’ convenience we give in Appendix 1 a précis of our reference materials on each species discussed. Appendix 2 summarizes the most salient types of evidence we have used. Selected illustrations and a bibliography for both the text proper and the appendices follow. . . .”
CHAPTER 4: EUROPEAN SEAFARING 100,000 B.C.
1. See John Noble Wilford, “On Crete, Evidence of Very Ancient Mariners,” New York Times, February 15, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/16/science/16archeo.html?_r=0.
2. “Ataturk,” Australian War Memorial Online-Encyclopedia, retrieved April 25, 2011.
3. http://countrystudies.us/turkey/3.htm.
4. Joseph Needham.
CHAPTER 5: MASTERY OF THE OCEANS BEFORE COLUMBUS
1. The evidence for this chapter comes from a number of distinguished archaeologists and historians to whom I am indebted. On the European front, Professor Stylianos Alexiou’s Minoan Civilization gives an excellent summary of the development of Minoan civilization and in particular the part played by Minoan ships. The Uluburun shipwreck,
which demonstrates how oceangoing ships were constructed in the fourteenth century b.c., was the subject of a special exhibition in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. The contents of this exhibition are described in Beyond Babylon (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008). I have relied heavily on this book, not least the chapter titled “The Uluburun Shipwreck and Late Bronze Age Trade,” by Professor Cemal Pulak, whose devoted work has resulted in this extraordinary wreck being brought to the attention of the world. In a similar manner, the magnificent exhibition “The Dover Bronze Age Boat” in Dover Museum has been invaluable to my research. I am most grateful to the director, curator, and trustees. For Egyptian ships, my thanks to Maitland A. Edey for the beautifully produced book Sea Traders (New York: Time-Life Books, 1974).
On the Chinese side I am indebted to Professor Joseph Needham for his monumental work Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954), and to Professor Robert Temple for The Genius of China (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), based on Needham’s work. The development of Chinese shipbuilding technology is summarized in Gang Deng’s excellent Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development c. 2100 B.C.–1900 A.D. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997).
There are many authors whose work on the Thera frescoes has advanced our knowledge of the ships, depicted c. 1450 b.c., in the fleet of eleven ships painted in the Admiral’s House, Akrotiri, Thera. As well as those authors whom I have thanked in chapter 2 and 3, my gratitude to Raban Avner, for “The Thera Ships: Another Interpretation”; D. Gray in Seewesen for his analysis of seals showing Early Minoan ships; C. Tsountas, “Ships on Cycladic Frying Pans”; J. C. Gillmer, “The Thera Ships: A Re-analysis”; and P. F. Johnston, “Bronze Age Cycladic Ships.” A full bibliography is given at the end of this book.
2. Gang Deng, Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development: c. 2100 B.C.–1900 A.D. (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997).
3. Ibid.
4. The thesis of an early African presence in the Americas was prominently advanced by Guyana-born anthropologist Ivan Van Sertima in his book They Came Before Columbus (1976; reprint, New York: Random House, 2003). Van Sertima argues that Africans reached the Americas in two stages.
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