Who Discovered America? : The Untold History of the Peopling of the Americas (9780062236777)
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CHAPTER 6: THE GENETIC EVIDENCE
1. Neither I nor any of our team has medical qualifications. We rely entirely on the generosity of many geneticists and virologists whose reports are noted in the bibliography. Without their painstaking work over the decades we would have gotten nowhere. All of the conclusions drawn in this chapter are mine and I take full responsibility for them. Inclusion or reference to a report does not in any way imply that the author(s) agree with my views or conclusions.
2. M. Hertzberg et al., “An Asian-Specific 9 of B.P. Deletion of Mitochondrial DNA Is Frequently Found in Polynesians,” American Journal of Human Genetics 44, no. 4 (April 1989): 504–10. “One hundred and fifty Polynesians from five different island groups (Samoans, Maoris, Niueans, Cook Islanders and Tongans) were surveyed for the presence of an Asian-specific length mutation of mitochondrial (MT) DNA. . . . One hundred percent of Samoans, Maoris and Niueans . . . [had this DNA].”
3. Shinji Harihara and colleagues, “Frequency of a 9 B.P. Deletion in the Mitochondrial DNA among Asian Populations,” Human Biology (April 1962). Harihara’s Figure 2 has startling pie charts. It appears that inhabitants of Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Nieu, the Cook Islands, and the Maori had ancestors from the Shizuoka prefecture of Japan.
4. Fuminaka Sugauchi et al., “A Novel Variant Genotype C of Hepatitis B Virus Identified in Isolates from Australian Aborigines,” Journal of General Virology 82 (April 2001): “Variant C is found in Aborigines, genotype C in Japan, Korea, China, Thailand, New Caledonia and Polynesia.”
5. Geoffrey K. Chambers et al., as published in BBC News, August 11, 1998: “World: Asia Pacific Maoris may have come from China. Using genes to reconstruct human history in Polynesia.”
6. A. Arnaiz-Villena et al., “HLA Genes in Mexican Mazatecans, the Peopling of the Americas, and the uniqueness of Amerindians,” Tissue Antigens 56 (November 2000).
7. The formal report by Professor Bruges-Armas and eight colleagues (including Professor Arnaiz-Villena) is published as “HLA in the Azores Archipelago: Possible Presence of Mongoloid Genes,” Tissue Antigens 54 (1999): 349.
8. Ibid., 354.
9. Ibid., 357.
10. Ibid., 358.
11. “Parasitismoa migrações humanus pre-historicas,” in Estudos da pre-historia Geral a Brasiliera, University of São Paulo, 1970.
12. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.410410407/abstract.
CHAPTER 8: THE OLMEC: THE FOUNDATION CULTURE OF CENTRAL AMERICA
1. H. Mike Xu, Origin of the Olmec Civilization (Edmond: University of Central Oklahoma Press, 1996) and Charlotte Harris Rees, Secret Maps of the Ancient World (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2008).
2. Charlotte Harris Rees, Secret Maps of the Ancient World (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2008).
3. Ibid.
4. Hernan Garcia, Antonia Sierra, and Gilberto Balam, Wind in the Blood: Mayan Healing and Chinese Medicine (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 1999).
CHAPTER 9: PYRAMIDS IN MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA
1. Jack E. Churchward, Lifting the Veil on the Lost Continent of Mu: Motherland of Men (Huntsville, AK: Ozark Mountain, 2011), 215.
2. Plans were obtained thanks to the kind assistance of Professor Thomas Bartlett of La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia (where I had lectured).
3. With assistance again from Professor Bartlett
4. Private correspondence between Gavin Menzies and Prof. Bartlett.
5. Ibid.
6. Quoted in Robert M. Schoch, Voyages of the Pyramid Builders (New York: Penguin, 2004), 153.
7. Ibid.
8. For the information that follows I am indebted to James Q. Jacob’s website, Mesoamerican Archaeoastronomy, http://www.jqjacobs.net/mesoamerica/meso_astro.html.
9. Frudakis speaking at Library of Congress Zheng He Symposium, 2006. See our website, www.gavinmenzies.net, for more information.
CHAPTER 10: PYRAMID BUILDERS OF SOUTH AMERICA
1. See Cynthia Lee, “Archaeologist Investigates Legend of Mythical Ruler of Ancient Peru,” March 13, 2012, http://today.ucla.edu/portal/ut/archaeologist-sets-out-to-validate-230460.aspx.
2. Francisco A. Loayza, Chinos llegaron antes de Colón (Lima: D. Miranda, 1948).
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Jorge E. Hardy, Pre-Columbian Cities (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Infinito, 1964).
CHAPTER 11: KUBLAI KHAN’S LOST FLEETS
1. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo/Book_3/Chapter_2.
2. The Adventures of Marco Polo, the Great Traveler (New York: D. Appleton, 1902), 133.
3. Gunnar Thompson, Marco Polo’s Daughters: Asian Discovery of the New World (Seattle: Misty Isles Press, 2011).
4. Ibid., 6.
5. Libre dels feits del rei en Jacme (Book of the Acts of King James 1208–1276), http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/34697391092392752454679/index.htm.
6. Book III, Chapters LXXI and LXXIV, written in 1562. Translation courtesy of Carles Camp i Perez, e-mail correspondence from our website.
CHAPTER 12: THE 1418 CHINESE MAP OF THE WORLD
1. See Emeritus Professor Carol Urness: it has never been accused of being a forgery “and never will be.”
2. Personal email correspondence with Library of Congress.
3. In Harris Rees, Secret Maps of the Ancient World.
4. http://www.gavinmenzies.net/?taxonomy=1421&s=1418+map.
5. See under Part I, iii, “Zheng He’s Integrated Map of the World 1418,” at http://www.gavinmenzies.net/china/book-1421/1421-evidence.
6. http://www.gavinmenzies.net/?taxonomy=1421&s=peru.
7. Professor Gabriel Novick and his colleagues.
8. María Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, History of the Inca Realm (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 211.
9. Justo Caceres Macedo, Prehispanic Cultures of Peru: Guide of Peruvian Archaeology (n.p.: Author, 2004).
CHAPTER 13: NORTH CAROLINA AND THE VIRGINIAS
1. James Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee from Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 1897–98, Part I.
2. George William Featherstonhaugh, A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor; with an Account of the Lead and Copper Deposits in Wisconsin; of the Gold Region in the Cherokee Country; and Sketches of Popular Manners (London: R. Bentley, 1847), ch. 59.
CHAPTER 14: THE EASTERN SEABORD
1. James and Melanie Bowles, Proud Spirit Horse Sanctuary, Personal email correspondence with authors.
2. Cherokee Cultural Society of Houston.
3. Hendon M. Harris, Asiatic Fathers of America: Chinese Discovery & Colonization of Ancient America, ed. Charlotte Harris Rees (Lynchburg, VA: Warwick House, 2006).
4. Please visit www.harrismaps.com for more information.
5. This account comes from Shinnick’s “Digger’s Diary: The Mysterious Ming Medallion.”
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
CHAPTER 15: NOVA CATAIA: THE ISLAND OF SEVEN CITIES
1. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954), Vol. 5, 13 at pages 356–69 and vol. 4, part 2, see 27, p. 390 ff.
2. Annals of the Brothers Nicolo and Antonio Zeno (London, 1898).
3. Les voyages aventureux du Capitaine J. Alfonce.
CHAPTER 16: THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA
1. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 15, no. 899 (1892): 221 (with Plate XXIV).
2. Ibid.
3. See Gavin Menzies, 1434 (New York: William Morrow, 2008), esp. 257–67.
4. See http://www.cristobalcolondeibiza.com and Frank J. Frost, “The Palos Verdes Chinese Anchor Mystery,” Archaeology 31, no. 1 (1982).
5. Paul Gallez, Predescubrimientos de América (Bahía Blanca: Instituto Patagonico, 2001).
6. Nancy Yaw Davis, The Zuni Enigma (New York: Norton, 2000).
7. University of Arizona Library, Books of the South West, chapter 1, “Ind
ians of Arizona,” http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/hav7/body.1_div.1.html.
CHAPTER 17: STONE AGE SAILORS: THE “WINDOVER BOG” PEOPLE OF FLORIDA
1. The bog was the subject of a report on the PBS show Nova, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/americas-bog-people.html.
2. “The First Americans—Part 6—DNA of The Windover Bog People,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbayBEbIEwc.
3. Gavin Menzies, The Lost Empire of Atlantis (New York: William Morrow, 2011), 303–8.
4. Maere Reidla et al., “Origin and Diffusion of Mt DNA Haplogroup X,” The American Journal of Human Genetics 73000 (2003); and M. D. Brown et al., “Mt DNA Haplogroup X: An Ancient Link Between Europe/Western Asia and America?” The American Journal of Human Genetics 63 (1998): 90.
INDEX
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Abaj Takalik (Guatemala), 108
acupuncture, 88, 117, 118
Aegean
ancient cities in, 46–50
and Thera volcanic eruption, 5, 53, 60–61, 246
See also specific city or civilization
Africa/Africans
maps of, 167, 168, 170
medications of, 71
agriculture
and Chinese and Asian influence in Central and South America, 91, 96
Olmec civilization and, 101–2
See also plants/trees
Alaska/Alaskans
Bolles article about Chinese relics in, 226–27
genetics of, 68–70
maps of, 160
See also Inuit/Eskimo people
alcohol: chewing and spitting grain as means of making, 88, 99
Aleutian Islands, 223–24, 225
Alex (San Juan Chamula guide), 98–99
Alexander the Great, 52
Alfonse, Jean, 216
Amazonia
genetics of people of, 70, 224
hookworm infestations in, 38
American Discovery (Thompson), 158
American Indians
genetics of, 72
See also specific tribe or civilization
Americas
advances in research about, 1, 247
beginning of Chinese-Asian voyages to, 1, 247
dating of humans in, 245–46
debate about who discovered, 1–7, 243–48
evidence of Chinese/human habitation of, 1, 4–5, 243–47
richness of, 247
role of Zheng He map in Chinese arrival in, 1, 3, 4–5, 33
See also Central America; North America; South America; specific person or topic
Anales de Aragon (Zurita), 162
Anatolia
ancient cities in, 46–50
beginnings of, 53
climate and geography of, 46
genetics and, 6, 240
Macqueen’s views about evolution of, 49–50
maritime tradition in, 51
and Menzies’s trip (1978) on Silk Road, 22
Menzies’s trip to Crete and, 43–53
metals/metal products of, 49, 50–51
and migration to Crete, 41–42, 43, 47, 49, 53
navigation between Crete and, 48–49
Neanderthals in, 47
Paleolithic man in, 48
trade and, 50
Anatolia Museum: Menzies’s visit to, 47
ancestor worship, 88
anchors, stone, 229–31
Ancient American (Scherz), 192
Andes Mountains (South America), 138, 139, 151, 169, 179
animals
on Atlantic Coast, 194
diseases of, 82–83
domestication of, 49
evolution of, 39–40
genetics and, 82–83
at Nova Cataia, 215
on Pacific Coast of North America, 231–32
Raish bibliography about indigenous, 34
on totem poles, 227–28
with Zheng He’s fleet, 66
See also specific animal
Antalya (Turkey): and Menzies’s trip to Anatolia and Crete, 47
Antarctic: Kublai Khan’s fleet in, 161–62, 163
Antonio (Tikal guide), 92–93
Apache Indians, 234–35
Aphrodisias, Musuem of (Turkey), 48
Arabs, 194, 216–17
archaeological studies/sites
in Anatolia and Agean, 47
in Central America, 88
and Chan Chan as trading center, 148–49
peaches at, 232
and plants, 35
Sandia Cave and, 244
ships at, 56, 57
in South America, 88, 139
sunset closing of Mexican, 126–27
in Turkey, 50–51
See also specific study or site
architecture
at La Venta, 102
of Olmec civilization, 102, 105, 107, 121
and Olmec influence on Mayans, 107
at Teotihuacán, 123
at Tikal, 107, 123
Arctic
genetics of people of, 70
life at sea in the, 11–13
maps of, 160
Arends, Tulio, 73
Arequipa University (Peru): Juanita’s (Virgin of the Sun) body at, 146, 180
Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio, 76–77
art
of Chan Chan, 148
and Chinese and Asian influence in Central and South America, 88, 91, 139
jaguar in, 108
of Mayan civilization, 88, 90, 92, 108, 110–12
of Mi’kmaq tribe, 220
at Monte Alban, 122
of Olmec civilization, 88, 90, 92, 102, 105, 106, 108, 110–12, 121
and Olmec influence on Mayans, 108
and studies of plants in Americas, 35
The Asiatic Fathers of America (Harris Rees), 197
Aspendos (Turkey): and Menzies’s trip to Anatolia and Crete, 47
Association of East Asian Countries: Peters address about DNA (2006) to, 75–76
astronomy
and Chichen Itza, 125
Chinese and, 132–36, 202
and Chinese and Asian influence in Central and South America, 88–89, 90, 91
comparison of Mayan, Olmec, and Chinese, 132–33
contemporary understandings of prehistoric knowledge of, 133–36
Copan and, 134
Mayan, 88–89, 120, 132–36
of Mi’kmaq tribe, 212, 221
Olmec, 88–89, 102, 132–36
pyramids and, 120, 125, 126, 132–36
Atahualpa (Inca leader), 178
Ataturk: at Gallipoli, 45
Athenian civilization: emergence of, 246
Atlantic Coast of North America
first European settlements along, 196
See also Florida; North Carolina; South Carolina; Virginia
Australia
and Chinese voyages to Americas, 39, 180–81
Machado-Joseph disease and, 185
maps of, 166, 167, 175, 180–81
tsunami in, 228
Australian National University, Canberra: dating techniques at, 244
Austrian State University: Di Virga map and, 167
Aveni, Anthony, 134
Azores
Columbus in, 77
genetics of indigenous people of, 76–78, 80–81, 161, 162
Kublai Khan’s fleet in, 161, 162
Zheng He’s fleet in, 77, 78
Aztec civilization, 90, 123
backstrap looms, 88
Bagley, Robert, 110
Bagrow, Leo, 168
Bahn, Paul G., 148–49
Balám, Gilberto, 112–13, 118
Balboa, Cabello de, 139, 140
Balkans: Neolithic population in, 42
ball courts, 94, 108
Bamboo Strip Chronicles (Zhushu Jinian), 56
Barnihar
t, Edwin L., 134
Bartlett, Thomas, 131
Batán Grande (Peru): burning of, 140
bedbugs, 66
Beijing
announcement about 1763 map in, 173
and Menzies’s Silk Road expedition, 22, 23
Belize: pyramids in, 136
Bell, Cedric, 213–14, 217–18, 219
Bell, Patricia, 217
Ben Cao (Chinese book of materia medica), 116
Bering Strait/Bering Strait crossing
Brooks’s trip to, 16
Casey expedition and, 16–17
Clovis site and, 243–44
dangers of, 17–18
diseases/viruses and, 4, 87, 186
food and, 18, 245
genetics and, 68–70, 73, 75, 79
hookworms/organisms and, 38, 39
maps of, 160, 226
Menzies’s plans to trace the migration route across the, 15–19
as myth, 243–44
and plants/trees in Americas, 4, 35–36, 37, 97
Rossen question about, 245
route across the, 17
as theory for Asians populating the Americas, 3–4, 15–19
Bering, Vitus, 160, 225, 226
Bibi-Khanym mausoleum (Samarkand), 29
Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris): Di Virga map at, 167
Big Dipper, 202
Bingling Temple (Xiahe, China), 25
Biocca, Ettore, 79
Biology Verifies Ancient Voyages (Johannessen and Sorenson), 34–35
birds, 194, 228
Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan): and Menzies’s Silk Road expedition, 23
Black Current, 57, 62, 223
Blackbeard (a.k.a. Edward Teach), 192
blood cleansings, 94
Bodrum (Turkey): and Menzies’s trip to Anatolia and Crete, 47
body, human
comparison of Mayan and Chinese views of, 113, 114
right-hand side of, 114
Bogazkoy (Hattusas)
archaelogical sites at, 43
as Hittite religious capital, 51
mines near, 51
Perge artifacts from, 47
Bolivia
genetics of people of, 70, 82
Menzies’s trip to, 139
Bolles, T. Dix, 226–27
Boltz, William, 110
Bonomi, Luigi, 6
The Book of Changes (Confucian classic), 55–56
Bosphorus Strait: Silk Road and, 21–22
Boutin, Fred, 231
Bowles, James, 193–94
brain matter: of Windover Bog people, 238–39