Who Discovered America? : The Untold History of the Peopling of the Americas (9780062236777)
Page 27
Chincoteague, 192, 193
European, 193
and Kashgar (China) horse market, 27
Native Americans and, 192–93
of Nez Percé Indians, 232
in North Carolina, 192–93
on Pacific Coast of North America, 232
Tajikistan, 193
in Virginia, 192, 193
of Windover Bog people, 241
Horton, W. B., 234
Howard, Robert West, 193
Huaca 1 pyramid (Peru), 141
Huaca Balsas pyramid (Peru), 141
Huaca China (Peru), 150–51
Huaca de la Luna. See Pyramid of the Moon (Peru)
Huaca del Sol. See Pyramid of the Sun (Peru)
Huaca Larga pyramid (Peru), 141
Huana Capac (Inca leader), 178
Huang, Qin Shi. See Qin (emperor of China)
Huangdi (emperor of China), 56
Huarache, Claudio, 150
Hudson Bay: Marco Polo’s voyage to, 160–61
Hudson, Henry, 160
Hudson, Ian, 6, 73, 173, 189, 192, 228
Hui peoples (Yunnan Province), 175
Hulegu Khan, 157
Human Genome Project, 71, 247
Humboldt, Alexander von, 33–34
Humboldt Current, 138, 139, 142, 145, 176
Humboldt State University: and Menzies’s talk about Zheng He’s map of 1418 at Xian, 33–34
Hunan Province (China): genetics and, 82
Ibn Battuta (Moroccan/Berber explorer), 162–63
Iliad (Homer), 43
In Xanadu (Dalrymple), 27
Inca civilization (Ecuador)
Chan Chan and, 147
conquest of Chincha by, 178, 180
conquest of Lambayeque Valley by, 141
genetics/DNA and, 70, 84, 145–46, 176
language and, 179
Paracas and, 177, 178, 179
India: age of civilization in, 176
Institute for Archaeological Studies (Portland, Oregon), 227
Inuit/Eskimo people, 18, 75
See also Alaska/Alaskans
Iran: and Menzies’s trip (1978) on Silk Road, 22
iron/Iron Age, 48, 213
irrigation systems: in Peru, 148
The Island of Seven Cities (Chiasson), 212
Israel: indigenous people of Americas as descendants of tribes of, 67
Istanbul
and Menzies’s trip (1978) on Silk Road, 22
and Menzies’s trip to Anatolia and Crete, 43
Italy: Chinese voyages to, 1–2
Izmir (Anatolia): and Menzies’s trip to Anatolia and Crete, 47
Jacobs, James, 132
jade
ceremonial use of, 88
at Mayan burial sites, 94
Olmec civilization and, 107, 109, 111, 112, 121
at Teotihuacan, 124
at Tikal, 93–94, 119
jaguars/tigers, worship of
and Chinese and Asian influence in Central and South America, 98–99, 100
Monte Alban art and, 122
Olmec civilization and, 108, 111
and Olmec influence on Mayans, 108
on pyramids in Peru, 142
James Ford Bell Library (Minneapolis): Pizzigano’s 1424 chart at, 165–66
James I of Aragon, 162, 163
Japan/Japanese
and beginning of Chinese-Asian voyages to Americas, 247
Chinese immigrants in, 62
Chinese shipwrecks near, 155–58
genetics and, 74, 77–78, 224, 233
Heian period in, 234
Kublai Khan’s attempted invasions of, 155–58
language of, 233
maps of, 167, 168
and Marco Polo’s account of fleet commissioned by Kublai Khan, 155–57
Menzies’s trip to, 77–78
sea route from China to, 62
Zuni and, 233
Jeremy, Josiah, 220
Jesuits, 177, 221
Jiangsu Province (China): ship building in, 56
Jiayuguan (China)
as end of Great Wall, 25, 30
as end of Silk Road, 30, 31
and Menzies’ Silk Road expedition, 23, 25–26, 30
Jing (emperor of China): mausoleum of, 130
Jing, Shan Hai, 171
Jingdezhen (China), pottery of, 203, 204
Jizi (Chinese Prince), 56
Johannessen, Carl, 5, 34–38, 39–40, 97
John of Portugal (king), 194
Joseph, Antone, 80
Juanita (Virgin of the Sun): genetics of, 146, 180
Jucutacato: Asian influence on shroud at, 119
Julio C. Tello Museum (Paracas), 177
Jungle Lodge (Tikal): Menzies’s stay at, 92, 95
Justenson, John, 134
Kamal, Yousuf, 167
Kanesh. See Kultepe (Kanesh)
Kangaroo Island (Australia): pigs on, 82–83
Kangnido (Zhu Di map), 77–78, 158, 162, 163
Karain Cave (Anatolia), 47
Karpathos (Greece): and navigation between Crete and Anatolia, 48, 49, 53
Kashgar (China)
as end of Chinese railway system, 28
and Menzies’s Silk Road expedition, 23, 27
and Mongol attacks on Silk Road, 25, 26
Kayseri (Turkey): archaeological museum at, 50–51
Kim, Kyu-Il, 82–83
Kluscap (great lord): Mi’kmaq tribe and, 212, 216, 221
Kochab (star): and alignment of pyramids, 127, 129–30, 132
Korea: and beginning of Chinese-Asian voyages to Americas, 247
Korfmann, Manfred, 45–46
Kuangchow Historical Museum, ship model in, 62
Kublai Khan
fleets of, 4, 148, 151, 155–58, 159, 161–62, 163, 171–72
maps of, 171–72, 247
Kukulkan pyramid (Chichen Itza), 125
Kultepe (Kanesh)
archaelogical sites at, 43
as Hittite capital, 50
mines at, 51, 52, 53
Kyrgyzstan: and Menzies’s Silk Road expedition, 28
Kyushu Okinawa Society for Underwater Archaeology, 156
La Democracia (Guatemala), 88, 107, 108, 137
La Venta (Mexico)
age of, 91, 101, 121, 128
architecture at, 102
ball court at, 108
engraved writings at, 109–13, 135
figurines at, 107
as first Olmec capital, 121
food at, 121
heads at, 107
influence on Mayans of, 107, 108
Menzies’s trip to, 91, 92, 100–102
oil fields at, 101
as Olmec site, 91, 100–102, 120
plan/layout of, 106–7
pyramids at, 91, 102, 107, 120, 121, 127, 128, 129
site of, 121
trade and, 108
Labrador Current, 161, 192, 215
Labrang Lamasery (Xiahe, China), 25
Lambayeque Valley (Peru), 140–41
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 228
land bridge. See Bering Strait/Bering Strait crossing
language
of Apache Indians, 234–35
of Cherokee indians, 202, 204
of Chile, 138, 150–51
of Chincha, 179
development of ships and, 62
of Ecuador, 145–46
of Inca civilization, 179
of Japanese, 233
of Mi’kmaq, 220–21
and Pacific Coast of North America, 226
in Paracas, 178, 179
of Peru, 138, 143–45
and studies of plants in Americas, 35, 36
of Tartar Chinese, 234–35
of Zuni people, 233
Lanzhou (China): and Menzies’s Silk Road expedition, 23
latitude
Chinese knowledge about, 171
world maps and, 169
Zheng He’s fleets
and, 180, 202
Lee, Hwa-Wei, 170, 197
Lee, Siu-Leung, 5, 200, 201–2, 203, 204, 228
Leon-Sarmiento, Fidias E., 74
Leonard, R. Cedric, 244
Li F, 61
Library of Congress
maps at, 158–60, 168–69, 170, 171, 197
Zheng He Symposium (2005) at, 72, 135, 170, 212
Lima, Manuela, 81
Liu Gang, 171–74, 175, 177, 178, 183–84
llamas, 149
Loker, Alec, 209
longitude
calculation of, 53
Chinese knowledge about, 171–72
world maps and, 169
Zheng He’s fleets and, 180
Lorenz, Joseph, 239, 240
Losing a Lost Tribe: Native Americans, DNA, and the Mormom Church (Southerton), 67
Lost Cities (Bahn), 148–49
lost civilizations
destruction of records about, 89–90
difficulties in searching for, 89–90
Menzies’s search for, 89–103
See also specific civilization
The Lost Empire of Atlantis (Menzies), 5, 6, 49, 57, 59, 239, 246
Lu Xun (Chinese general), 61
Lyco Ming tribe (Virginia and North Carolina), 186
Ma Rong (Chinese poet), 62
Ma Yuan (Chinese general), 61
Macedo, Justo Caceres, 179
Macedonia: Neolithic population in, 42
Machado-Joseph disease, 80–81, 185–86
Machado, William, 80
Macqueen, J. G., 43, 49–50
Magellan, Ferdinand: maps/charts and, 166, 169, 170
magnetic anomaly analysis, 218
Maitreya statue (Xiahe, China), 25
Mao Zedong, 174
Maori people (New Zealand): genetics and, 75–76
map of 1418, Zheng He’s
Antarctica and, 161–62
Australia and, 180–81
controversy about, 165
drawing of, 180–81
horses and, 192
importance of, 4–5, 33
Kublai Khan fleet’s maps as influence on, 161–62, 163
Liu Gang’s 1763 copy of, 165, 172–77, 178, 183–84
as map of Zheng He’s travels, 1
Menzies’s interest in, 165
Menzies’s Xian talk (2006) about, 33–34
Ming medallion and, 198
as model for European mapmakers, 33
North America and, 183–89
North Carolina and, 191, 192
and peak of Chinese voyages to Americas, 247
and plants and animals in Americas, 34
publication of discovery of, 3
reliability and authenticity of, 33, 165
South America and, 151, 180
Virginia and, 184, 208
“Map with Ship” (Rossi Collection), 159–60
map(s)/chart(s)
in British Library, 166
of Cape Breton Island, 216
of Chu Ssu-Pen, 162
dating of, 173–74
Di Virga, 167–68, 170, 171, 172–73
of Diogo Ribeiro, 149, 176–77
in Doge’s Palace in Venice, 163
drawing of, 180–81
Franciscan Map of America, 158
Harris collection of, 5, 171, 196–98
Harris Rees studies of, 196–98
Kangnido, 77–78, 158, 162, 163
Kublai Khan’s fleet, 155–58, 159, 161–62, 163, 171, 247
at Library of Congress, 158–60, 168–69, 170, 171, 197
and Marco Polo’s voyages to North America, 158–60
Mercator, 160, 161
Ming, 172
Nova Cataia and, 219–20
Ortelius, 225–26
of Pacific Coast of North America, 163, 166, 169–70, 224–26
Pantect, 159
and peak of Chinese explorations, 247
of Peru, 176
Piri Reis, 166
Pizzigano’s 1424, 165–66
Portuguese, 166, 168
and pre-European voyages of explorations, 167
and Rossi Collection “Map with Ship,” 159–60
Shan Hai Jing and, 171, 196
Waldseemüller, 166, 168–70, 171, 173, 224
Zatta, 224–25
Marco Polo’s Daughters (Thompson), 158–59
Mariner’s Museum (Newport News, Virginia): Ortelius map at, 226
maritime skills, Chinese
compared with other civilizations, 55–62
impact on Renaissance of, 1–2
and Johannessen and Sorenson plant studies, 36–37
Minoans compared with, 53
as supplement to land trade routes, 19
maritime skills, European, 41–53
Masanori, Aoki, 78
mask, Chinese wooden: as Alaskan relic, 226–27
massage: comparison of Mayan and Chinese, 116
mathematics
and Chinese and Asian influence in Central and South America, 91
Olmec civilization and, 102, 108
and Olmec influence on Mayans, 108
See also numbers
Mato Indians: genetics and, 81–82
mausoleums
importance of Chinese, 131
See also specific mausoleum
Mayan civilization
age of, 89
art of, 88, 90, 92, 108, 110–12
astronomy and, 88–89, 120, 132–36
Catherwood’s study of, 105
Chinese influence on, 110–12
and Cholula pottery, 123
collapse/end of, 93, 125
destruction of records about, 89–90, 132
food of, 95–96, 97, 100
funeral customs in, 98
genetics and, 68, 70, 72
influence on other civilizations of, 90, 120, 121
jaguar in, 108
mathematics/numbers and, 90, 108, 133
medicine of, 94–95, 112–18
Olmec influence on, 89, 105, 107–8, 121
plants/trees and, 92, 93
political structure of, 107–8
pyramids of, 90, 91, 118, 119, 120, 125–27, 128
religious practices of, 98–99, 100
town planning and, 119
trade and, 108
See also Chichen Itza; Palenque; San Cristóbal de las Casas; Tikal
Mazatec civilization
jaguar in, 108
Olmec influence on, 105, 108
medallion, Ming, 5, 198–202
medicine/medications
acupuncture and, 88, 117, 118
chi in, 113, 114
comparison of Mayan and Chinese, 112–18
genetics and, 71
massage and, 116
Mayan, 94–95
in Peru, 150
plasters and poultices in, 117
points and meridians in, 114–16
tuch and tipte in, 113–14
yin and yang in, 113, 114, 116
See also herbs
Mediterranean Ocean
ancient cities near, 46–50
disintegration of civilizations near, 246
Kublai Khan’s fleet in, 162
trade between China and countries around, 162–63
trade routes in, 45
Meistrell, Bill, 228
Meistrell, Bob, 228–29
Mellor, Carol, 28
Melungeon Indians (Virginia and North Carolina), 80, 185, 186
Mendez, Alonso, 134
Mendocino Point, California: anchor found near, 230
Menéndez de Avilés, Pedro, 206
Menominee Indians, 192–93
Menzies, Marcella
Anatolia-Crete trip of, 6, 43–53
birthday celebration for, 27
Central and South America trip (2008) of, 5
and Liu Gang’s 1763 map, 173
Mexico and Guatemala trip of, 89, 91–100
Peru trip (
2006) of, 176, 177, 178
Silk Road trips (1978, 2001) of, 22–30
South America trip (1997) of, 139
Menzies, Samantha, 15, 16, 19
Mercator, Gerardus, 160, 161
Mérida (Yucatan), 90
Mersin (Turkey): archaelogical sites at, 43, 52
Mesopotamia
age of civilization in, 176
merchant colonies in, 51
metals/metal products
Anatolian, 49, 50–51
in Chan Chan (Peru), 148
See also specific metal
Mexico
Chinese and Asian influence in, 87, 136
flourishing of ancient, 102–3
Menzies’s trip to, 5, 89, 90–91, 100–102, 122
number of pyramids in, 120
Olmec influence in, 105
sunset closing of archaeological sites in, 126–27
See also specific site or civilization
Middle East
plants indigenous to Americas in, 60
See also specific nation or civilization
Miguel (Teotihuacan guide), 123
Mi’kmaq tribe (Cape Breton Island), 212, 216, 220–22
military, Russian: Casey expedition and, 16
Ming dynasty, 172, 174, 175, 197, 200, 201, 202, 204
Ming Ho people (Atlantic Coast of North America), 80
Ming medallion, 5, 198–202, 203
Mingo tribe (Virginia and North Carolina), 80, 185–86
mining
at Bogazkoy, 51
at Derekutugun (Turkey), 51
near Great Lakes, 246
at Kultepe (Kanesh), 51, 52, 53
at Nova Cataia, 213–14, 217, 218
mining party, Chinese: Cherokee massacre of, 188–89, 196
Minoan civilization
age of, 89, 176
artifacts of, 48
birth of, 42
as Bronze Age civilization, 52, 53
Chinese compared with, 53
collapse/end of, 5, 53, 60–61, 246
copper and, 49, 52–53
genetics and, 240
and Great Lakes, 246
inheritance of, 51–53
Karpathos and, 49
Menzies’s interest in, 6
and Minoans as seafarers, 4, 6, 41, 51, 53, 57, 58–61
shipping and commerce of, 58–61
ships of, 57, 58–59
and Thera volcanic eruption, 5, 53, 60–61, 246
tin and, 52–53
See also Crete
Mississippi River, 184, 206
Mitla peoples (Mexico): Olmec influence on, 108
Mixtec people (Mexico), 90
Moche People (Peru), 141–42, 149
Molina, Cristóbal de, 150
Mongolia: genetics and, 76, 98
“Mongolian spot,” 98
Monte Albán (Oaxaca)
age of, 122, 123, 128
art at, 122
Chinese and Asian evidence at, 88, 135
Chinese influence on, 119
and development of civilizations in Central America, 120
Menzies’s trip to, 91, 122
Olmec influence on, 107, 108
pottery at, 122
pyramids at, 122, 128, 130