Parks, Raymond, viii, xii, xiii, xiv, 8, 13, 20, 28, 31, 32, 37, 43, 50, 62, 72, 88, 99, 108, 127, 132, 137, 139, 159, 178, 188, 199, 215, 222, 266n29; and activism, 12, 13–17, 20, 22, 24, 51, 123, 124, 145, 211, 234, 270n151; and barbering in Detroit, 151, 158, 191, 195; criticism of, 76, 77, 122–123, 266n35; death of, 229; and decision to leave Montgomery, 148–152; and difficulties in Detroit, 152, 154, 156, 157; forced to resign his job and difficulties in Montgomery, 101–102, 116, 119, 123–124, 131, 137, 140, 141, 142; and initial fear about Parks’s arrest, 74–77; and NAACP, 15–16; and self-defense, 14, 15, 126, 208; support of Parks’s work, 122–123, 124, 218; testimony of, 113–114
Patterson, John, 114, 115
Patton, Gwen, 16, 221
Patton, W. C., 30, 119
People’s Tribunal (after 1967 Detroit uprising), 197–199
Perkins, Gertrude, 28, 93
Pierce, J. E., 45, 51, 56, 73, 79, 132
Pine Level, Alabama, 2, 3, 5, 124
Pittsburgh Courier, 23, 128, 138, 141, 143, 147, 155, 220
Plessy v. Ferguson, 132
police harassment, xiii, 14, 15, 16, 28, 31, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57, 64, 65, 148; of Montgomery bus boycott, 89, 96, 97, 100, 105, 110, 111, 132; in Detroit, 167, 170, 176, 177, 178, 187, 192–193, 194–195, 197, 198, 199; of civil rights and Black Power activists, 207, 217, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228
Powell, Adam Clayton, 24, 44, 128, 180
Progressive Civic League (PCL), 151, 152, 154, 280n219
Queen Mother Moore. See Moore, Audley
racism, ix, x, xi, 39, 50, 69, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 175, 188, 201, 203, 217, 219, 233, 243
Randolph, Phillip A., 19, 128, 138, 141, 159, 160, 161, 162, 211
Reese, Jeanetta, 109, 114
Reeves, Jeremiah, 31–32, 44, 53, 93
“Remember, Uncle Tom says: ‘Only you can prevent ghetto fires’” (Ron Cobb poster), 184
Republic of New Afrika (RNA), 214, 223–225, 227
Resurrection City, 216–217
Reuther, Walter, 165, 180, 181, 282n4
Richardson, Gloria, 161, 162, 209
riots, 182, 184, 192; Detroit riots, 170, 193–200
Robinson, Jo Ann, 45, 54, 63, 83, 85, 87, 97, 99, 105, 110, 119, 123, 125, 126, 133–134, 137, 141, 263n120, 273n10, 278n145; experience on the bus, 47, 50; and Women’s Political Council’s role in starting Montgomery bus boycott, 52, 54, 57, 59–60, 74, 80–81, 83, 90
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 128, 129, 145, 211, 277n111
Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development, xiv, 234–235
Rosa Parks Boulevard (12th Street, renamed as), 199
Rustin, Bayard, 99, 109, 118, 141, 159–161
segregation, 11, 33, 35, 38, 68, 111, 114, 132, 141, 142, 144, 153, 159, 190, 218; in employment, 173–174; in housing, 32, 172, 176; in the North 165–175, 197, 202, 210, 232, 233, 235, 241, 242, 288n183; Parks’s thoughts on, 70, 79, 88, 131–132, 154; residential, 113, 151, 165–166, 173; rethinking concept of “de facto,” 168; in schools, 36, 170, 174, 181; in transportation, 46, 47, 49, 51–69, 75, 76, 77, 82, 84, 97, 99, 106, 109, 112, 116, 118, 119, 123, 133, 177; white defense of, 96, 98, 108, 110, 125
Scott, John, 88
Scottsboro boys and defense of, xiii, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 24, 37, 93, 145, 201, 205, 211
Sellers, Clyde, 106, 107, 166
Selma-to-Montgomery march, 170, 180, 187–189, 190, 215
Shabazz, Betty, 217, 223, 232
Shuttlesworth, Fred, 138
Simms, Ben, 95
Skipper, Joseph, 233–234
Smith, Mary Louise, 59, 109, 114
South Africa, 229–230, 231
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 25, 137, 138, 155, 159, 163–164, 187, 180, 175, 203, 208, 215, 216, 218, 226, 228
southern migration. See black migration
Southern Patriot, 106, 155, 220
Sparks, Chauncey, 23, 24
Stanford, Max, 204, 221
Steele, Elaine Eason, xiv, 2, 214, 233, 234, 246
Stockton Sewing Company, 158, 169, 214
Stride Toward Freedom (King), 71, 78
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 16, 25, 160, 176, 179, 189, 190, 191, 210
Tappes, Louise, 163, 187, 189, 199, 216, 236
Tappes, Sheldon, 165
Tatum, Zynobia Butler, 32
Taylor, Recy, 23–24, 93, 115, 145
Terkel, Studs, 35, 71, 146, 228, 229
Thompson, Ernie, 127
Till, Emmett, 43, 45, 62, 93
Trade Union Leadership Council (TULC), 181
Trenholm, H. Councill, 60, 81
Tyler, Gary, 227
United Auto Workers (UAW), 127, 165, 180, 181, 186, 187, 222; Local 600 (Detroit), 127, 155, 165, 166
University of Alabama, 110, 115, 125, 130, 146
urban renewal, 166, 173, 176, 178, 181
Vaughn, Edward, 191–192, 196, 197, 198, 206, 207, 222, 223, 233, 246
veterans, 22, 48, 218, 219, 240
Vietnam War, xiii, 128, 170, 181, 184, 187, 191, 194, 212, 218–219, 220
Virginia Park, 158, 166, 179, 191, 192, 195, 199; Virginia Park District Council, 199
voter registration, 21–22, 135; and intimidation, 27, 29
Voting Rights Act (1965), xiii, 203
Walker, Alice, 14
war veterans, 22, 48, 218, 219, 240
Washington, Booker T., 4, 8, 10, 53
Wayne State University, xv, 31, 220, 245
West, A. W., 53, 63, 73
White, Viola, 48
White Citizens’ Council (WCC), 44, 52, 96, 98, 106, 107, 125, 147, 187, 286n129
white supremacy, 4, 6, 11, 13, 18, 126, 135, 244
Whitlow, Vonzie, 158, 220
Wilkins, Roy, 118, 128, 153, 160, 162, 177
Williams, Aubrey, 36, 62, 140, 198
Williams, Mabel, 162, 164, 213–215
Williams, Robert F., 156, 162, 201, 213–215
Williamson, Thomas, 148, 168
Women’s Political Council (Montgomery), 28, 50–52, 53, 54, 57, 59, 78, 80, 81, 90, 119
Women’s Public Affairs Committee (WPAC), 163, 165, 189
working class, 17, 21, 24, 26, 32, 72, 73, 183, 194, 213, 241
World War II, 16, 17, 18, 22, 47, 160, 166, 171, 173, 177, 240
Young, Coleman, 187, 222, 224, 225
Beacon Press
25 Beacon Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02108-2892
www.beacon.org
Beacon Press books
are published under the auspices of
the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations.
© 2013 by Jeanne Theoharis
All rights reserved
Excerpts from the poems “Harvest” and “Nikki Rosa” by Nikki Giovanni and from the Claude McKays poem “If We Must Die” are reprinted here with permission.
Text design and composition by Kim Arney
Earlier versions of portions of some chapters were previously published: “‘A Life History of Being Rebellious’: The Radicalism of Rosa Parks,” in Want to Start a Revolution? Radical Women in the Black Freedom Struggle, Dayo Gore, Jeanne Theoharis, and Komozi Woodard, eds. (New York: New York University Press, 2009); “Accidental Matriarchs and Beautiful Helpmates: Gender and the Memorialization of the Civil Rights Movement,” in Civil Rights History from the Ground Up: Local Studies, a National Movement, Emilye Crosby, ed. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011); ‘The Northern Promised Land That Wasn’t’: Rosa Parks and the Black Freedom Struggle in Detroit,” OAH Magazine of History 26, no. 1 (January 2012).
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Theoharis, Jeanne.
The rebellious life of Mrs. Rosa Parks / Jeanne Theoharis.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
eISBN: 978-0-8070-5048-4
ISBN 978-0-8070-5047-7 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Parks, Rosa,
1913–2005. 2. African American women civil rights workers—Alabama—Montgomery—Biography. 3. Civil rights workers—Alabama—Montgomery—Biography. 4. African Americans—Civil rights—Alabama—Montgomery—History—20th century. 5. Segregation in transportation—Alabama—Montgomery—History—20th century. 6. Montgomery (Ala.)—Race relations. 7. Montgomery (Ala.)—Biography. I. Title.
F334.M753P3883 2012
323.092—dc23
[B]
2012031992
The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks Page 46
