tonocetids, 111–13
mouse, development of, 180–84, 180 f, 188,
mantle, of Earth, 69, 69 f
210 f
maps and mapping: of Ambulocetus
mouse deer, 128, 134, 200, 205. Synonym
excavation, 46 f; by T.G.B. Davies, 38,
Tragulidae
75, 76; of northern Pakistan and India,
mouths, 9, 11, 21, 60b, 61b, 113, 167b
2 f; of western Kutch in Eocene period,
mudstone, 39
97 f; of world during Eocene period, 20 f
Murree Formation, 39, 41
marten, 54
musk rat, 25, 52, 55 f
masseter, a masticatory muscle, 113, see also
Myanmar, 200
chewing muscle
mysticete, 9, 10 f, 16, 24 b, 32–33, 123 f, 140,
mass spectrometer, 118, 120
141 f, 142, 152 f, 166 b, 169, 171, 186f,
masticatory muscle, see chewing muscle
202f, 208–12. Synonym Mysticeti,
mastoid process, 90 f
baleen whales
mating, 19, 30, 167 b, 170
maxilla, a skull bone, 90 f
Nachitochia, 163
May, Peter, 106
Nahant, Massachusetts, 14–15
Mead, Jim, 173–76
nalas, 86–87, 101
medial pterygoid muscle, a masticatory
Nalacetus, 144
muscle, 113. See chewing muscle
Nanga Parbat, 2 f, 72, 73
melon, an organ in the head of an
Naredi Formation, 88, 88 f
odontocete, 140 f
narwhal, 202 f
Melville, Herman, 11
nasal cavity: of modern whales, 140; of
mesenchymal cells in limb development,
protocetids, 166 b, 167; of reming-
177, 178
tonocetids, 90 f, 113–14, 115 f
mesonychians: 65, 129–31, 133–35 b, 134–36,
nasal opening: of Ambulocetus, 58; of
136 f, 202. Synonym Mesonychia
basilosaurids, 25, 33; of cetaceans, 6; of
Mesosaurus, 70
pakicetids, 151; of remingtonocetids,
Mesozoic era, 32 f
90 f, 113, 115 f; of Zeuglodon, 15, see
Messel, Germany, 125, 132
also blowhole
Messelobunodon, an artiodactyl, 153
nasopharyngeal duct, 60–61 b
metacarpals, 28, 28 f, 64
National Geographic Society, 1, 3, 85
metatarsals, 30, 31 f
Nazi, 75, 193
middle ear cavity, 5 f, 6, 113, 115 f, 137–39,
neck vertebrae: 25, 27 f, 63, 170. Synonym
138 f, 143, 199.
cervical vertebra
mid-ocean ridges, 71
Neobalaenidae, 202 f. Synonym pygmy right
milk, 11, 35, 160, 205, 214 n 4
whale
milk tooth, see deciduous tooth
neural arch of vertebra, 13 f, 26
minke whale, 189. Synonym Balaenoptera
nipple; embryology of, 179–81, 180 f, see
acutorostrata
also mammary gland
mink, swimming by, 54, 55 f. Synonym
nodules, 39–41
Mustela vison
nomenclature, 12–14, 14 t, 215n18
Miocene period, 32 f, 39, 75
North America, 9, 11, 129, 163, 165 f,
Mishra, V.P., 83, 109
215 n 19
missing link, 65
nose: of basilosaurids, 25; of pakicetids,
Moby Dick (Melville), 11
149–51; of remingtonocetids, 113
molars, 13f, 21–22 b, 22 f, 23, 47, 59, 64,
nose opening. See nasal opening
109, 111 ,113 f, 129, 146, 147–48 f,
nuchal crest, 90 f
150 f, 166, 203–05, 209–10, 215 n 21
nursing, 9, 11, 214 n 4
moles: 180, swimming by, 54; teeth of, 21 b,
22 f
Obergfell, Friedlinde, 191–99, 206
mole rats, 143
oceanic crust, 69, 69 f
Index | 241
ocean temperature, 32–33, 32 f
144, 145 f; location of, 144; sense organs
odontocetes (Odontoceti, toothed whales,
of, 149–51, 152 f; skeleton of, 129–32,
includes dolphins, porpoises, and some
131 f, 146 f; skull of, 41, 128–29, 137,
whales), 5f, 7 f, 9, 21, 33, 61 b, 62, 63,
142, 151 f; swimming by, 55 f; teeth of,
114, 123 f, 138 f-42 f, 139–44, 147–148,
112 f, 132, 146–49, 147 f, 148 f; vertebrae
152 f, 166 n, 169, 186 n, 202 f, 208, 209,
of, 131, 153; walking and swimming by,
214 n 2.
151–53
Odocoileus, 7 f, 62 f. Synonym North
Pakicetus: creationist view, 5; jaw, 62 f;
American deer
isotopes of, 119; life reconstruction of,
Ohsumi, Seiji, 188–89
144, 145 f; ear of, 4, 7 f, 8–9, 12, 38, 115,
Okada, Norihiro (Nori), 157–59
142, 150–1; jaw of, 62 f; olfaction of,
O’Leary, Maureen, 134
150; ossicles of, 6–8, 7 f; reconstruction
olfaction, 25, 114, 115 f, 149–51, 166–67 b,
of, 146 f; skeleton of, 116, 129–32, 131 f,
166–67 b. See also smell
133 f, 146 f, 151–3, 152 f, 169; skull of,
olfactory nerve, 114, 115 f, 150, 151,
41, 128–29, 137, 142, 151 f; systematics,
166–67 b. Synonym cranial nerve I
134 f, 136 f, 203; teeth of, 112 f, 113,
Oligocene period, 32 f, 211
147 f, 148 f; tooth wear of, 147–148;
ontogenetic series, 181–82
tympanic bone of, 4–6, 5 f; walking and
optic canal, 90 f, 115 f
swimming of, 152–154; whiskers of,
optic nerve, 115, 150. Synonym cranial
151
nerve II
Pakistan: expeditions to, 1–4, 35–41,
oral cavity, 167 b. See also mouth
127–29, 154–55
orbit, 151, 152f, 162, 182f, 204. See also
Pakistan International Airlines (PIA),
eye
154–55
order, in systematic biology, 14 t
palate, 10 f, 17, 60 b, 60 f, 61, 113 ,166–67 b,
oscillation, 53–54, 55f, 169, 186f
199 f, 211
os coxae, 216n38. See also pelvis
palatine, a skull bone, 90 f
ossicle, of ear, 5 f, 6–8, 7 f; of basilosaurids,
palatine foramina, 167 b
25; evolution of,�
�141 f; of land mammals
Paleocene, 32 f
vs. whales, 137–39, 138 f; of reming-
Panandhro, 97 f, 98, 99, 116
tonocetids, 114–15
Pangea, 32 f
osteosclerosis, 25–26, 38, 151–53, 205
Panjab, 82, 221n1
Otariidae. See sea lion
Panjab University, 82
otter, 54–58, 55 f, 99, 109, 115, 169
Pappocetus, 163
otter shrew, swimming by, 55 f
paraphyletic group, 203
Ouachita River, 12
parietal, a skull bone, 90 f
outgroup, 134 b
paroccipital process, 90 f
oval foramen, 90 f
patella, 30
oval window, 139
peccary, 202 f
Owen, Richard, 12, 14, 21 b
pectoral oscillation, 53, 55 f
oxygen isotopes, 117–24, 122 f, 205
pectoral paddling, alternating, 54, 55 f
pectoral rowing, alternating, 55 f
pachyosteosclerosis, 38, 47
peeing, 120–21, 205
pachyostosis, 25–26, 38, 141 f, 161, 169–70
peduncle, 27, 27 f
paddling: alternating pectoral, 54, 55 f;
pelvic oscillation, 53, 55 f, 169
pelvic, 54, 55 f, 186 f; quadrupedal, 54,
pelvic paddling, 54, 55 f, 115, 186 f
55 f, 56
pelvic rowing, alternating, 55 f
pakicetids, 144–54; astragalus of, 128,
pelvic undulation: dorsoventral, 55 f, 56;
130–32, 133, 133 f, 135 b, 136 f; cladistic
lateral, 55 f
analysis of, 134 b, 165 f; eyes of, 168;
pelvis, 26, 29–30, 29 f, 31 f, 32 f, 46 f, 63,
feeding and diet of, 146–49, 147–50 f;
106, 153, 161, 181, 182 f, 184, 184 f,
fossils of, 127–29; habitat and ecology
216 n 38
of, 153–54, 170; hearing of, 137, 138 f,
penis, 11, 30, 31 f, 180 f, 214 n 4
142–43, 142 f; life reconstruction of,
Perrin, Bill, 181–82, 209
242 | Index
Peru, 163, 215 n 19
pubic symphysis, 30
Peshawar, 2 f
Punjab, 1, 35, 127–29
petrosal bone, 115f, 138 f, 139, 143, 168.
puzzle, 65, 87, 130, 149, 170
Synonym periotic bone
pygmy right whale, see Neobalaenidae
phalanx, 28–30, 28 f, 43, 64, 108, 179, 184,
pygmy sperm whale, see Kogiidae
186, 208
phase I attrition, 148, 148 f, 166, 204.
quadrupedal paddling, 54, 55 f, 56
Synonym phase I wear
quadrupedal walking and wading, 55 f
phase II attrition, 148, 148 f, 204. Synonym
Qaisracetus, 163, 165 f
phase II wear
Quickfix, 85
pheromones, 167 b
Phocoenidae, see porpoises
rabbit, 24 b, 113
Phocidae , see seals
rabies, 100
PIA (Pakistan International Airlines),
radiogenic isotopes, 117
154–55
radius, a forearm bone, 43, 63, 130, 177,
Pig, 5, 101, 128, 133 f, 159, 175, 202 f, 210 f
182f, 186f
Pilgrim, Guy, 75, 128
Ranga Rao, Anne, 191–99, 206
plate tectonics, 69–71
Rann of Kutch, 96, 98
Platanistidae, 202 f. Synonyms susu
raoellids, 191–205; dating of, 200;
platypus, swimming by, 55 f
distribution map, 57 f; feeding and diet
Pleistocene period, 32 f
of, 203–4; habitat and ecology of, 205;
Pliocene period, 32 f
involucrum of, 199, 199 f; life recon-
polar bear, swimming by, 54, 55 f
struction of, 199–200, 201 f; location of,
polydonty, 209
200; relationship of whales to, 200–203,
Pontoporiidae, see franciscana
202 f; skeleton of, 200 f; skull of, 198–99,
porpoises, 5 f, 6, 8, 9, 60 f, 123 f, 145 f, 179,
199 f; teeth of, 112 f, 148 f, 201–2,
181, 186 f, 202 f, 213 n 6
203–4; vision and hearing of, 204;
postglenoid foramen, 90 f
walking and swimming by, 204–5.
power stroke, 53, 169
Synonym Raoellidae
premaxilla, a skull bone, 90 f, 151 f
Rato Nala, 87, 96, 97 f, 115–16
premolar, 21–23, 21 b, 22 f, 59, 111, 146,
recovery stroke, 53
147 f, 166, 202, 204, 209
relatives of whales, 130, 132–36, 133 f,
presacral vertebra, 63, 170, 208
134–36 b; artiodactyls as, 65, 132–36,
protein, 65, 129–30, 178, 178 f, 182–186,
200–203, 201 f; hippos as, 65, 130, 157,
209–10, 210 f, 229 n 6
159, 200–201; SINEs to determine,
protocetid, 163–71; brain of, 168–69; dating
157–59
of, 163; feeding and diet of, 163–66;
remingtonocetid, 109–16; brain and
fetus, 170; fossils of, 160–63; genera of,
olfaction, 114, 115 f, 167 b, 168;
163; habitat and life history of, 170–71;
breathing and swallowing by, 113;
and history, 171; life reconstruction, 164 f;
classification of, 109, 165 f; dating of,
locations of, 19, 20 f, 163; map, 20 f, 57 f;
109; eyes, 168; feeding and diet of,
relationship among, 163, 165 f; skeletons
109–13; fossils of, 102–6; jaws of,
of, 163, 165 f; skull of, 162, 167 b, 168,
86–87, 106, 111–13; hearing, 143; life
171; smell and taste by, 166–67 b; tails of,
history and habitat of, 115–16; life
169; teeth of, 112 f, 163–66; vertebrae of,
reconstruction of, 106–8, 107 f, 109,
160–62, 169, 170; vision and hearing of,
110 f, 116; map, 57 f; skeleton of, 111 f;
168; walking and swimming by, 169–70.
swimming by, 55 f; teeth of, 111, 112 f;
Synonym Protocetidae
vertebrae of, 86, 102–6, 115; vision and
Protocetus, 163, 165f, 171
hearing of, 114–15, 115 f, 138 f, 142,
Protocetidae. See protocetid
142 f, 143; walking and swimming by,
Pteronura brasiliensis, swimming by, 54,
115. Synonym Remingtonocetidae
55 f, 56
Remingtonocetidae.�
�� See remingtonocetid
Pterygoid, muscle, 113. See also chewing
Remingtonocetus: breathing and swallow-
muscles
ing by, 113; eyes of, 114; habitat of,
Index | 243
116; hearing, 141–42f; jaw of, 111;
Shapiro, Mike, 185
locomotion by, 115; naming of, 83; skull
SHH, 178, 178 f, 184–86, 186f, 188.
of, 83, 87–91, 90 f, 109, 113, 114, 115 f
Synonym sonic hedgehog
reptiles, historical understanding of whales
short interspersed nuclear elements, of
as, 9–17
DNA, 157–59. Synonym SINE
Research Casting International, 106
shoulder joint, 25, 28, 131, 177–78
rete mirabile, 24 b, 168
shrew, 210 f
retroposon, 158
sigmoid process, 6
ribs: of Ambulocetus, 38; of basilosaurids,
signature, 122, 122 f
25–26; pachyosteosclerotic, 38, 170; of
Sikhs, 82
protocetids, 160–61, 170; of reming-
Silliman, Benjamin, 17
tonocetids, 86; of sirenians, 103
silt, 39
right whales, 28 f, 166–67, 202 f. Synonym
SINE, 157–59. Synonym short interspersed
Balaenidae
nuclear element
river dolphin, 121, 122 f, 202 f
sinus canal, 90 f
river otter, swimming by, 54, 55 f, 56
sirenians,: ear, 47; ribs of, 38, 64, 86, 96,
Rodhocetus, 163, 165 f
103–04, 151; swimming by, 53; in
Roe, Lois, 117–20, 122–23, 132
Vaghapadar, 96; vertebral shape of, 27 f.
rorqual, 202 f. Synonym Balaenopteridae
Synonym Sirenia, sea cow
Ruminantia, 202 f. Includes, among others,
sister-group relationship, 130, 132–36, 133 f,
cattle, deer, giraffe, and mouse deer
134–36 b
Skardu, 2 f, 68, 74
sacral vertebra, 26, 63, 106, 170, 208. See
skeleton: of Ambulocetus natans, 41–48,
also sacrum
46 f, 58, 59 f; of basilosaurids, 17–19,
sacrum, 26, 26, 29–30, 29 f, 46f, 63, 105–06,
18 f, 20 f; of Indohyus, 200 f; of
161, 163, 170, 184 f, 208, 216 n 38, see
Pakicetus, 129–32, 131 f, 146 f; of
also sacral vertebrae
protocetids, 163, 165 f; of raoellids,
Saghacetus, 32
200 f; of remingtonocetids, 111 f
The Walking Whales Page 39
