by Juliet Wills
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DIAMOND
DAKOTA
MYSTERY
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DIAMOND
DAKOTA
MYSTERY
Juliet Wills
with Marianne van Velzen
Bh1129M-PressProofs.QX5 17/5/06 10:54 AM Page iv Bookhouse This work contains images of deceased Aboriginal people.
We regret any sadness this may cause relatives and
community members.
First published in 2006
Copyright © Juliet Wills 2006
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10 per cent of this book, whichever is the greater, to be photocopied by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act.
Allen & Unwin
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Australia
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(61 2) 8425 0100
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(61 2) 9906 2218
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Web:
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National Library of Australia
Cataloguing-in-Publication entry:
Wills, Juliet.
The diamond Dakota mystery.
Bibliography.
Includes index.
ISBN 978 1 74114 745 2
ISBN 1 74114 745 X.
1. Palmer, Jack. 2. Larceny - Western Australia - Beagle Bay. 3. World War, 1939–1945 - Western Australia - Broome -
Aerial operations, Japanese. I. Title.
364.162099414
Map by Ian Faulkner
Set in 12/18 pt Adobe Garamond by Bookhouse, Sydney
Printed in Australia by McPherson’s Printing Group
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Bh1129M-PressProofs.QX5 17/5/06 10:54 AM Page vii Bookhouse CONTENTS
Contents
MAP
ix
PREFACE
xi
PROLOGUE
xv
PART ONE
Flight, death and survival
CHAPTER ONE
Evacuation
3
CHAPTER TWO
Destruction
14
CHAPTER THREE
Marooned
42
CHAPTER FOUR
Death and desperation
55
CHAPTER FIVE
Survival
75
CHAPTER SIX
Beagle Bay rescue
86
CHAPTER SEVEN
Where are the diamonds?
103
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PART TWO
Diamonds galore
CHAPTER EIGHT
The old pearler
119
CHAPTER NINE
The beachcomber
140
CHAPTER TEN
The treasure
152
CHAPTER ELEVEN
An attack of conscience?
166
CHAPTER TWELVE
The trial
190
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Diamond fever
200
EPILOGUE
209
BIBLIOGRAPHY
215
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
221
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Bh1129M-PressProofs.QX5 17/5/06 10:54 AM Page xi Bookhouse PREFACE
Preface
As an investigative journalist, occasionally you find a diamond of a story—one that glitters more brightly than the rest. Trawling through historical documents at the Battye Library in Western Australia, while working on another story, I discovered my diamond: the intriguing story of beachcomber ‘Diamond’ Jack Palmer, pilot Captain Ivan Smirnoff, and a missing cache of diamonds.
My children have been raised on Australian legends like
Lasseter’s lost reef of gold and the treasures of the Gilt Dragon shipwreck, and the tale of missing diamonds on a remote
coastline struck me as a story of similar magnitude, the type that could become etched into Australian folklore for generations to retell. I couldn’t believe that such an amazing tale, full of vibrant characters, intrigue and sorrow, was not already common knowledge.
xi
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Diamond Jack embodied characteristics that Australians have so often identified with: larrikinism and bold dreams. Like the bushrangers of colonial Australia, he shared a disdain for rules, rituals and regulations, but unlike Harold Lasseter’s reef, there was no question of the existence of Palmer’s fortune. And his playgrounds were not the teeming cities, sheep stations or desert, but a vast and remote coast that continues to inspire the imagination and challenge those who dare to venture along it. But this is much more than a tale of larrikins and lost treasure; it also serves to honour the memory of those who died in one of the most tragic events to unfold on Australia’s shores—the air raid on Broome on 3 March 1942 and the subsequent attack on the Diamond Dakota above the Kimberley coastline.
As I began to search through archived documents, books
and newspapers, I found myself following in the wake of a Dutch journalist, Marianne van Velzen, absorbed in the same world of pearlers, pilots, survival, death, tragedy and treasure on the rugged and beautiful north-west coast of Australia.
She had put many pieces of the puzzle together for a Dutch television documentary, accessing information available in The Hague and elsewhere in the Netherlands and Australia. We
agreed that together, working from opposite ends of the world, we could give the most comprehensive and detailed view both of the tragedy that unfolded for Dutch refugees in Broome, Australia, in 1942, and of the story of the missing diamonds.
Her research, assistance and advice have been invaluable.
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xiii
I have striven for historical accuracy at all times, but in some instances survivors’ accounts differ and I have had to choose between the two. Conversations and events in the text have been reconstructed based on police statements, trial notes, newspaper and historical accounts, books and personal recollections. While there is no record of conversations that took place in the Javasche Bank on the night the diamonds were moved from Bandung, I have reconstructed this scene based on intelligence documents held in Commonwealth Bank archives, documents tendered at the trial of Jack Palmer, James Mulgrue and Frank Robinson, and interviews with the children of Willy Olberg and David Davidson. Conversations between the survivors at Carnot Bay have been reconstructed based on Smirnoff ’s autobiography— De Toekomst heeft Vleugels (The Future has Wings)—Anne Coupar’s biography of Smirnoff,
Leon
Vanderburg’s account in William Tyler’s Flight of Diamonds, a Dutch newspaper interview with Jo Muller and my interview with Pieter Cramerus, the only survivor of the Carnot Bay crash still known to be alive at the time of writing this book.
Conversations on the beach at Pender Bay are reconstructed based on trial notes, intelligence documents, army records and Mulgrue’s written account of the event, held by the Broome Historical Society. Mulgrue’s discussion of pearling at the bar in Broome was taken from the book The Pearl Seekers, where the author, Norman Bartlett, recounted a conversation with an old ‘Indian Army Captain’. To my knowledge, Mulgrue was
the only man who fitted this description in Broome in the
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1940s. Further details regarding the sources of information are contained in the bibliography.
Please note that in referring to the people that made up
Broome’s colourful society, I have used the terminology of the day, hence Manilamen, Koepangers, Javanese and Malays, as nations such as Indonesia and the Philippines were yet to gain independence.
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2 M A R C H 1 9 4 2 , JAVA , N E T H E R L A N D S E A S T I N D I E S
Prologue
David Davidson and his brother-in-law Sloume (Willy) Olberg peered around nervously. The room was dark; the windows had been blacked out and a small lantern let off only spare light.
The manager of the Javasche Bank sat behind a large wooden desk. The director of the Netherlands Exchange Institute of the Javasche Bank stood nearby.
‘The situation is hopeless,’ the director told them. ‘The full-scale evacuation is in its final stages. The bank has already moved much of its gold reserves to Australia. As your company is one of the bank’s most important clients we suggest that you, too, consider the transport of your holdings. We do not want the Japanese to be any better resourced than they already are.’
The news that the Japanese had landed on Java had sent
a wave of shock across the island. More than 300 years of xv
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colonial Dutch rule was coming to an end—and Bandung,
celebrated as the Paris of Java because of its spectacular parks, wide boulevards and beautiful Art Deco buildings—was now
teeming with soldiers; the incessant sounds of gun fire and exploding bombs filled the air.
Davidson and Olberg’s company, N.V. de Concurrent, had
traded from the grandest shop on the Jalan Braga since 1914, offering the finest of European silverware, jewellery, watches, gold and precious stones. Forced from their homes in Amsterdam when the Nazis invaded the Netherlands, they had stocked
up on supplies of diamonds and gold when they fled to the East Indies.
The director advised the two men that the Exchange Institute had negotiated with the Commonwealth Bank, which then
acted as the Reserve Bank of Australia, for the secure transfer of East Indies wealth stored at the Javasche Bank to a secret storage facility in the Australian outback should Java fall. The director explained that the transport of their wealth to Australia was their best hope of retaining some control over their assets.
David Davidson shifted his broad frame in his chair, rubbing his stubby fingers across his balding forehead—the thought of the impending Japanese invasion filled him with fear. His wife was due to have a baby any day now and he had three other young children at home. He could not leave Bandung and just prayed the Japanese would be merciful.
Willy Olberg had known this was coming. His only son,
Frans, whom he hoped would take over the family business,
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had joined up to fight the Japanese onslaught. He did not want to abandon him. His seventeen-year-old daughter, Elly, had been sent to stay with relatives in the mountains, away from the major settlements, where Willy hoped she would be safe.
‘What do we need to do?’ Olberg asked.
‘We have the paperwork organised. Can you give us an
estimate of the value of your holdings?’
‘Diamond appraisal is a precise task which takes time,’
Davidson explained.
‘Speaking of time, we must get moving!’ The bank’s manager moved quickly to the door.
Davidson followed and the two men walked down the stairs
to the steel door of the vault. The banker opened the door and Davidson went inside to retrieve his safety deposit box. Returning to the dark office, the men huddled around as Davidson opened the lid and removed thousands of diamonds. Willy Olberg
cleaned his glasses and then set to work, swiftly separating the stones into sixty-five small parcels, each one containing approximately twenty carats’ worth of diamonds. The larger ones, those of more than seven carats, had been destined for wealthy clients such as the Sultan of Deli.
There were too many diamonds and not enough time to
count precisely how many went into each parcel. The parcels were wrapped in pale blue tissue paper and placed into compartments of a leather jewellery wallet. The bulging wallet was placed into a strawboard box, slightly larger than a cigar box.
The bank manager lifted the precious box and wrapped it
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carefully in white paper, tying it with string. The words
‘Commonwealth Bank, Sydney’ were scrawled across the top.
Holding the sealing wax close to the flame of the lantern, the banker patiently waited for the wax to soften, then carefully rubbed it on the package in a circular motion until there was enough to apply the seal. The official logo of ‘De Javasche Bank—Bandoen’ was then impressed into the wax. He repeated the motion and Davidson pressed down a second seal bearing N.V. de Concurrent’s emblem: a crown. The director then
placed a document before Davidson and Olberg for them to
sign. They glanced over the words, then signed the paperwork, eager to get moving. At this point, both men were more
concerned for their own safety and the safety of their families than for their wealth.
‘Good luck,’ the director said. They all knew they would
need plenty of that to survive the coming days.
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FLIGHT, DEATH
AND SURVIVAL
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EVACUATION
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Evacuation
Oil dripped from the engine of the Douglas DC-3 Dakota and sizzled on the steamy tarmac. Dutch pilot Captain Ivan ‘Turc’
Smirnoff sought shade under the wing of the aircraft, but it offered little respite from the stifling heat and humidity. The atmosphere at Andir airport seemed surreal and terrifying to Smirnoff and his crew, who anxiously waited for their passenger load and further instructions. Occasional machine-gun fire could be heard from the other side of the mountain pass, adding to their unease. Wrecked hangars and the remains of planes
smouldered around them, a constant reminder of the danger they were in.
Soldiers on the outskirts of the airport terminal allowed through only those whose names were on the evacuation list.
The plane’s passenger load was limited, and military personnel 3
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who could continue the fight against the Japanese woul
d be given priority. The civilian and military passengers selected for evacuation sat nervously in the terminal, aware of the many people outside desperate to take their place. Everyone wanted to get moving.
The aircraft radiated the sun’s heat and Smirnoff ’s uniform was wet with perspiration. The morning passed and the midday sun beat down through thick tropical clouds and still there was no word from military officials. The wait was excruciating.
Time seemed to be moving in slow motion, out of sync with the action unfolding around them.
Smirnoff wished the clouds would break to ease the oppressive heat. A strong wind whipped up, blowing hats, bending trees and lifting the plane from its chocks. The Dakota looked as if it was champing at the bit. Thunder and lightning cracked in the distance, drowning out the gun fire. In peacetime no pilot would take to a sky so laden with monsoonal clouds. But this was war.
As Imperial Russia’s second most decorated pilot in the First World War, Ivan Smirnoff was considered to be daring, cool and uncannily lucky by fellow pilots. He had shot down eleven German planes, a phenomenal number for the Eastern Front, and his bravery had earned him a raft of honours and the
nickname ‘Ivan the Indestructible’. His medals included the Croix de Guerre, the Cross of St George (awarded when he
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was a foot soldier), the White Eagle of Siberia and the Order of St George for exceptional bravery (the equivalent to the Victoria Cross).
The flight of refugees from war-torn countries was an all-too-familiar scenario for Smirnoff, who had been forced to flee his homeland after the Russian Revolution in 1917. He eventually ended up in England, where he joined the Royal Air Force. At the end of the First World War he joined KLM Royal Dutch
Airlines. These were the pioneering days of civil aviation, when the endurance of planes and pilots was put to the test and when many didn’t make it. Pilots such as Charles Lindbergh, Charles Kingsford Smith and Amelia Earhart took to the skies, breaking new ground and becoming media celebrities. Smirnoff became a famous international pilot in his own right, breaking record after record in the air, and was soon a household name in his newly adopted home. In 1933 he had flown what was then the longest air route in the world in just four days; it was a trip which normally took ten. The story made newspaper headlines around the globe.
