Newton and the Counterfeiter: The Unknown Detective Career of the World's Greatest Scientist

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Newton and the Counterfeiter: The Unknown Detective Career of the World's Greatest Scientist Page 31

by Thomas Levenson

]–[>]

  criminal career of, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  and deaths of Jacobite printers, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  engraved Malt Lottery plates made for, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  execution of, [>]–[>]

  family of, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  letters of appeal written by, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  madness of, [>]–[>]

  as maker of sex toys, [>]–[>], [>]

  metal skills of, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  in Newgate Jail, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Newton's first interview with, [>]–[>]

  pamphlets written by, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  Parliamentary appearances by, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  plans of, to derail his trial, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  as playing both sides of the street, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  as professional informer, [>]–[>], [>]

  as quack doctor, [>]–[>]

  rewards offered for arrest of, [>], [>]

  sentence of, [>]

  trial of, [>]–[>]

  Chandler, Mr., [>]

  Chandrasekhar, S., [>]

  Charles I (king of England), [>]

  Charles II (king of England), [>]–[>], [>], [>] [>]

  Charterhouse school, [>], [>]

  Chaucer, Geoffrey, [>]

  Checks, [>], [>]

  Cheese trade, [>]–[>]

  Child, Josiah, [>]

  China, [>], [>]

  Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms, [>]

  Church of England. See Anglican Church

  Clark, Gregory, [>]

  Clothes blacking, [>]–[>]

  Coffee, Katherine, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Coffee, Patrick, [>], [>]

  Chaloner betrays, [>], [>]

  as Chaloner's counterfeiting teacher, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Cohen, I. Bernard, [>]

  Coin(s)

  edged ("milled"), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  England as running out of, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  hand-struck, [>], [>]

  machine-made, in the Mint, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Newton's oath concerning, [>], [>]

  striking monarch's faces on, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  two systems of, in England, [>], [>]–[>]

  See also Coin clipping; specific kinds of coins

  Coin clipping

  capital punishment for, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Chaloner observed, [>]

  Chaloner's proposals to prevent, [>]–[>]

  damage of, to English economy, [>]–[>], [>]

  description of, [>]–[>]

  persons involved in, [>]

  for reuse in counterfeit operations, [>]

  Royal Mint's efforts to prevent, [>]

  Coining. See Counterfeit currency

  Color (in physics), [>], [>]

  Comets, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Compression (in physics), [>]

  Conduitt, Catherine, [>], [>]

  Conduitt, John, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Conduitt, William, [>]

  Convention Parliament, [>], [>], [>]

  "Cony," [>]

  Cooke, Peter, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Copernicus, [>], [>]

  Coppinger (thief-taker), [>]–[>]

  Corbet, Mary, [>]–[>]

  Counterfeit currency

  alchemy likened to making, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  amount of, in seventeenth century, [>], [>]

  Chaloner's allegations of Royal Mint producing, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Chaloner's learning how to produce, [>]–[>]

  Chaloner's production of, [>], [>] [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Chaloner's proposals to prevent, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  damage of, to English economy, [>]–[>]

  golden age of, [>]

  as illegal, [>], [>], [>]

  paper, [>]

  passing of, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  production of, as organized crime, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  protection rackets paid to hide production of, [>]–[>]

  punishments for, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Royal Mint's coin manufacture designed to prevent, [>]

  tools needed for producing, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  as treason, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  trial records of people who produced, [>]–[>]

  See also Coin(s); Coin clipping; Dies; Engraving; Gilding; Paper; names of people involved in

  Court of the Ecclesiastical Commission, [>]

  Craig, John, 285nn, [>], [>]

  Cromwell, Oliver, [>]

  "Cully," [>]

  Currency (money)

  Chaloner's proposals concerning counterfeiting of paper, [>]

  concept of, as an abstraction, [>]–[>], [>]

  England as running out of, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  measuring value of, across centuries, [>]

  paper, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  protection of, as duty of Warden of Royal Mint, [>], [>]

  religious significance of, [>], [>]–[>]

  See also Coin(s); Coin clipping; Counterfeit currency

  Dante, [>]

  Darwin, Charles, [>]

  Darwin, Erasmus, [>]

  Davenant, Charles, [>], [>]

  Davis, David, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Deacon, John, [>]

  Death penalty. See Capital punishment

  Declaration of Indulgence, [>]

  Defoe, Daniel, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  De motu corporum in gyrum (Newton), [>]

  Density (in physics), [>]

  Descartes, René, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Dies

  Chaloner denies owning, [>]

  Chaloner's, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  in counterfeiting, [>], [>], [>]

  Royal Mint's, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  See also Engraving

  Dildos, [>]–[>], [>]

  Disease

  in London, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  in Newgate Jail, [>]–[>]

  Dobbs, Betty Jo Teeter, [>]

  Dogg pub (London), [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Dover Castle (England), [>]

  Dysentery, [>]

  Earth's motion, [>], [>], [>]

  See also Moon; Sun

  East India Company, [>], [>], [>]

  Edward I (king of England), [>]

  Egham village (England), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Einstein, Albert, [>]

  Elizabeth I (queen of England), [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Ellipses, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  Emerson, George, [>]

  England

  capital punishment methods in, [>], [>]

  Chaloner on his services to, [>]

  currency crisis in, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>] [>]–[>]

  Glorious Revolution in, [>]–[>], [>]

  gold replaces silver as monetary standard in, [>]

  Great Recoinage in, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  wars between France and, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  See also specific monarchs, institutions, and places in

  England exactly described (map collection), [>]

  Engraving

  Chaloner's, sent to Tower, [>]

  on counterfeit coins, [>]–[>], [>]

  on counterfeit paper money, [>], [>], [>], [>
]–[>]

  efforts to find Chaloner's, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  flat stitch, [>], [>]

  on Royal Mint coins, [>], [>], [>]

  Essay on Human Understanding (Locke), [>]

  Euclid, [>]

  Evelyn, John, [>], [>]

  Exchange Alley (London), [>]

  Exchequer bills, [>], [>]

  Falconner, John, [>]

  Fatio de Duiller, Nicholas, [>]–[>], [>]

  Fawkes, Guy, [>], [>]

  Feingold, Mordecai, [>]

  Feynman, Richard, [>]

  Flamsteed, John, [>]

  Fluids under pressure (in physics), [>]

  "Foin," [>]

  Force (in physics), [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Forster, C. W., [>]

  Forsyth, Hazel, [>]

  Fractional reserve banking, [>]–[>]

  France

  James II flees to, [>]

  wars between England and, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>] [>], [>], [>],193–[>], [>]

  Francis, Alban (monk), [>]

  Franklin, Benjamin, [>]

  Galileo, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Gay, John, [>]

  Gibbons, John, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Gilding, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Gillingham, Michael, [>]–[>], [>]

  Gleick, James, [>]

  Glorious Revolution, [>]–[>], [>]

  Gold

  in alchemy, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  as new monetary standard in England, [>]

  price differences of, between England and Europe, [>]–[>]

  value of, relative to silver, [>]

  worldwide trade in, [>]–[>]

  Goldsmiths, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Golinski, Jan, [>], [>]

  Goodstein, David L., and Judith R., [>]

  Grantham (England), [>], [>]

  Gravener (Grosvenor), Jack, [>]

  Gravener (Grosvenor), Joseph, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Gravity (in physics), [>]–[>]

  Fatio on, [>], [>]

  Newton on, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Great Fire of London, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  Great Recoinage, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Gregory, David, [>], [>], [>]

  Gresham's law, [>]

  Groats, [>]

  Guildhall (London), [>]

  Guild system, [>], [>]–[>]

  Guineas

  allegations of counterfeit, being made at Royal Mint, [>]

  Chaloner's offer to demonstrate production of, in the Mint, [>]

  counterfeiting of, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  during English currency crisis, [>]

  Gunpowder Plot, [>], [>]

  Hall, A. Rupert, [>]

  Hall, Humphrey, [>]

  Halley, Edmond, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Halley's Comet, [>], [>]–[>]

  Halliday, Stephen, [>]

  Hampton Court (England), [>], [>]

  Hanging and quartering, [>]

  Hanwell, Humphrey, [>]

  Hatters, [>], [>]

  Hatton Garden (London), [>]–[>]

  Hawkins, William, [>]

  Haynes, Hopton, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Heathcote, Gilbert, [>]

  Hicks (metalworker), [>]

  Hicks, John and Mary (coin clippers), [>]

  Hill, Richard, [>]

  Holland, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Holloway, Elizabeth

  as Chaloner's confederate, [>]

  at Chaloner's trial, [>]

  confession of, [>], [>], [>]

  escapes to Scotland, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Holloway, John, [>]

  Holloway, Thomas

  as Chaloner's confederate, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  cooperates with Newton, [>], [>]

  escapes to Scotland, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  in prison, [>]

  Hooke, Robert, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  on gravity, [>]

  inventions of, [>]

  Royal Society experiments of, [>]–[>], [>]

  Hopkins, Sheila V., [>]

  Horster, Joseph, [>]

  Hospital, Marquis de l', [>]

  Houblon, John, [>]

  House of Commons. See Parliament

  Huett, Mary, [>]

  Hundred Years' War, [>]

  Huygens, Christiaan, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Index Chemicus (Newton), [>]–[>], [>]

  India, [>]

  Infant mortality, [>]

  Influenza, [>]

  Irons (shackling in), [>], [>]

  Ivy, Edward, [>], [>]–[>]

  Ivy, Elizabeth, [>]

  Jackson, Mrs., [>]–[>]

  Jackson, Samuel, [>]

  James I (king of England), [>]

  James II (king of England), [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Chaloner's pamphlets supporting cause of, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  supporters of, [>]–[>], [>]

  Japanners, [>], [>]

  Jennings, John, [>]–[>]

  Jews, [>]

  Jonson, Ben, [>], [>]

  Journal des sçavans, Le, [>]–[>]

  Jupiter, [>]

  Kensington (London suburb), [>], [>]

  Kepler, Johannes, [>], [>]

  Keynes, John Maynard, [>]

  King's Bench Prison (London), [>]

  Knightsbridge (London suburb), [>], [>]

  Knowledge

  Newton's humility about, [>]–[>]

  Newton's love of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Newton's seeking of, about Royal Mint, [>]

  Newton's seeking of, from others, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Koyré, Alexander, [>]

  Labree, Cecilia, [>]

  Latin America, [>]

  Lawes, Skipper, [>], [>], [>]

  Lawson, John Ignatius, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Leibniz, Gottfried, [>], [>], [>]

  Lemon, Obadiah, [>]

  Letter Concerning Toleration, A (Locke), [>]

  Light (in physics), [>], [>], [>]

  Lincolnshire (England), [>], [>]

  "Little Ease" (cell), [>]

  Locke, John

  as anti-devaluation leader, [>]–[>]

  and Boyle, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  and Newton's breakdown, [>]–[>], [>]

  as Newton's friend, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  as weather observer, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  writings on money, [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  London

  Chaloner arrives in, [>], [>]

  conditions of, in seventeenth century, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  disease in, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  as dominating international trade and domestic economy, [>]–[>], [>]

  Great Fire in, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  Newton arrives in, [>]–[>]

  Newton's views of, [>]

  no modern police force in, in Newton's time, [>]

  as site of most of Chaloner's counterfeiting, [>]

  See also Newgate Jail; Royal Mint

  London Gazette, [>]

  Lords Justices of Appeal, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  Louis XIV (king of France), [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Lovell, Salathiel, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Lowndes, William, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Luttrell, Narcissus, [>], [>]

  Macaulay, Lord, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Malaria, [>]

  Malt Lottery scheme, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Manuel, Frank, [>]

  Marble Arch (London). See Tyburn

  Maris, Benjamin and Charles, [>]

  Mary II (queen of England), [>], [>]

  Masham, D
amaris, [>], [>]

  Massachusetts Institute of Technology, [>]

  Mathematics

  and money, [>]–[>], [>]

  Newton's work and skill in, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  purpose of, [>], [>]

  Matter (in physics)

  and motion, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Newton on, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Measuring devices, [>]–[>], [>]

  Mencke, Otto, [>]

  Mercury (in alchemy), [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Mestrell, Eloye, [>]

  Metals. See Alchemy; Coin(s); Counterfeit currency; specific metals

  Middlesex County (England), [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Milled currency. See Coin(s), edged

  Miller, Mary, [>]–[>]

  Millington, John, [>]

  "Million Adventure," [>]–[>]

  See also Malt Lottery scheme

  Moll Flanders (Defoe), [>]

  Money. See Currency

  Monmouth, Lord. See Mordaunt, Charles

  Montague, Charles, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Moon

  influence of, on tides, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  orbit of, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  Mordaunt, Charles (Earl of Monmouth), [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Morris, Robert, [>]

  Motion

  of earth, [>], [>], [>]

  Kepler on, [>]

  and matter, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  of moon, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  Newton's laws of, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  See also Time-and-motion studies

  Mottershed, Mary, [>]

  Nail-making, [>]–[>], [>]

  Namur (Belgium), [>], [>]

  Natural philosophy. See Physics

  Neale, Thomas, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Netherlands, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Newbold, Mr. (printer), [>]–[>]

  Newgate Jail (London)

  Carter in, [>]

  cash needed to survive in, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  Chaloner in, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Cooke in, [>]–[>]

  Coppinger in, [>]

  head jailer in, [>]

  history of and conditions in, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Lawson in, [>]–[>]

  location of, [>]

  Newton's agents sent to, [>]

  Newton's informers in, [>]-[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Peers in, [>], [>]

  Price in, [>]

  White in, [>]–[>]

  Whitfield and Ball in, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Newton, Hannah (Isaac Newton's mother), [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Newton, Humphrey (Isaac Newton's assistant), [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  Newton, Isaac

  agents and informers used by, [>]-[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  and alchemy, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  apple tree of, [>]–[>], [>

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