by Lisa Hilton
INTRODUCTION
1. Eugenio Garin, L’uomo del Rinascimento (Rome, 1988), p. 10.
2. Ibid., p. 8.
3. Paul Oskar Kristeller, Renaissance Thought and the Arts (Princeton, NJ, 1990), p. 71.
4. Philip Bobbitt, The Garments of Court and Palace: Machiavelli and the World That He Made (London, 2013), p. 3.
5. Ibid., p. 7.
6. Jonathan Bate, Soul of the Age: A Biography of the Mind of William Shakespeare (London, 2010), p. 320.
7. Isaiah Berlin, “The Question of Machiavelli,” New York Review of Books, 17 November 1971, p. 22.
8. Alan Ryan, On Machiavelli: The Search for Glory (New York, 2014), p. 41.
9. G. Gregory Smith (ed.), Elizabethan Critical Essays (Oxford, 1904), p. xxxviii.
10. Cited in Paul Lake, Moderate Puritans and the Elizabethan Church (Cambridge, 2004), p. 11.
11. Rayne Allinson, “‘The Prince’ and Queen Elizabeth I: A New Perspective on the Development of English Machiavellianism,” Melbourne Historical Journal, Vol. 34 (2006).
12. See particularly Mario Praz, Machiavelli and the Elizabethans (London, 1972).
13. Jonathan Gibson, “The Queen’s Two Hands,” in Alessandra Petrina and Laura Tosi (eds.), Representations of Elizabeth I in Early Modern Culture (London, 2011).
14. Hamlet V.ii.33–35.
15. Roy Strong, Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I (London, 1987), p. 131.
CHAPTER 1
1. Larrisa J. Taylor-Smither, “Elizabeth I: A Psychological Profile,” Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Spring 1984), p. 51.
2. J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII (New Haven, CT, 1968), p. 323.
3. Joanna Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens: English Queenship, 1445–1503 (Oxford, 2004), p. 112.
4. Ibid., p. 24.
5. Ibid., p. 27.
6. Tracy Borman, Elizabeth’s Women: The Hidden Story of the Virgin Queen (London, 2010), p. 22.
7. Cited in Carmen Luke, Pedagogy, Printing and Protestantism: The Discourse on Childhood (New York, 1989), p. 64.
8. Borman, Elizabeth’s Women, p. 3.
9. Ibid., p. 81.
10. Luke, Pedagogy, Printing and Protestantism, p. 34.
11. Ibid., p. 135.
12. Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Martin/A. S. Hume (ed.) (London, 1896–99), Vol. 7, No. 43(a), pp. 91–94.
13. Nicola Shulman, Graven with Diamonds: The Many Lives of Thomas Wyatt: Courtier, Poet, Assassin, Spy (London, 2011), p. 123.
14. Ibid., p. 127.
15. Cited in ibid., p. 146.
16. Baldassare Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier, Book 1, Section 9, https://archive.org/stream/bookofcourtier00castuoft/bookofcourtier00castuoft_djvu.txt.
17. Shulman, Graven with Diamonds, p. 199.
18. For the suggestion that Wyatt’s evidence was crucial to the case against Anne Boleyn, I am indebted to Nicola Shulman’s analysis in the work cited above.
19. Shulman, Graven with Diamonds, p. 194.
CHAPTER 2
1. William Allen, An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England and Ireland Concerninge the Present Warres Made for the Execution of His Holines Sentence, by the Highe and Mightie Kinge Catholike of Spaine, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A16774.0001.001?view=toc.
2. Letter and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII, 1509–47, J. S. Brewer, J. Gairdner, and R. H. Brodie (eds.) (London, 1862–1932), Vol. 18, 364, p. 214.
3. Cited in Katharina M. Wilson (ed.), Women Writers of the Renaissance and Reformation (Athens, GA, 1987), p. 452.
4. Thomas Heywood, England’s Elizabeth, Philip R. Rider (ed.) (New York, 1982), pp. 25–26.
5. Cited in Sarah Gristwood, Elizabeth & Leicester (London, 2007), p. 117.
6. Bendor Grosvenor in an interview with the author.
7. David Starkey, Elizabeth (London, 2000), p. 31.
8. Marina Belozerskaya, Rethinking the Renaissance: Burgundian Arts Across Europe (New York, 2012), p. 105.
9. Ibid.
CHAPTER 3
1. Anna Whitelock, Elizabeth’s Bedfellows: An Intimate History of the Queen’s Court (London, 2013), p. 9.
2. Leah Middlebrook, “Tout Mon Office: Body Politics and Family Dynamics in the Verse Epitres of Marguerite de Navarre,” Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 54 (Winter 2001).
3. Ibid.
4. Eric Ives, “The Fall of Anne Boleyn Reconsidered,” English Historical Review, Vol. 107 (1992).
5. Alison Weir, stated in interview with NPR, October 2011.
6. Cited in Stuart Carroll, Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe (Oxford, 2009), p. 105.
7. G. W. Bernard, Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions (London, 2010), pp. 96, 97.
8. Ibid., p. 114.
9. Letter and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Vol. 10, p. 797.
10. William Latymer’s Chronickille of Anne Bulleyne, Camden Miscellany, M. Dowling (ed.) (London, 1990), p. 50.
11. J. Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials (London, 1816), Vol. 6, p. 312.
12. Cited in Susan Watkins, Elizabeth I and Her World (London, 1988), pp. 188–89.
CHAPTER 4
1. Starkey, Elizabeth, p. 61.
2. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series of the Reigns of Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth, 1547–1625, Robert Lemon and Mary Anne Everett Green (eds.) (London, 1871), Vol. 10, Edward VI, p. 92.
3. Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England (London, 1841), Vol. 4, p. 35.
4. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series of the Reigns, Vol. 10, p. 210.
5. Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Later Reformation in England, 1547–1603 (London, 2011), pp. 25, 28.
CHAPTER 5
1. Julie Halls, Aristotle and Dudley: Books as Evidence (London, 2011), www.history.org.uk/resources/student_resource_4356_106.html.
2. Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Vol. 1, p. 263.
3. Cited in Gristwood, Elizabeth & Leicester, p. 70.
4. J. G. Nichols (ed.), Chronicle of Queen Jane and Two Years of Queen Mary (London, 1850), p. 101.
5. Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato, E. Alberi (ed.) (Florence, 1839–63), Vol. 2, pp. 329–30.
6. Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts Relating to English Affairs, Existing in the Archives of Venice and Other Libraries of Northern Italy, Rawdon Brown and Bentinck G. Cavendish (eds.) (London, 1864–1947), Vol. 5, p. 539.
7. Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Vol. 11, p. 418.
8. Nichols (ed.), Chronicle of Queen Jane, p. 5
9. John Foxe, Acts and Monuments, Vol. 11, pp. 414–15, cited in Starkey, Elizabeth, p. 133.
10. Foxe, ibid., p. 53.
CHAPTER 6
1. State Papers Relating to the Custody of Princess Elizabeth at Woodstock in 1554, C. R. Manning (ed.) (Norwich, 1855), p. 146.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., p. 182.
4. Louis Weisner, La jeunesse d’Elizabeth d’Angleterre (Paris, 1878), p. 339.
5. State Papers Relating to the Custody of Princess Elizabeth, p. 177.
6. Stephen Alford, Burghley: William Cecil at the Court of Elizabeth I (Padstow, 2011), p. 71.
7. Anne Overell, Italian Reform and English Reformations (Farnham, 2008), p. 141.
8. Ibid.
9. For this observation I am indebted to Dr. Alessandra Petrina for her permission to read an advance copy of her now-published article “‘Perfit Readiness’: Elizabeth Learning and Using Italian,” in Carlo M. Bajetta, Guillaume Coatalen, and Jonathan Gibson (eds.), Elizabeth I’s Foreign Correspondence: Letters, Rhetoric, and Politics (New York, 2014).
10. The revelation of this meeting is credited to Stephen Alford in Burghley.
CHAPTER 7
1. Cited in Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theory (Princeton, NJ, 1997), p. 7.
2. Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier, Book 1, Section 9.
3. Lisa Hilton, Queen’s Consort: England’s Me
dieval Queens (London, 2008), p. 94.
4. R. C. H. Davis (ed.), Gesta Stephani (London, 1976).
5. Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, MA, 1990), p. 6.
CHAPTER 8
1. John Hayward, Annals of the First Four Years of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, John Bruce (ed.) (Cambridge, 1840), p. 15.
2. Leanda De Lisle, The Sisters Who Would Be Queen: The Tragedy of Mary, Katherine & Lady Jane Grey (London, 2009), p. 183.
3. A. L. Rowse, The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth (1953), www.historytoday.com/al-rowse/coronation-queen-elizabeth.
CHAPTER 9
1. Aileen Ribeiro, Dress and Morality (Oxford, 2003), p. 63.
2. Ibid., p. 67.
3. Ibid., p. 70.
4. Kevin Sharpe, Selling the Tudor Monarchy: Authority and Image in Sixteenth-Century England (New Haven, CT, 2009), p. 414.
5. Frances E. Dolan, “Taking the Pencil out of God’s Hand: Art, Nature and the Face-Painting Debate in Early Modern England,” Proceedings of the Modern Language Association, Vol. 108, No. 2 (March 1993).
6. Sharpe, Selling the Tudor Monarchy, p. 414.
7. Belozerskaya, Rethinking the Renaissance, p. 83.
CHAPTER 10
1. Alford, Burghley, p. 91.
2. T. E. Hartley (ed.), Proceedings in the Parliaments of Elizabeth I (Leicester, 1981–95), Vol. 1, p. 7.
3. Cited in Christopher Haigh, Profiles in Power: Elizabeth I (Harlow, 1998), p. 32.
4. James McDermott, England & the Spanish Armada: The Necessary Quarrel (New Haven, CT, 2005), p. xii.
5. J. Malham (ed.), The Harleian Miscellany (London, 1808–11), Vol. 2, p. 261, http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009706302.
6. Ibid., p. 317.
7. Cited in McDermott, England & the Spanish Armada, p. 325.
CHAPTER 11
1. Victor von Klarwill, Queen Elizabeth and Some Foreigners: Being a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters from the Archives of the Hapsburg Family, T. H. Nash (trans.) (London, 1928), p. 112.
2. Cited in Chris Skidmore, Death and the Virgin: Elizabeth, Dudley and the Mysterious Fate of Amy Robsart (London, 2010), p. 167.
3. Ibid., p. 366.
4. Sir Ralph Sadler, The State Papers and Letters of Sir Ralph Sadler, A. Clifford (ed.) (Edinburgh, 1809), Vol. 1, 70/19, f. 39r.
5. Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, Joseph Stevenson et al. (eds.) (London, 1863–1950), Vol. 5, p. 243.
6. Skidmore, Death and the Virgin, p. 371.
7. Cited in William Caferro, Contesting the Renaissance (Chichester, 2011), p. 6.
8. Strong, Gloriana, p. 38.
9. Stephen Orgel, “I Am Richard II,” in Petrina and Tosi (eds.), Representations of Elizabeth I, p. 16.
10. Dan Jones, The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England (London, 2012), p. 559.
11. Cited in ibid., p. 558.
CHAPTER 12
1. F. Baumgartner, Henry II King of France 1547–1559 (Durham, NC, 1988), p. 25.
2. P. Ritchie, Mary of Guise in Scotland 1548–1560: A Political Career (East Linton, 2002), p. 67.1
3. Carroll, Martyrs and Murderers, p. 91.
4. Antonia Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1969), p. 565.
5. Eric Durot, “Le crépuscule de l’Auld alliance: La légitimé du pouvoir en question entre Écosse, France et Angleterre 1558–1561,” Histoire, économie, société, Vol. 26 (2007), p. 105.
6. Alford, Burghley, p. 111.
CHAPTER 13
1. Robert Keith, History of the Affairs of Church & State in Scotland from the Beginning of the Reformation to 1568 (Edinburgh, 1844), p. 45.
2. Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, Vol. 3, p. 573.
3. Nichols (ed.), Chronicle of Queen Jane, p. 63.
4. See Bella Mirabella, “In the Sight of All: Queen Elizabeth and the Dance of Diplomacy,” Early Theatre, Vol. 15, No. 1 (January 2012).
5. Cited in ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Francis Osborne et al. (eds.), “Antony Weldon’s Court and Character of King James” and “Osborne’s Traditional Memoirs,” in Secret History of King James the First (Edinburgh, 1811), p. 26.
8. Michael Wyatt, The Italian Encounter with Tudor England: A Cultural Politics of Translation (Cambridge, 2005), p. 181.
9. Alford, Burghley, p. 129.
10. Ibid.
11. James Melville, Memoirs of Sir James Melville of Halhill, Gordon Donaldson (ed.) (London, 1969), p. 107.
12. J. Robertson (ed.), Inventaires de la Royne d’Ecosse: Douairiere de France (Edinburgh, 1883), p. 36.
CHAPTER 14
1. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series of the Reigns, Vol. 12, 11 January 1559.
2. British Library, Cotton MS, Titus B XIII, f. 99.
3. McDermott, England & the Spanish Armada, p. 93.
4. Alford, Burghley, p. 155.
CHAPTER 15
1. Ibid., p. 161.
2. Anne Somerset, Elizabeth I (London, 1991), p. 313.
3. Cited in Stephen Alford, The Watchers: A Secret History of the Reign of Elizabeth I (London, 2012).
4. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series of the Reigns, Vol. 12, 66, ff. 92r–v.
5. Alford, Burghley, p. 168.
6. John Cooper, The Queen’s Agent: Francis Walsingham at the Court of Elizabeth I (London, 2011), p. 56.
7. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series of the Reigns, Vol. 12, 88, ff. 47r–50r.
8. Alford, Burghley, p. 178.
9. Ibid., p. 180.
10. Scriana Ceciliana: Mysteries of State & Government in Letters of the Late Famous Lord Burghley (London, 1663), p. 18.
11. Dudley Digges (ed.), The Compleat Ambassador (London, 1655), p. 9.
12. Clare Reid, “Anthony Copley and the Politics of Catholic Loyalty 1590–1604,” Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Summer 2012).
13. Cited in Alford, Burghley, p. 181.
CHAPTER 16
1. David Howarth, Images of Rule: Art and Politics in the English Renaissance, 1485–1649 (Oakland, CA, 1997), p. 1.
2. T. A. Birrell, English Monarchs and Their Books (London, 1987), gives a full and surprising inventory of the books whose ownership can definitively be credited to Elizabeth I.
3. Giovanni Iamartina, “Under Italian Eyes: Petruccio Ubaldini’s Verbal Portrayals of Queen Elizabeth I,” in Petrina and Tosi (eds.), Representations of Elizabeth I.
4. Belozerskaya, Rethinking the Renaissance, p. 115.
5. Sharpe, Selling the Tudor Monarchy, p. 388.
6. Stephen Greenblatt, The Swerve: How the Renaissance Began (London, 2011), p. 157.
7. Ibid.
8. Belozerskaya, Rethinking the Renaissance, p. 135.
CHAPTER 17
1. Alford, The Watchers, p. 14.
2. Lyons, Mathew, Richard Topcliffe and the Capture and Torture of Robert Southwell (2012), http://mathewlyons.wordpress.com/2012/06/25/richard-topcliffe-and-the-capture-and-torture-of-robert-southwell/.
3. Cited in J. C. H. Aveling, The Handle and the Axe (London, 1976), p. 67.
4. See E. M. W. Tillyard, The Elizabethan World Picture (London, 1990).
5. Tom McBride, “‘Henry VIII’ as Machiavellian Romance,” Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Vol. 72, No. 1 (January 1977).
CHAPTER 18
1. Carroll, Martyrs and Murderers, p. 193.
2. Cited in McDermott, England & the Spanish Armada, p. 89.
3. William Camden, Annales (Leiden, 1639), p. 426.
4. Ibid.
CHAPTER 19
1. Carroll, Martyrs and Murderers, p. 243.
2. François, Duke of Alençon, heir to the French throne from 1574, became Duke of Anjou in 1576. For clarity he will be referred to from now on as the Duke of Anjou.
3. Ibid., p. 247.
4. Jacqueline Boucher et al. (eds.), Histoire et dictionnaire des guerres de religion (Paris, 1998), p. 311.
&nb
sp; 5. “Act for Surety of the Queen’s Person,” 1585, in A. Luders et al. (eds.), Statutes of the Realm (London, 1810–22), Vol. 4, p. 704.
CHAPTER 20
1. Cited in McDermott, England & the Spanish Armada, p. 150.
2. Ibid., p. 157.
3. Ibid., p. 159.
4. Cited in Gristwood, Elizabeth & Leicester, p. 398.
CHAPTER 21
1. Evelyn Waugh, Edmund Campion: Jesuit and Martyr (London, 2012), p. 41.
2. Alford, Burghley, p. 261.
3. Philip Caraman, William Weston: The Autobiography of an Elizabethan (London, 1955), p. 99.
4. Cited in Cooper, The Queen’s Agent, p. 218.
5. Cited in Conyers Read (ed.), The Bardon Papers: Documents Relating to the Imprisonment & Trial of Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1909), pp. 46–47.
6. Cited in A. Francis Steuart (ed.), Trial of Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1951), p. 135.
7. Camden, Annales, p. 618.
8. Cited in Cooper, The Queen’s Agent, p. 191.
9. British Library, Cotton MS, Galba, c. 10, f. 49r.
10. Cited in Wilson (ed.), Women Writers, p. 540.
11. Allinson, “‘The Prince’ and Queen Elizabeth I.”
12. Hartley, Proceedings in the Parliaments, Vol. 1, p. 111.
13. Alford, Burghley, p. 292.
CHAPTER 22
1. James Evans, Merchant Adventurers: The Voyage of Discovery That Transformed Tudor England (London, 2013), p. 7.
2. Irinia Lubimenko, “The Correspondence of Queen Elizabeth with the Russian Czars,” American Historical Review, Vol. 19, No. 13 (April 1914), p. 529.
3. Ibid., p. 531.
4. Cited in Evans, Merchant Adventurers, p. 295.
