by Alison Weir
Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
Edward Hall.
CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
CSP: Venetian.
Polydore Vergil.
CSP: Venetian.
Ambassades . . . de Jean du Bellay.
Stephen Gardiner; Letters.
Four Years.
Ibid.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
Ibid.; Edward Hall.
CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
Edward Hall.
CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
Four Years.
CSP: Venetian; State Papers; L&P.
L&P; Horace Walpole, Correspondence; B.L. Sloane MSS.
L&P.
A Treasure for Englishmen concerning the Anatomy of Man’s Body, published 1577. Vicary lived from 1495 to 1561.
Now owned by the Worshipful Company of Barber Surgeons. The original instruments contained in the case are long since lost.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
Edward Hall.
CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
Ibid.
CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
B.L. Additional MSS. The letter is catalogued under 1519 in L&P, and some historians have attributed it to 1520, but it fits in very well with the scenario at Easter 1518.
L&P.
Woodstock was decaying by the time the future Elizabeth I was under house arrest there in 1554–1555. It was largely demolished during a siege in 1646, and the ruins were cleared away in 1705 when Blenheim Palace was built nearby. The architect Sir John Vanbrugh used some of its masonry to build a bridge. The site of the palace is marked by a column.
Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
25 “The Mother of the King’s Son”
Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
CSP: Venetian.
Thomas More, in L&P.
CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
Four Years.
Ibid.; Edward Hall.
Four Years.
Ibid.
Ibid.
L&P.
CSP: Venetian.
George Cavendish.
Ibid.
Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
L&P.
Until 1520, the French version of the title was used.
Edward Hall.
Four Years.
Beddington Park is now known as Carew Manor. Although much of the house was remodelled in the eighteenth century, the great hall remains. The building is now a special school and is owned by the London Borough of Sutton.
L&P.
Edward Hall.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
They were probably related to William Norris, who was Master of the King’s hawks in 1509.
Four Years.
Cited by Halliday.
This was the play on which Shakespeare based A Comedy of Errors .
At a chapter of the Order of the Garter held at Greenwich in 1517, Henry had declared that it was his intention to be buried at Windsor. He probably chose St. George’s Chapel rather than the Henry VII Chapel in Westminster Abbey because of its associations with the Order of the Garter, and also because there was not the room for his tomb in the chapel dominated by his father’s monument at Westminster.
Nicholas Bourbon.
State Papers; L&P.
Four Years.
Cited by Lacey.
CSP: Venetian.
Four Years.
Cited by Bowle.
The priory church survives today as the parish church of St. Laurence. Nearby is a brick Georgian house built upon the Tudor foundations of a Tudor house that may have been Jericho. The moat still survives, but the encircling walls have been rebuilt. A long, low Tudor building, now an inn, is reputed to have been Henry VIII’s stable block.
Cited by Benton Fletcher.
Cited by Morton Bradley.
Cited by Childe-Pemberton.
L&P.
Elizabeth I created him Earl of Lincoln in 1572.
L&P. Some sources give the date incorrectly as 1521. Ives, Starkey, and Warnicke all agree that the marriage took place in 1520.
The picture of Mary Boleyn is a companion to a portrait said to represent her sister, Anne Boleyn, which derives from Holbein’s portrait sketch of an unknown lady at Weston Park, which was not called “Anne Boleyn” until 1649. No source is known for the “Mary Boleyn” portrait.
It was later sold by their son, Henry Carey, to Lord Rich, who greatly enlarged it. The house has been considerably altered since then.
L&P.
Brantôme, Oeuvres complètes.
Cited by Ashdown.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
26 “The Eighth Wonder of the World”
CSP: Venetian.
Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
Edward Hall.
L&P.
Edward Hall.
B.L. Cotton MSS.: Augustus.
Letter from the Earl of Worcester to Henry VIII in L&P.
L&P.
Ibid.
Charles was the son of her elder sister, Juana the Mad, former Queen of Castile, by Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy. Philip was the son of the Emperor Maximilian and was the brother of Margaret of Austria.
Chronicle of Calais; Rutland Papers.
Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
The Old Palace where Henry stayed was rebuilt in 1896, using some materials from the earlier building.
Edward Hall.
Ibid.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
John Fisher.
CSP: Venetian.
Cited in Richardson, Mary Tudor.
For the meeting, see principally L&P, CSP: Venetian, and Edward Hall. A stone relief in the Hôtel de Bourgtheroulde in Rouen, carved soon after 1520, commemorates the event.
Edward Hall.
Les Mémoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay.
Polydore Vergil.
Fleuranges. Robert de la Marck, Seigneur de Fleuranges (1491–1537) took part in the jousts at the Field of Cloth of Gold.
CSP: Venetian.
Polydore Vergil.
John Fisher.
Polydore Vergil.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
Polydore Vergil.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
Anglo, Hampton Court Painting.
L&P.
CSP: Venetian.
It was probably hastily made to comply with the new rules governing the design of armour laid down by Francis I in March 1520. This suit incorporates the requisite skirt, or tonlet, and a great helmet called a basinet. It is etched with Tudor roses, the Garter collar and the figures of St. George and the Virgin and Child.
Fleuranges.
Ibid. No English source mentions this incident.
Fleuranges.
CSP: Venetian.
Edward Hall.
Some sources refer to it as a dragon, but it is more likely to have been a salamander in Francis’s honour.
The pax was a crystal box containing the consecrated Host.
L&P.
CSP: Venetian.
Cited in Erickson, Great Harry.
The date is indicated by the mid-sixteenth-century uniforms of the Yeomen of the Guard, other costume details, and the portrayal of the King, which derives from Holbein’s portraits. The white greyhounds shown in the painting were probably those given to Henry by Suffolk in 1536.
Both are still in the Royal Collection.
Commissioned in 1518, she had panelled staterooms for the King and Queen, and was a forerunner of the roya
l yachts.
A few of the people in the procession have been identified: Wolsey rides beside the King, Suffolk and Essex ride behind. Henry is preceded by Dorset, carrying the Sword of State, and Sir Thomas Wriothesley, Garter King of Arms. Neither Katherine nor Mary Tudor can be seen in the procession but may be among the female figures in the banqueting tent, in litters or on horseback. Queen Katherine and Queen Claude may be seen watching the jousting from the stands in the distant tiltyard.
Edward Hall.
Stow, Annals; Anglo.
27 “One Man’s Disobedience”
Edward Hall.
Polydore Vergil; John Palsgrave.
Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
Original Letters, ed. Ellis.
CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
CSP: Venetian.
Cited in Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
It reverted to the Crown on his death in 1525.
Henry VIII, Assertio.
Henry VIII, Letters.
William Roper.
L&P.
William Roper.
CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
The title is still used by the Queen today, even though the faith she defends is that of the Protestant Church of England, not the Catholic Church of Rome. Eleven presentation copies of Henry’s book survive. One is in the Vatican, another, autographed, is in the Royal Library at Windsor.
Edward Hall.
Cited by Funck-Brentano.
Henry VIII, Letters.
Doernberg; John Scarisbrick.
The house has long since disappeared, and its exact location is not known, although it was probably near Chelsea Old Church.
William Roper.
Edward Hall.
28 “A Proud Horse Tamed and Bridled”
L&P.
Ibid.; Edward Hall.
Ibid.
Anglo, Spectacle; Ives.
Evidence that Anne was the younger sister is outlined by Gairdner in English Historical Review.
For the evidence for Anne’s birth date, see Paget, “Youth of Anne Boleyn.”
L&P.
State Papers.
L&P.
Cited by Michell.
Cited by Bowle.
Cited by Benton Fletcher.
Edward Hall.
Rutland Papers.
Ibid.
Edward Hall.
Ibid.
Ibid.
The Round Table now hangs in the thirteenth-century great hall, which is all that remains of the royal castle. In Henry’s time, it was believed that the table was the genuine article, although it is now known to be a mediaeval fabrication.
See Anglo, Spectacle, and Henry VIII: A European Court in England, in which the picture is reproduced. It was never recorded in the Royal Collection.
Later that year, Torrigiano moved to Spain, where, learning that the Inquisition suspected him of heresy, he committed suicide.
Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Most Excellent Architects, Painters, and Sculptors (Florence, 1550).
L&P.
Edward Hall.
History of the King’s Works.
Ampthill Castle was partially demolished in 1567 and was ruinous by 1605. Its remains were completely dismantled in 1649, and at the end of the seventeenth century Ampthill Park was laid out on the site. A stone cross marks the place where the castle once stood.
29 “All the Enemies of England Are Gone”
Edward Hall.
L&P.
Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
Juan Luis Vives.
CSP: Venetian.
This portrait, which dates from around 1540, is now in the Royal Collection.
Cited by Bowle.
L&P.
Only one brick range with some original windows survives; it is now a farmhouse.
L&P.
Anthony Wood.
George Cavendish, Metrical Visions.
Original Letters, ed. Ellis.
L&P.
Edward Hall.
These are now lost. The miniature of the Dauphin Francis by Jean Clouet in the Royal Collection was acquired in the nineteenth century.
The first identifiable English work by one of them, Lucas Horenbout, is the King’s portrait in an initial letter on a patent dated 28 April 1524 (sold at Sotheby’s in 1983 and now in a private collection), which is certainly by the same hand as Lucas’s miniature of Henry VIII in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.
B.L. Additional MSS.
A brass dated 1529 marks her tomb in Fulham Parish Church.
B.L. Egerton MSS.
This was probably the miniature discovered in France in 1994 and auctioned in Paris in November that year. It is now in the Louvre.
L&P.
Two are in the Royal Collection, the others are in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge; the Buccleuch Collection; the Louvre; and a private collection. They probably date from 1526–1527. The King is shown clean-shaven or bearded, with bobbed hair, and looks as if he is putting on weight.
They are in the National Portrait Gallery, the E. Grosvenor Paine Collection, and the Buccleuch Collection; in the last the Queen is shown with a pet monkey.
They are in the Buccleuch Collection and the Royal Ontario Museum.
Now in the collection of Louis de Wet Esq.
On loan to the National Portrait Gallery from a private collection.
Now in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
Still in the Royal Collection.
Now at Sudeley Castle.
Now in the Buccleuch Collection.
See Strong, English Renaissance Miniature.
Now in the National Portrait Gallery.
Ives.
Cited by Benton Fletcher.
30 “Next in Rank to His Majesty”
Edward Hall.
Clifford, who had begun his career as a Page of the Chamber, later distinguished himself in defending the northern border against the Scots. He later married the King’s niece Eleanor Brandon, younger daughter of the Duke of Suffolk by Mary Tudor.
He was the grandson of Anne Plantagenet, sister of Edward IV, and had been a favourite of Henry VIII since the French campaign of 1513. His country residence was Belvoir Castle.
L&P. The patent of creation stipulated that he was to take precedence over all dukes except those legitimately born to the King or to his heirs male.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
L&P; Collection of Ordinances.
CSP: Spanish; John Stow; Annals.
George Cavendish; Edward Hall.
The first chapel on this site was built by Henry III and later added to by Edward III. Rebuilt by Henry VII, it was extensively altered in the nineteenth century, when it was used as a temporary mausoleum for the Prince Consort, and is known today as the Albert Memorial Chapel.
L&P.
Ibid.
The ruins of the castle survive today on private farmland. The massive ditch of the double moat may still be seen.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Cited by Fraser.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
Letter in the Public Record Office.
L&P.
B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
The house survives today in a much altered state, although its Georgian façade conceals substantial Tudor remains.
Cited by Erickson, Great Harry.
L&P.
Hunsdon House was granted by Elizabeth I to her cousin, Henry Carey, later Lord Hunsdon, in 1559. It was largely rebuilt in the nineteenth century, leaving only one of the original turrets, and is now a private residence. The house has recently been the subject of an archaelogical excavation.
31 “The Establishment of Goo
d Order”
Edward Hall.
Ibid.
Collection of Ordinances. The original vellum MS. is in the Bodleian Library.
L&P.
Collection of Ordinances.
L&P.
Cited in Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII.
Collection of Ordinances.
B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
Collection of Ordinances.
Edward Hall.
Loades; Tudor Court.
32 “A Fresh Young Damsel”
Edward Hall.
Ibid.
L&P.
CSP: Venetian.
Lancelot de Carles.
Ibid.
George Wyatt of Boxley Abbey, Kent (1554–1624), was the son of the rebel and traitor Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger, and the grandson of the poet Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder. George’s life’s work, the memoir of Anne Boleyn, was written in response to the Jesuit Nicholas Sander’s attack on her in his treatise of 1585.
L&P.
B.L. Sloane MSS.
Brantôme. Even William Forrest, a partisan of Katherine of Aragon, states that Anne had a pretty singing voice. See also Lancelot de Carles and B.L. Sloane MSS.
Brantôme; Nicholas Sander.
L&P.
Lancelot de Carles; Nicholas Sander; B.L. Sloane MSS.
Brantôme.
Ibid.
B.L. Royal MSS.
Cited by Muir.
L&P.
In 1554, Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger was executed for leading a major rebellion against Mary I.
A rondeau was a French poem, ten or thirteen lines long, with just two rhymes repeated throughout and the first words used twice as a refrain.
William Latimer. Latimer was Anne Boleyn’s chaplain, and wrote a highly sympathetic biography of her after her death.
Lancelot de Carles.
Brantôme.
Nicholas Sander.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
33 “Master Hans”
Edward Hall.
PPE.
Cited by Bowle.
Only fragmentary remains of one of the service courts survive today; these are situated to the south of the present manor house.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
Holbein’s portrait of Archbishop Warham is in the Louvre. A version is at Lambeth Palace.
Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum.
George Cavendish.
Letters of King Henry VIII.
Edward Hall. These houses survived for at least eighty years, but although they have long vanished, there are detailed descriptions of them, and their contents, in PRO, L&P, and B.L. Egerton MSS.
The portrait of Nicolaus Kratzer, which shows him surrounded by mathematical instruments, is in the Louvre; a copy is in the National Portrait Gallery. Copies of Holbein’s portrait of Sir Henry Wyatt are in the Louvre and the National Galleries of Scotland. The portrait of Sir Henry Guildford is in the Royal Collection, and shows him wearing his Garter collar (he had been admitted to the Order in 1526) and holding his white wand of office as Comptroller of the Household. Attached to his hat is a badge decorated with mathematical instruments.
