by Peter Eisner
199 A relative, perhaps his father “POPE PIUS IMPROVING; ‘Seems Another Man,’ Says Dr. Petacci,” NYT August 12, 1911, 1.
199 Various stories said Mussolini . . . See Jasper Ridley, Mussolini: A Biography (New York: St. Martin’s, 1998), 289.
200 Decades later . . . Massimo Petacci’s son http://ferdinandopetacci.blogspot.com/2006/02/francesco-saverio-petacci_114065949615039054.html.
201 The Vatican categorically said Nichols, “Support for Theory.”
201 It did “concede that Cardinal Tisserant . . .” Hofmann, “Cardinal’s Notes.”
201 “Especially because of . . .”
http://www.ilsecoloxix.it/p/genova/
2008/09/21/ALJLtk5Bmussolini_
hitler_scontro.shtml;jsessionid=
686EED918E004BB680AD6E1D1DACA2A8.
202 “He said he would have liked . . .” Interview with Guido Calabresi, September 29, 2011.
202 “Nothing was inspiring the fear . . .” Tisserant letter to Mr. Bishop, February 27, 1939, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Bimu C410, Michigan University Library Papers, 1837–1957 Box 46, 1936-41, Cardinal Tisserant.
202 Speculation about their disagreement . . . Paul Hofmann, “Strains Between Pope and Late Cardinal Reported,” NYT, July 2, 1972.
203 Pius’s death “was a great loss . . .” Tisserant letter to Mr. Bishop, February 27, 1939, Bentley Historical Library.
Chapter Thirteen: The New Regime
205 “You shall know fairly soon . . .” Gallagher, Vatican Secret Diplomacy, 83.
205 At around 6:00 P.M. Camille M. Cianfarra, “Vatican Door Shut on 62 Cardinals as Conclave Opens to Elect Pope,” NYT, March 2, 1939, 1.
207 A Pacelli supporter said afterward Chadwick, Britain and the Vatican, op. cit. 46.
207 “I wish to be called Pius XII . . .” “Pius XII Was Calm During the Voting,” NYT, March 4, 1939, 3.
207 “Suddenly he missed his footing” Ibid.
207 Ambassador William Phillips Phillips diaries, HLHC, 3018–3020.
209 “It was a delicious morning . . .” Caroline Drayton Phillips, diary, 47-48. SLRH, 21.5.
210 “After His Holiness had taken his seat,” Phillips, Ventures in Diplomacy, 253.
210 An unseen choir Ibid.
210 “We invite all to the peace . . .” “Pope’s First Message,” New York Herald Tribune, March 4, 1939.
211 Ambassador Phillips expressed . . . “the fact that . . .” Phillips, unpublished diary, HLHC, 3020.
211 his election was “not only in harmony . . .” Dorothy Thompson, “On the Record: Pius XII—The Former Diplomat,” Washington Post, March 6, 1939, 9.
211 “The cardinals have marked . . .” News roundup in Journal de Geneve, March 4, 1939, 10, http://www.letempsarchives.ch/.
211 “Hitler was not a true Nazi . . .” Gallagher, Vatican Secret Diplomacy, 88, and cf. 246.
211 “he knows Cardinal Pacelli very well . . .” Chadwick, Britain and the Vatican, 57.
212 Pope Pius XII . . . now did nothing to criticize Ferdinand Kuhn Jr., “Invasion No Shock to British Leaders,” NYT, March 15, 1939, 1.
212 “Vatican policy changed overnight . . .” Chadwick, Britain and the Vatican, 57.
212 Ciano told the French ambassador Ibid., 47.
213 “I encouraged him along these lines . . .” Ciano, Diary, 204.
213 Everyone expected the pope “A New Approach,” editorial, NYT, May 10, 1939.
214 “the new Pope is ‘political’ . . .” John LaFarge, “Pius XII As Christ’s Vicar Is Not a Political Pope, America, March 18, 1939, 556–557.
214 The church creates “an unswerving devotion . . .” Ibid.
215 “If you wish, you may now profit . . .” Maher letter to LaFarge, Easter Monday 1939, Stanton Papers, BLBC.
215 “Slim chance of that,” Gundlach letter to LaFarge, Stanton Papers, BLBC.
215 “We are hoping . . .” Ibid.
216 “I have insistently asked the Holy Father . . .” Peter Godman, Hitler and the Vatican (New York: Free Press, 2004), 163.
217 Hurley took his first open step Gallagher, Vatican Secret Diplomacy, 99; and The (London) Times, July 5, 1939, 3.
217 The Times of London reported The (London) Times, July 5, 1939.
219 He did not criticize Bishop Hurley address, Columbia Broadcasting System, July 6, 1942, ACDSA.
Epilogue
221 “He had read my book . . .” LaFarge, Manner Is Ordinary, 273.
222 “A priest’s life,” he wrote John LaFarge, An American Amen: A Statement of Hope (New York, Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1958), ix.
222 Ledóchowski had died at the age Father Lavalle letter to Father Nota, July 30, 1973; Passelecq Suchecky, Hidden Encyclical, 15.
223 “I asked him . . .” Undated note to Stanton, Stanton Papers, BLBC.
223 LaFarge said yes Ibid.
223 “I made a mistake . . .” Undated note, Walter Abbott, Stanton Papers, BLBC.
223 “He told us the whole story . . .” Ibid.
223 President John F. Kennedy invited LaFarge Western Union telegram, June 12, 1963, Lafarge Papers, GUL, 1-10.
223 He was too frail to walk Laura Sessions Stepp, “King’s Words Still Resound as Thousands March Today,” Washington Post, August 27, 1988, 1.
224 Interviewed by a New York Times reporter . . . “March on Washington,” NYT, August 25, 1963.
224 “After all, the mechanism . . .” Hecht, Unordinary Man, the description of LaFarge’s death, 251–253.
225 “I can’t escape the feeling . . .” Ibid.
225 “Let us cherish . . .” Ibid., 254, and cf. 278.
226 “The encyclical, had it been published . . .” Castelli, “Unpublished Encyclical,” 1.
226 An official, the Reverend Burkhart Schneider Passelecq and Suchecky, Hidden Encyclical, 5, and cf. 13, 279.
229 “For a long time I waited . . .” Thomas Merton and Patrick Hart, The Literary Essays of Thomas Merton (New York: New Directions Publishing, 1985), 266.
229 Pius XII once hinted Tad Szulc, Pope John Paul II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 109.
230 The archbishop of Krakow Ibid., 107.
230 Pacelli “was by neutral temperament . . .” Ibid., 109.
231 After Kristallnacht, Hitler felt “he could go . . .” Conor Cruise O’Brien, “Could Pius XI Have Averted the Holocaust?” The (London) Times, February 10, 1989, Custom Newspapers, Web., April 12, 2011.
231 One strong piece of evidence Frank J. Coppa, “Pope Pius XI’s Crusade for Human Rights and His Hidden ‘Encyclical,’ Humanis Generis Unitas, Against Racism and anti-Semitism,” World Religion Watch, February 19, 2011, http://www.world-religionwatch
.org.
232 “Only a boldly . . .” Ibid.
323 “Considering that Hitler had only begun . . .” Castelli, “Unpublished Encyclical.”
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aarons, Mark, and John Loftus. Unholy Trinity: The Vatican, the Nazis, and Soviet Intelligence. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991.
Alvarez, David. Spies in the Vatican. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002.
Alvarez, David, and Robert A. Graham. Nothing Sacred: Nazi Espionage Against the Vatican. London: Routledge Press, 1998.
Anderson, Robin. Between Two Wars: The Story of Pope Pius XI. Achille Ratti, 1922–1939/1977.
Aradi, Zsolt. Pius XI: The Pope and the Man. Garden City: Hanover House, 1958.
Baxa, Paul. Roads and Ruins, The Symbolic Landscape of Fascist Rome. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.
Bosworth, R.J.B. Mussolini. New York: Arnold Publishers and Oxford University Press, 2002.
Bottum, J., and David G. Dalin. The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010.
Brustein, William I. Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust. London: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Chadwick, Owen. Britain and the Vatican During the Second Wor
ld War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Chenaux, Phillipe. Pie XII, diplomate et pasteur. Paris: Editions du Cerf, 2003.
Ciano, Galeazzo. Diary, 1937–1943. New York: Enigma Books, 2002.
Confalonieri, Carlo. Pius XI, A Close-Up. Altadena, CA: The Benzinger Sisters Publishers, 1975.
Coppa, Frank J. The Modern Papacy Since 1789. New York: Longman, 1998.
. The Papacy, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2008.
Cornwell, John. Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII. New York: Penguin, 2008.
Deutsch, Harold C. The Conspiracy Against Hitler. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.
Falconi, Carlo. The Silence of Pius XII. London: Faber & Faber, 1970.
Fattorini, Emma. Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican. Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2011.
Friedlander, Saul. Pius XII and the Third Reich. New York: Octagon, 1986.
Gallagher, Charles R. Vatican Secret Diplomacy: Joseph P. Hurley and Pope Pius XII. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.
Gannon, Michael. Secret Missions. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.
Gilbert, Martin. Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction. New York: Harper Perennial, 2007.
Godman, Peter. Hitler and the Vatican. New York: Free Press, 2004.
Hecht, Robert A. An Unordinary Man: A Life of Father John LaFarge, SJ. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1996.
Herczl, Moshe. Christianity and the Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry. New York: New York University Press, 1995.
Hughes, Philip. Pope Pius XI. London: Sheed and Ward, 1937.
Kent, Peter C. “A Tale of Two Popes.” (London) Journal of Contemporary History 23 (1988): 589–608.
Kertzer, David I. The Popes Against the Jews. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001.
Knightley, Phillip. The First Casualty. London: Prion Books, 1975.
LaFarge, John. The Manner Is Ordinary. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1954.
. Interracial Justice. New York: America Press, 1937.
Larson, Erik. In the Garden of the Beasts. New York: Crown Books, 2011.
Lewy, Guenter. The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany. Cambridge: DaCapo Press, 2000.
Martin, Malachi. The Jesuits: The Society of Jesus and the Betrayal of the Roman Catholic Church. New York: The Linden Press, 1987.
Mazzenga, Maria, ed. American Religious Responses to Kristallnacht. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
McCormick, Anne O’Hare. The World at Home. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956.
MacDonogh, Giles. 1938: Hitler’s Gamble. New York: Basic Books, 2009.
McDonough, Peter. Men Astutely Trained: A History of the Jesuits in the American Century. New York: Free Press, 1992.
Michael, Robert. A History of Catholic Anti-Semitism: The Dark Side of the Church. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
Morgan, Thomas B. A Reporter at the Papal Court. New York: Longman, 1937.
Padallaro, Nazareno. Portrait of Pius XII. London: J. M. Dent, 1956.
Painter, Borden W. Mussolini’s Rome: Rebuilding the Eternal City. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Passelecq, Georges, and Bernard Suchecky. The Hidden Encyclical of Pius XI. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1997.
Phayer, Michael. “Pope Pius XII, the Holocaust, and the Cold War.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 12, no. 2 (Fall 1998): 233–257.
. The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
Phillips, William. Vatican Diplomacy, private printing.
Pollard, John. The Vatican and Italian Fascism. London: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
. Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy. London: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Preston, Paul. The Spanish Civil War. New York: W. W. Norton, 2007.
Ramati, Alexander. While the Pope Kept Silent. London: Allen & Unwin, 1978.
Rhoden, Anthony. The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators 1922–1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973.
Ridley, Jasper. Mussolini, A Biography. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.
Sale, Giovanni. Le Leggi Razzziali In Italia E Il Vaticano. Milan: Editoriale Jaca, 2009.
Sanchez, Jose M. Pius XII and the Holocaust. Understanding the Controversy. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2002.
Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960.
Shoumatoff, Nicholas, and Nina Shoumatoff. The Alps: Europe’s Mountain Heart. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001.
Smith, Jean Edward. FDR. New York: Random House, 2008.
Southern, David W. John LaFarge and the Limits of Catholic Interracialism, 1911–1963. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996.
Stille, Alexander. Benevolence and Betrayal. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.
Szulc, Tad. Pope John Paul II. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
Tisserant, Cardinal Eugène. “Pius XI as Librarian.” Library Quarterly 9 (Oct. 1939): 389–403.
Walpole, Hugh. The Roman Fountain. New York: Doubleday, Doran and Co., 1940.
Warren, Donald. Radio Priest. New York: Free Press, 1996.
Wick, Steve. The Long Night: William L. Shirer and the Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
Wills, Gary. Papal Sin. New York: Doubleday, 2000.
Wolf, Hubert. Pope and Devil. The Vatican Archives and the Third Reich. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 2010.
Zimmerman, Joshua, ed. The Jews in Italy Under Fascist and Nazi Rule 1922–1945. London: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Zuccotti, Susan. Under His Very Windows. New Haven: Yale Nota Bene, 2002.
INDEX
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.
Abbott, Father Walter, 222–23, 227
Action Populaire, 81
Adams, Henry, 88, 89
Adrian VI (pope), 205
America magazine
Etudes as French equivalent of, 90
Hitler visit to Rome and, 15
Jesuit community residence at, 2–3, 224
Jesuit founding of, 11
Kristallnacht condemnation in, 152
LaFarge 1938 European trip and, 8, 11, 45–46, 131, 141
LaFarge death and, 225
LaFarge first assigned to, 11
LaFarge as foreign correspondent for, 3–4, 11
LaFarge pseudonym for, 97
LaFarge as resident at, 2–3, 224
LaFarge support for human rights and, 221
LaFarge writing style for, 94
Ledóchowski-LaFarge discussion about, 79–80
Ledóchowski views about, 79–80
reaction to Pius XI death in, 194
America magazine: LaFarge articles in
about Franco, 106
about Munich Agreement, 131–32
about 1938 European tour, 161–62
about Pacelli election/coronation, 213
about race, 161–62
American Jewish Committee, 222
America’s Town Meeting on the Air (radio broadcast): LaFarge on, 162–63
Andreotti, Giulio, 174
Angriff newspaper, 44, 148, 161, 193
anti-Fascists, 156. See also specific person
anti-Semitism
Catholic Church moral responsibility concerning, 51
Catholic Church as promoting, 93
of Coughlin, 153–54
divisions within Catholic Church about, 47
Eucharistic Congress (1938) and, 47
Jews-Communism relationship and, 78
Mussolini and, 101, 102, 103, 109, 135–36
Pacelli election/coronation as pope and, 211
Pius XI–LaFarge audience about, 221
Pius XI–LaFarge encyclical and, 59–62, 75, 91, 9
2–93, 99, 113, 135–36, 138, 171, 172, 214, 225–26
Pius XI views about, 31–32, 51, 86, 91, 101, 109–10, 194, 199, 212, 221
racism in U.S. compared with, 51, 59–62
rise in European, 8
types of, 92–93
See also race/racism; specific person or nation
appeasement, 103, 118, 130, 141, 166, 168, 217. See also Chamberlain, Neville; Munich Agreement
Aradi, Zsoldt, 180, 181
Austria
Catholics in, 13, 33, 105
Jews in, 9, 46, 47, 151
Nazi invasion/occupation of, 4, 8, 9, 12–13, 35, 47, 75, 100, 143, 151
occupation of northern Italy by, 30
Bacht, Heinrich, 94, 100, 111
Barde, Father, 96
Barry, Patrick (archbishop), 218
Bartholdi, Frédéric-Auguste, 10
Benedict XV (pope), 30, 31
Benedict XVI (pope), 230, 231
Beneš, Edvard, 42–43, 44, 45, 125–26, 130
Birmingham, Alabama: civil rights movement in, 2
bishops
Pius XI 1937 speech about harassment of German Catholics to, 26–27
Pius XI 1939 speech to, 174–75, 176–77, 178, 188–92, 196, 201, 230–31
blacks, 2, 10–11, 34, 48. See also race/racism
Boetto, Pietro (cardinal), 211
Borgongini-Duca, Francesco, 173
Botticelli, Sandro, 204
Breslin, Thomas, 226
Brown v. Board of Education, 11
Brüning, Heinrich, 211
Budapest, Hungary: Eucharistic Congress (1938) in, 45–49, 50, 147
Cabrini, Mother, 147, 149
Caccia-Dominioni, Camillo, 182, 183
Calabresi, Guido, 202
Calabresi, Massimo, 156–57, 201–2
Camus, Albert, 229
cardinals
age limitation on voting by, 203
Pacelli election/coronation as pope and, 195–203, 204–7, 210
Pius XI annual Christmas greeting to, 160–61
See also College of Cardinals; specific cardinal
Carrel, Alexis, 158–59
Castel Gandolfo
history of, 62
Jews at, 229
Lateran Accords and, 62–63
renovation of, 63
Vatican Observatory at, 64
