Cohen, Jonathan, 73
Cohen, Neal, 219
Communication, mathematical theory of, 116
Computed tomography (CT), 79
Computer science, xvii, 69–70, 116, 160, 170
The Concept of Mind (Ryle), 160
Conceptual priming, 191–199, 250–253
Cone, William V., 39
Consolidation and storage
declarative learning and, 110, 124–139, 156
importance of sleep, 100, 135–139, 230–233
inability to consolidate new semantic memories, 250
motor-skill learning, 159, 171–172, 177
role of the hippocampus, 110, 127, 130, 135, 137–139, 143–144, 224, 229–230
Standard Model and Multiple Trace Theory, 222–225, 229–230
underlying processes, 130–135
Control processes
examples of, 62–63, 277
motor-skill learning, 156–157, 178
working memory, 65, 70–71, 123–124
Coordinated tapping task, 157, 159
Craik, Fergus, 118–119
Crossword puzzles, xi, xiii, 106, 203, 244, 259–263, 269, 275, 278
Cushing, Harvey Williams, 8, 36
Cybernetics, 69–70
Dana Foundation, 293
Dean, John, 115, 254
Death
Henry’s, xviii, 287–300
Henry’s father, 102–107, 111
Henry’s mother, 205
lobotomy patients, 26
Declarative (explicit) learning and memory, xviii, xix
constructing the future, 235–236
episodic, 81, 117–118, 127–128, 143, 195, 215, 217–237, 243–246, 255, 313
motor-skill learning and, 156, 159, 172
Multiple Trace Theory of Memory Consolidation, 223–225 229–230
semantic, 82, 119–120, 220–224, 228–230, 237–264
sleep and, 100, 135–139
Standard Model of Memory Consolidation, 222–225, 229–230
three stages of memory formation, 70–71
working memory and, 67–69
See also, Consolidation and storage; Encoding; Retrieval
Delay conditioning, 183–186, 199
Dementia, xvi–xvii, 9, 27, 197, 218, 223, 269, 278–284, 302
Dendrites, 131–132
Depression, 20–21, 25, 111–112
Depth-of-processing effect, 118–121
D’Esposito, Mark, 72
Digit span, 53, 60–61, 282
Dilantin (phenytoin), 10, 14–15, 80, 86, 151–152, 274–275
Distraction, effect on memory, 47, 62–65, 194–195
Dittrich, Luke, 48
Dopamine, 161
Dreams, 135–139, 230–233
Drugs, treatment with
anesthesia during hip replacement surgery, 274
Henry’s decline with age, 283–284
Henry’s massive doses, 13, 15
history of use with epileptics, 7, 10
inadequacy in controlling Henry’s seizures, 13
long-term side effects, 151–152, 158–159
Scoville, 15, 20
See also Dilantin
Dual-process theory of memory, 52, 54–58, 60–61
Dura, 19, 20, 30, 295–296
Early life, Henry’s, xiv, 1–17
Eichenbaum, Howard, 84
Ekman, Paul, 108
Elaborative rehearsal, 121
Electroconvulsive shock (ECS), 126–127
Electroencephalography (EEG), 9–11, 15–16, 19–20, 43, 137, 231, 266
Emotional brain, 31
Emotion
brain circuitry, 28–31, 100–102, 124, 209
Henry’s aging and declining health, 278
Henry’s anxiety over his parents, 205
Henry’s autobiographical memory, 225, 228
Henry’s capacity for, 209
Henry’s emotional life and personality, 99–113, 270–271
six basic emotions, 108
Emphysema, 102, 204
Encoding processes, 96, 116, 118–121, 124–127, 133–134, 145, 228, 230, 259, 262
Entorhinal cortex, 30–31, 80, 148–149
Epilepsy, xii, xiv
etymology of, 6–7
Henry’s epilepsy, xii, xiv-xv, 4–6, 11, 13, 15–17, 20, 213, 285
historical accounts and treatments, 6–11
medial temporal lobotomy, 29
Milner and Penfield’s collaborative research, xiv, 35, 41–44
Milner and Scoville’s collaborative research, 45–48
Penfield’s research and surgical
procedures, 8–9, 29, 35–46, 309
preoperative and postoperative testing at the Neuro, 48–50
resulting from lobotomy, 25, 28
treatment, 7, 10, 13, 15, 20, 127, 151, 213, 274
Episodic memory/episodic knowledge, 81, 117–118, 127–128, 143, 195, 215, 217–237, 243–246, 255, 313
role of medial temporal lobes, 246–247
semantic learning and, 255–259
eSAM (etomidate speech and memory) test, 311
Ethical issues, 309–311
Ex vivo imaging, 292, 297–298
Experience-near details, 224–227
Experimental neurosis, 23
Explicit memory. See Declarative memory
Eyeblink task, 183–186
Face processing, 61, 72, 78, 81, 86, 97, 107, 117–118, 120, 150, 188–190, 220, 234–235, 244–246, 271, 313
Familiarity, xiv, xv, 146–150, 217, 234, 271, 313
Family
Henry’s recognition of, 221–222
Henry’s reliance on memories of, xvi
See also Molaison, Elizabeth McEvitt (mother); Molaison, Gustave Henry (father)
Famous Scenes Multiple Choice Recognition Test, 216–217
Fischer, Liselotte, 16–17, 52–53
Fluency, language, 240–241
Foerster, Otfrid, 8, 38–39
Floor plan, 82, 92–94, 96, 301
Foley, Mary, 291–292
Football, 127
Forgetting, xii, 63, 110, 143–145, 156, 178, 247, 257
Forward model, 169
Fractionation of memory, 96, 117, 314
Free recall, 120
Freeman, Walter, 21, 25–28
Frequency potentiation, 132
Frontal lobe
cutting fibers connecting the parietal lobe and, 22–23
Henry’s encoding, 124–125
lobotomy, 20–28
MRI, 124, 177
olfaction, 87–89
working memory, 60–67, 70
Frosch, Matthew, 280, 288–289, 295–298
Functional MRI (fMRI)
encoding processes, 124–125
face processing, 188–189
internal model formation, 170–171
language capacities, 242
method of loci, 123–124
motor-learning processes, 176–179
recollection and familiarity, 147–149
Fusiform face area, 189, 234
Future events, 235–236
Galanter, Eugene, 69–70
Gibbs, Frederic, 9
Glial cells, 37–38
Global amnesia, 44
Glutamate, 133–134
Goal-directed behavior, xix, 62, 65, 69–70, 73, 117, 168–170, 173–175, 247
Goddard, Harvey Burton, 14
Gollin Incomplete Pictures Test, 187–189
Gradual learning, 178–179
Grass, Albert, 9
Grass Instrument Company, 9
Gregg, Alan, 40
Gun collection, 12, 102, 139, 173, 307
Habituation, 56
Hallucinations, 22, 24
Hartford Association for Retarded Citizens (HARC), 202–203
Hartford Regional Center, 103–107, 112, 209
Haylett, Howard Buckley, 15
Head injury, Henry’s, 4–5
&nb
sp; Hebb, Donald O., 41, 55, 57–58, 131
Herrick, Lillian, 201–206, 221, 268–269, 280, 305
High-order processes, xix, 197, 199
High school, 219–220
Hilts, Philip, xv, 267–268
Hip replacement, 273–274
Hippocampus
bilateral medial temporal-lobe resection, 19–20, 29–33
compensation for damage on one side, 43–44
conditioned responses, 182–183
CT scans of Henry’s postoperative brain, 79–80
emotion, 101
episodic memory, 81, 117–118, 127–128, 143, 195, 215, 217–237, 243–246, 255, 313
Henry’s operation cutting information pathways to, 31–32
language capacities, 237–243
long-term potentiation, 131–135
Milner and Penfield’s research on P.B. and F.C., 41–44
MRI of Henry’s postoperative brain, 80–82, 149, 161, 183, 276–280
Multiple Trace Theory of Memory Consolidation, 223–225 229–230
recognition memory, 44, 81, 120, 145–149, 188–189, 192–193, 195–196, 216–217, 220, 249, 271
recollection and familiarity, xiv, xv, 146–150, 217, 234, 271, 313
role in building associations, 127–130
schema learning, 262–263
semantic memory, 82, 220–224, 228–230, 237–238, 243–246, 250, 252–262, 266, 313–314
sleep, 135–139
Standard Model of Memory Consolidation, 222–225, 229–230
See also Episodic memory; Declarative memory; Semantic memory
Hitch, Graham J., 71
H.M. (film), 308
Horsley, Victor, 7–8
HTT gene, 162
Humor, Henry’s sense of, xv, 17, 112–113, 121, 209, 234, 276, 284, 305, 307
Hunger, awareness of, 209–212
Huntington disease, 161–162, 164, 175, 178
Identity. See Sense of self
Imagining, 235–236
Implicit memory. See Nondeclarative memory
Information maintenance, 67–68
Information processing, 116–149
depth-of-processing effect, 118–121
three stages of memory formation, 116
Information theory, 116
Information updating, 67–68
Input specificity, 133
Interference, 110, 125, 140, 171–172
Internal models, 168–171, 173–175
Internet, 308–309
Intrusion errors, 126
Inverse model, 169
IQ, 44, 52–53, 77, 103, 244
Jackson, John Hughlings, 7
James, William, 54
Jasper, Herbert, 8–10, 43
Jobs, 13, 103–105, 202–203
Johnson, Duncan, 12
Jonides, John, 72
Journal of Neurosurgery, 309
Juola, James, 146
Kandel, Eric R., 56–57, 133–134
Kennedy, Joseph, 20–21
Kennedy, Rosemary, 20–21, 26
Kesey, Ken, 20
Korsakoff syndrome, 153, 214
Krause, Fedor, 8
Lahey Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts, 14, 25
Language capacities, xix, 22, 32, 39, 48, 50, 61, 71, 82, 93, 112, 116–117, 192, 195, 237–264, 270, 278, 284
“Last in, first out” memory, 218
Learning. See Declarative learning and memory; Nondeclarative learning and memory
Lennox, William Gordon, 9
Leucotome, 23–25
Libido, 112, 209, 213, 270
Lima, Almeida, 24
Limbic system, 28–31, 100–102, 124, 209
Linguistic ambiguities, 238–241
Living in the moment, 52–54, 74–75, 103, 207
Lobectomy, 8–9, 42–44, 149, 312
Lobotomy
children, 26
frontal, 20–21, 25–28
medial temporal, xii, 17, 29–33, 45–46, 212, 258, 309
transorbital, 25
Lobotomy syndrome, 27–28
Lockhart, Robert, 118–119
Locus of Henry’s seizures, 10–11, 15–16, 19–20
Lømo, Terje, 131–132
Long-term memory, xii
declarative and procedural, 152–153, 156, 198
declarative and nondeclarative as separate processes, xvii, xix, 100, 117, 152–153, 156, 160, 179, 181, 255, 258–259, 273, 302, 313
depth-of-processing effect, 118–121
episodic and semantic, 220, 223–224, 228–230, 237, 243–244, 246, 255, 313
in aging brains, xvi, 277
K.F.’s memory deficit, 60–61
living in the moment without, 52–54, 74–75, 103, 207
role of the medial temporal lobes in, xii, 43, 46–47, 61, 68–69, 81–82, 89, 117, 120, 130
short-term memory as separate process, 51–75
See also Consolidation and storage processes; Declarative learning and memory; Encoding processes; Memory; Nondeclarative learning and memory; Retrieval processes; Short-term memory; Working memory
Long-term potentiation (LTP), 131–135
Long-term storage, xvii, 54, 116, 118, 124–125, 134, 140–141, 145–146, 156, 228, 230
“Loss of Recent Memory after Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions,” 46, 265
Luminal (phenobarbital), 10, 15, 152, 158
L’Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 141
MacLean, Paul, 31
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), xv, xviii
assessing damage from Henry’s operation, 79–82
cerebellar atrophy, 80, 161, 183, 302
CT versus, 79
evaluating Scoville’s tissue removal, 30–31, 79–82
familiarity, 149
Henry’s aging and dementia onset, 276–280
Henry’s spatial memory, 92–93
postmortem research, xviii, 287–288, 290–294, 298
sequences, 293
See also Functional MRI
Mandler, George, 146–147
Map reading, 93–94, 96
Masking, 85–86
Mathematical psychology, 146
Mathieson, Gordon, 43
Maze learning ability, 89–91, 133, 135–138, 141–142, 155–156
McKay, Bettiann, 289–290
Media, xv, 27, 217, 267, 306, 308–309
Medial temporal-lobe structures
depth-of-processing effect, 118–121
episodic memory, 81, 117–118, 127–128, 143, 195, 215, 217–237, 243–246, 255, 313
Henry’s MRI scans, 79–82
postmortem research, 280–281, 287–288, 290–297, 299–301, 312
removal of, 17, 29–33
semantic memory, 82, 220–224, 228–230, 237–238, 243–246, 250, 252–262, 266, 313–314
See also Declarative learning and memory; Episodic memory; Semantic memory
Medial temporal lobotomy, 17, 29–33
rationale for, 30
Memory
anterograde amnesia, 81–82, 213–215, 218, 222, 313
autobiographical, 215, 217–237, 313
chimpanzee experiments, 22–23
consolidation and storage of, 110, 124–139, 156, 222–225, 229–230
dual-process theory, 52, 54–58, 60–61
encoding processes, 96, 116, 118–121, 124–127, 133–134, 145, 228, 230, 259, 262
enhancement for emotional information, 101–102, 108–111, 228
forgetting, xii, 63, 110, 143–145, 156, 178, 247, 257
formation of, 31, 46, 52, 70, 77–78, 95–96, 117, 125, 132–133, 177
fractionation of, 96, 117, 314
Henry’s memory of the plane flight, 1–3, 6, 226–229, 300
identity and, xvi–xvii, 207, 222
importance of, xvi
long-term potentiation, 131–135
maze learning ability, 89–91, 133, 135–138, 141–142, 155–156
method of loci, 121–124
Milner and Penfield’s research on F.C and P.B., 35, 41–44
Milner’s postoperative examination of Henry, 46–48
motor-skill learning, 151–179
of surgical procedure, 16, 208
primary and secondary, 54
retrieval processes, xii, 78, 81, 116, 118, 123, 134, 139–150, 177, 198–199, 224–225, 228, 230, 235–236, 244–246
retrograde amnesia, 213–215, 218, 222–224
role of frontal lobe in, 66–67, 70, 73, 156, 176–177, 197, 223, 236, 244, 302
role of medial temporal lobe in, 81–82
role of sleep in consolidation of, 100, 135–139, 230–233
short-term memory, 51–65
single-process theory, 52, 58, 60
spatial memory, 68, 89–96, 133–139, 204
specificity and selectiveness of Henry’s loss, 51–52
three stages of memory formation, 70–71, 115–150
working memory, 65–74
See also Consolidation and storage processes; Declarative memory; Encoding processes; Episodic memory; Nondeclarative memory; Retrieval processes; Semantic memory
Memory palace, 121–124
Memory replay, 135–139
Memory traces, xvi-xvii, 66, 101, 103, 110, 126–127, 131, 139–143, 217, 224, 228–230, 243, 251, 261
Memory’s Ghost (Hilts), xv, 267–268
Mesopotamian civilization, 6–7
Metacontrast, 85–86
Method of loci, 121–124
Miller, Earl K., 73
Miller, George A., 69–70, 116
Milner, Brenda, xiv
behavioral study of Henry’s immediate memory, 57–60
psychological examination of Henry, 46–47, 53, 62–63, 66–67, 89–91, 96, 129–130, 153–155, 187–188
Henry’s ability to form associations, 129–130
Henry’s death, 296
impact on future researchers, 312
laboratory at the Montreal Neurological Institute, 48–50
motor-skill learning, 153–155
perceptual learning test, 187–188
preserved learning in amnesia, 153–155
rehearsing information, 62–63
Scoville collaboration, 44–47
studies of F.C. and P.B., 35–36, 41–44
Mirror tracing, 153–155, 162–165, 171, 177
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) CRC (Clinical Research Center), xiv–xv
establishment of the CRC, 83
Henry’s life at, xvi, xv, 84–85, 267, 271, 275
Henry’s medical evaluation, 106–107, 206, 274
Mnemonics, 71, 121–124
Molaison, Elizabeth McEvitt (mother), 115, 155
appearance, 3–4
caregiver, 91, 103
death of, 205
death of her husband, 102–103
Henry’s outbursts, 104–105
Henry’s emotion toward, 107, 209
Henry’s graduation, 12–13
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