14. Ibid.
15. Pedro Soares et al., “Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock,” American Journal of Human Genetics 84, no. 6 (June 4, 2009): 740–59.
We note that more recent research (see note 14) pushes that back to about 200,000 BCE.
16. See Bradshaw Foundation at www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey.
17. Ibid.
18. Anta Diop, “Origin of the Ancient Egyptians” (see www.africawithin.com/diop/origin_egyptian.htm).
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. R. Schild and F. Wendorf, “Forty Years of Combined Prehistoric Expedition,” Archaeologia Polona 40 (2002): 18.
22. Taken from an article by Cheikh Anta Diop in “Egypt Revisited,” Journal of African Civilization 10 (Summer 1989): 9–39.
23. Ibid.
24. Herodotus, The Histories, II, 104.
25. Ibid., 22.
26. Aristotle, Physiognomy, 6.
27. Aeschylus, The Suppliants, verses 719–20. See also verse 745.
28. Apollodoros, Book II, “The Family of Inachus,” paragraphs 3 and 4.
29. Lucian, Navigations, paragraphs 2 and 3.
30. Strabo, Geography, Book I, chapter 3, paragraph 10; Diodorus of Sicily, Universal History, Book III; Diogenes, Laertius, Book VII, verse i; Ammianus Marcellinus, Book XXII, paragraph 16:23.
31. M. C. F. Volney, Voyages en Syrie et en Egypte (Paris: n.p., 1787), vol. I, 74–77.
32. Jean-Jacques Champollion-Figeac, L’Egypte Ancienne, Didot ed., Paris: 1839, pp. 26–27.
33. Adolf Erman, Hermann Grapow, Deutsche Akamemie, Worterbuch der Aegyptischen Sprache, vol 5 (n.p., 1971), 122, 127.
34. Ibid., 123–28.
35. UNESCO Symposium on the Peopling of Ancient Egypt and the Deciphering of the Meroitic Script, January 1974, Cairo. Proceedings of the Conference published in 1978.
36. Richard Girling, “King Tut Tut Tut,” Sunday Times of London, May 22, 2005.
37. Neil Genzlinger, “Chasing Mummies—The Pharaoh of Egyptian Antiquities,” New York Times, July 13, 2010.
38. http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/jerusalem-post/mi_8048/is_20070402/war-pyramid-theorist/ai_n47369584.
39. Ibid.
40. Jerusalem Post, April 2, 2007, “War of the Pyramid Theorists,” by Yaniv Salama-Scheer: http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/jerusalem-post/mi_8048/is_20070402/war-pyramid-theorists/ai_n47369584.
41. Thomas Brophy, The Mechanism Demands a Mysticism (Blue Hill, Maine: Medicine Bear Publishing, 1999).
42. Memri TV, Arabic video, English transcript, broadcast February 11, 2009. See www.memritv.org/clip/en/2049.htm Accessed August 20, 2010.
43. www.liveleak.com/view?i=f50_1279175755
44. Romuald Schild and Fred Wendorf, “Forty Years of the Combined Prehistoric Expedition,” Archaeologia Polona 40 (2002): 3–22.
45. Sean Markey, “Exodus from Drying Sahara Gave Rise to Pharaohs, Study Says,” National Geographic News, July 20, 2006, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/07/060720-sahara.html. (Accessed August 20, 2010.)
46. Romuald Schild and Michal Kobusiewicz, “Prehistoric Herdsmen, Academia,” Focus on Archaeology 3, no. 7 (2005).
47. Gerhard Rohlfs, Voyages et Explorations au Sahara, tome 2 (n.p.,1865–67).
48. Rosita Forbes and Sir Harry Johnston, The Secret of the Sahara: Kufara (London: n.p., 1923), introduction.
49. Ahmed Hassanein, “Crossing the Untraversered Libyan Desert,” National Geographic Magazine, vol. XLVI, no. 3, September 1924.
50. R. A. Bagnold, O. H. Myers, R. F. Peel, and H. A. Winkler, “An Expedition to the Gilf Kebir and Uweinat, 1938,” Geographical Journal 93, no. 4 (April 1939), 281–312. See also Major R. A. Bagnold, “Journeys in the Libyan Desert, 1929 and 1930,” Georgaphical Journal 78, no. 1 (1931): 13.
51. From L. E. Almasy. Recentes Explorations dans le Desert Libyque, Royal Geographical society of Egypt, 1936, p. 36. Quoted in Wael T. Abed’s book The Other Egypt (Cairo: n.p., 1998), 108.
52. Ibid.
53. Rudolph Kuper and Stefan Kröpelin, “Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa’s Evolution,” Science Journal AAAS (July 2006).
54. Kenneth Chang, “In Lake, Signs of Slow Shift from Savannah to Sahara,” New York Times, May 9, 2008.
55. Peter Gwin, “Lost Tribes of the Green Sahara,” National Geographic, September 2008.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid. Sponsors and funders for the Gobero expeditions are National Geographic, Island Fund of the New York Community Trust, the National Science Foundation, and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. See also “Stone Age Graveyard Reveals Lifestyles of a ‘Green Sahara’: Two Successive Cultures Thrived Lakeside,” http://news.uchicago.edu/news.php?asset_id=1424 (accessed August 20, 2010), and P. C. Sereno, E. A. Garcea, C. M. Stojanowski, et al. “Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change,” www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002995 (accessed August 20, 2010).
58. Jean-Loic Quellec, “Can One ‘Read’ the Rock Art? An Egyptian Example.” In Paul Taylor, ed., Iconography without Texts (London: Warburg Warburg Institute Colloquia 12), 2008, pp. 25–42. http://cnrs.academia.edu/documents/0097/7841/Le_Quellec_2008-k.pdf.
CHAPTER 6. THE CATTLE AND THE STAR GODDESSES
1. Richard Parker, “Ancient Egyptian Astronomy,” Department of Egyptology, Brown University, Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London, 1974, A 276, 51–65. See also Professor Jiro Kondo, Ancient Egyptian Astronomy (Tokyo: Waseda Universtiy, 2008), www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/dy/opinion/culture_081006.htm. Accessed August 23, 2010.
2. For a very early, possibly even prehistoric, representation of a star-cow goddess of ancient Egypt see Donald B. Redford, ed., “Predynastic Star-studded Cow Goddess,” Oxford Guide to Egyptian Mythology (New York: Berkley Books, 2002), 157–61.
3. Jaromir Malek and John Baines, The Cultural Atlas of the World: Ancient Egypt (Richmond, Va.: Stonehenge Press, 1991), 14.
4. Richard Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2003), 167.
5. Ian Shaw and Paul Nicholson, Dictionary of Ancient Egypt (London: British Museum Press, 1995), 58.
6. J. McKim Malville, R. Schild, F. Wendorf, et al., “Astronomy of Nabta Playa,” African Skies/Cieux Africains, no. 11 (July 2007): 21.
7. Jeff Greenwald, “Moo Age Travellers: Were cattle-worshipping nomads the predecessors of the Pharaohs?” The New Scientist 2249, July 29, 2000.
8. Fred Wendorf and Romuald Schild, “The Megaliths of Nabta Playa,” Academia, Focus on Archaeology, no. 1 (2004): 11.
9. Quoted in Richard H. Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt (London: Thames and Hudson, 2003), 15.
10. Juan Belmonte, “Some Open Questions on the Egyptian Calendar: An Astronomer’s View,” Trabajos de Egiptologia (TdE) 2003, p. 24.
11. Quoted by Peter Ackroyd, “Afloat on the Nile,” New York Times, October 2, 1988.
12. Richard Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt (New York: Thames and Hudson, 2000), 165.
13. Ron Wells, “Sothis and the Satet Temple on Elephantine,” Studien Zur Altagyptischen Kultur 12 (1985), 258. See also Gunther Roeder, “Sothis und Satis,” Zeitschrift fuer Aegyptische Sprache, Band 45, Leipzig 1908, pp. 22–30.
14. Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, 165.
15. Wells, “Sothis and the Satet Temple on Elephantine,” 258.
16. From the declaration of Ptolemy I as pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BCE to the death of Cleopatra in 30 BCE.
17. Data from the in situ information board by the German and Swiss Archaeological Team. See also Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, 212; Wells, “Sothis and the Satet Temple on Elephantine: A Direct Connection,” 2
55.
18. Wells, “Sothis and the Satet Temple on Elephantine,” 258–62.
19. Ibid.
20. J. A. Belmonte and M. Shaltout, “On the Orientation of Ancient Egyptian Temples I: Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia,” in Journal of the History of Astronomy (Pre-print series: PP 03/2005), 21, figure 8.
21. Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, 211.
22. Adapted from E. A. Wallis Budge, Legends of the Egyptian Gods: Hieroglyphic Texts and Translations (New York: Dover, 1994).
23. Ibid.
24. Herodotus, The Histories, Book II, chapter 28.
25. Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book V, chapter 10.
26. Budge, Legends of the Egyptian Gods.
27. Wells, “Sothis and the Satet Temple on Elephantine,” 262.
28. Rolf K. Krauss, “Probleme des Altagyptischen Kalendars und der Chronologie des Mittleren und Neuen Reiches in Agypten,” Ph.D. dissertation, Freie University, Berlin, 1981. See also R. Krauss, “Sothis, Elephantine und d. Altagypt Chronologie,” Gottinger Miszellen 50 (1981): 71–81.
29. L. Rose, “The Astronomical Evidence for Dating the End of the Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt to the Early Second Millennium: A Reassessment,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 53 (1994): 246.
30. Strabo, Geography, Book XVII.
31. Budge, Legends of the Egyptian Gods.
32. M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings, vol. 3 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 94–100.
33. Norman Lockyer, The Dawn of Astronomy (London: Cassell and Co. Ltd., 1894), 236.
34. G. A. Wainwright, “Seshat and the Pharaoh,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 26 (1941): 30–40.
35. E. C. Krupp, Echoes of the Ancient Skies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 212.
36. Wainwright, “Seshat and the Pharaoh.”
37. Anne-Sophie Bomhard, The Egyptian Calendar: A Work for Eternity (London: Periplus, 1998), 4.
38. George Hart, A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses (London: Rout-ledge and Kegan Paul, 1988), 193.
39. I. E. S. Edwards, The Pyramids of Egypt (London: Penguin, 1982), 249–50.
40. Martin Isler quoting R. W. Stoley, “Primitive Methods of Measuring Time with Special Reference to Egypt,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 17 (1931),
41. Z. Zaba, L’Orientation Astronomique Dans L’Ancienne Egypte et la Precession de l’Axe du Monde (Prague: n.p., 1953), 58–59.
42. See R. Bauval, The Egypt Code (London: Century Books, 2006) and T. Brophy, The Origin Map (Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, 2002).
43. Anne-Sophie Bomhard, The Egyptian Calendar: A Work for Eternity, 2.
44. R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz, The Temples of Karnak, (Rochester, Vt.: Inner Traditions, 2001), 1.
45. Jean Kerisel, The Nile and Its Masters: Past, Present, Future Source of Hope and Anger (Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 2001), 37.
46. Donald B. Redford, ed., The Ancient Gods Speak (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 254.
47. Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997), 29.
48. A. Chapman, Gods in the Sky: Astronomy from the Ancients to the Renaissance (London: Channel 4 Books, 2002), 32–33.
49. Lehner, The Complete Pyramids, 28.
50. Lucie Lamy, Egyptian Mysteries (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1981), 48.
51. R. Bauval, “A Master Plan for the Three Pyramids of Giza Based on the Configuration of the Three Stars of the Belt of Orion,” Discussions in Egyptology 13 (1989), pp. 7–19.
52. Herodotus, The Histories, Book II: 18–24.
53. Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, 45.
54. See also Richard Parker, The Calendars of Ancient Egypt (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1950). For a recent discussion on the Sothic Cycle, see Paul Jordan, Riddles of the Sphinx (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 35–37.
55. Robert Burnham Jr., Burnham’s Celestial Handbook, vol. 1 (New York: Dover Publications, 1978), 387.
56. Ibid.
57. E. C. Krupp, Echoes of the Ancient Skies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 22.
58. R. W. Sloley, “Primitive Methods of Measuring Time, with Special Reference to Egypt,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 17 (1930): 167.
59. Krupp, Echoes of the Ancient Skies, 23.
60. Censorinus, De Die Natali, translated by Holt N. Parker (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 2007).
61. Rundle Clark, Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt, Thames and Hudson, London 1978, p. 27.
62. Ibid., 263.
63. Lehner, The Complete Pyramids, 29.
64. Edwards, The Pyramids of Egypt, 284, 286.
65. G. J. Whitrow, Time in History: View of Time from Prehistory to the Present Day (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 26.
66. Stephen Quirke, The Cult of Ra (London: Thames and Hudson, 2001), 116.
67. Nathalie Beaux, “Sirius étoile et Jeune Horus,” Hommages a Jean Leclant, Insitute Français D’Archéologie Orientale, Biblitheque D’Etude 106, no. 1 (1993).
68. Francis A. Cunningham, “The Sothic Cycle Used by the Egyptians,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 34 (1915): 369–73.
69. Ibid.
70. M. F. Ingham, “The Length of the Sothic Cycle,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 55 (1969): 36–40.
71. Jaromir Malek and John Baines, The Cultural Atlas of the World: Ancient Egypt (Alexandria, Va.: Stonehenge, 1991), 36.
72. Juan Belmonte, “Some Open Questions on the Egyptian Calendar: An Astronomer’s View,” Trabajos de Egyptologia, no. 2 (2003): 10.
73. Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, 37. See also Jaroslav Cerny, “The Temple as an Abbreviated Name for the Temple of Medinet Habu,” in JEA 26 (1940), p. 127.
74. Krupp, Echoes of Ancient Skies, 258.
75. Baines and Malek, Atlas of Ancient Egypt (New York: Facts on File Publications, 1980), 112.
76. For a full discussion on the Followers of Horus, see Bauval and Hancock, Keeper of Genesis (London: Heinemann, 1996).
77. H. Brugsch, Egypt (n.p., 1891), 189, quoted by Lockyer, The Dawn of Astronomy, 204–5.
78. Lockyer, The Dawn of Astronomy, 204–5.
79. Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, 205.
80. Pyramid Texts, line 351.
81. Ian Shaw and Paul Nicholson, The Illustrated Dictionary of Ancient Egypt (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2008), 112.
82. Pyramid Texts, Utterance 263.
83. Ibid., line 865.
84. Ibid., lines 351–53.
85. Ibid., lines 1000–1001.
86. Henri Frankfort, Kingship and the Gods (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 90.
87. Thomas Brophy, The Origin Map (Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, 2002), 15–18.
88. A. Mariette, Denderah: Description Generale du grand temple de cette Ville, vol. 1, Paris-Cairo: n.p., 1875) 142, 263.
89. Beaux “Sirius, Etoile et Jeune Horus,” 64, note 14.
90. Krupp, Echoes of the Ancient Skies, 257.
91. Ibid., 258.
92. Ibid.
93. Lockyer, The Dawn of Astronomy, 193.
94. Ibid., 200.
95. Mariette, Denderah, 206. See also Lockyer, The Dawn of Astronomy, 194.
96. Z. Zaba, L’Orientation Astronomique dans L’Ancienne Egypte et la Precession de l’axe du monde (Prague: n.p., 1953), 59.
97. Private correspondence with Robert Bauval, October 8, 1986.
98. Sylvie Cauville-Colin, “Le Temple D’Isis a Dendera,” Bulletin de la Societe Francaise d’Egyptologie 123 (March 1992): 31–48.
99. Lehner, The Complete Pyramids, 120.
100. The story is told in the Westcar Papyrus (Berlin Museum). See Miroslav Verner, Abusir: Realm of Osiris (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2002), 70.
101. Malek and Baines, The Cultural Atlas: Ancient Egypt, 154.
102. Verner, Abusir: The Realm of Os
iris.
103. David G. Jeffreys, “The Topography of Heliopolis and Memphis: Some Cognitive Aspects,” in R Stadelmann, H. Guksch, and D Polz, eds., Stationen: Beitrage zur Kulturgeschichte Agyptens (Mainz: von Zabern, 1998), 63–71.
104. For hieroglyphic signs and allocated code, visit: http://pagesperso-orange.fr/hieroglyphes/Hieroglyphica%20=%20A.htm.
105. Stefan Kröpelin and Rudolph Kuper, “More Corridors to Africa,” in B. Gratien, ed., Mélanges offerts à Francis Geus (Villeneuve-d’Ascq: Université Charles-de-Gaulle, 2007), 219–29.
APPENDIX 1. BACK TO THE FIRST TIME: VEGA, SIRIUS, AND ORION AGREE AT GIZA
1. Wendorf, Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, vol. 1, 489.
2. W. M. F. Petrie, The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh (London, n.p., 1883).
3. Lehner, The Complete Pyramids.
4. Petrie, The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh.
5. RA = 201.03, Dec = 287.47 milliarcseconds per year. From SIMBAD Astronomical Database, http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/simid?protocol=html&Ident=vega (accessed February 2010).
6. RA = -546.05, Dec = -1223.14 milliarcseconds per year. From SIMBAD Astronomical Database, http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Sirius&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id(accessed February 2010).
7. An online calculator is available at htp://wise-obs.tau.ac.il.
8. Lehner, The Complete Pyramids, 17.
9. See R. M. Schoch, “Geological Evidence Pertaining to the Age of the Great Sphinx,” New Scenarious on the Evolution of the Solar System and Consequences on History of Earth and Man, Emilio Spedicato and Adalberto Notarpietro, editors, Proceedings of the Conference, Milano and Bergamo, June 7–9, 1999, Universita degil Studi di Bergamo, Quaderni del Dipartmento di Matematica, Statistica, Informatica ed Applicazion, Serie Miscellanea, Anno 2002, N.3, pp. 171–203 (also available online at www .robertschoch.com/geodarasphinx.htm).
10. R. M. Schoch, Voyages of the Pyramid Builders (New York: Tarcher and Putnam, 2003).
11. Alberto Siliotti, Guide to the Pyramids of Egypt (New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1997).
12. Lehner, The Complete Pyramids.
13. Edwards, The Pyramids of Egypt.
14. Lehner, The Complete Pyramids, 17.
15. Edwards, The Pyramids of Egypt, 86.
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