58. Alessandra Lorini, an Italian historian of the United States, has come to the similar conclusion that black leaders and race liberals were not only advocates for black civil rights but were, in fact, champions of democracy itself, and vital to the enterprise in America; see Alessandra Lorini, Rituals of Race: American Public Culture and the Search for Racial Democracy (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999), xi-xix. Another historian who has treated black activism within a larger context of race and political consciousness in American life is George Hutchinson—see esp. George Hutchinson, The Harlem Renaissance in Black and White (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), 1-27.
59. A recent study demonstrated widespread withholding of southern black veterans’ GI Bill benefits, severely limiting the positive socioeconomic impact for these soldiers; see David Onkst, “ ‘First A Negro . . . Incidentally A Veteran’: Black World War Two Veterans and the G. I. Bill of Rights in the Deep South, 1944-1948,” Journal of Social History 31 (Spring 1998): 517-43.
60. Handy, Father of the Blues, 74, 76.
61. Wilson, Three Plays, ix.
62. Henry Luce, “The American Century,” Life, February 7, 1941.
63. Arthur O’Shaughnessy’s Ode, “The Music Makers”
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