by Tim Robinson
3 (Brión) Gearóid Mac Niocaill, Ireland Before the Vikings (Dublin, 1972).
4 Shane Mór O’Dugán, quoted in Hardiman’s appendices to R. O’Flaherty, op. cit.
5 (Turlough O’Connor) Micheal Dolly, Anglo-Norman Ireland (Dublin, 1972).
6 (Renvyle) Hidden Connemara, ed. Erin Gibbons (Connemara West Press, 1991).
7 (Doon) Local folklore from Kill, Clifden.
8 (Aird and Aughnanure) Seán Mac Giollarnáth, Annála Beaga ó Ior rus Aithneach (Dublin, 1941); my translations.
9 (Log na Marbh) See “Backwaters” in this volume.
10 (Composition of Connaught) Hardiman’s appendices to R. O’Flaherty, op. cit.
11 Anne Chambers, Granuaile: The Life and Times of Grace O’Malley (Dublin, 1983).
12 (Roderic O’Flaherty) Hardiman’s appendices, and Mícheál Bairéad, Fadó Fadó, in press.
13 Letters of John Dunton, in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, written 1698, published in Edward MacLysaght, Irish Life in the Seventeenth Century (2nd edition, Cork, 1950).
14 Anon, (members of the Blake family), Letters from the Irish Highlands (London, 1825; republished Clifden, 1995).
15 (Sir John O’Flaherty) John Burke, Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland (London, 1848 and later editions).
16 (Antony O’Flaherty, MP) Hand-book to Galway, Connemara, and the Irish Highlands (London and Dublin, 1854).
17 E.W. Lynam, “The O’Flaherty Country,” in Studies (June 1914).
THE BIG HOUSE
1 George Petrie, “The Islands of Aran” (1822), quoted in Stokes, The Life … of George Petrie. (I have rearranged and trimmed Petrie’s verbose text in this and the following excerpts.)
2 Ó Cillín, op. cit.
3 George Petrie (1822).
4 (Patrick O’Flaherty’s father) Personal communication from Pádraic Ó hEithir.
5 (Thompsons) Letter in Galway Vindicator (1880).
6 Letter from Philip Lyster, quoted in Oliver Burke, The South Islands of Aran (Dublin, 1887).
7 J.M. Synge, The Aran Islands.
8 For a mention of Wilde’s 1848 visit, see “Seven Churches and a Factory” in this volume.
9 (Patrick’s marriage) Information from Pádraic Ó hEithir, through Liam Mac Con Iomaire.
10 (song) See “An Ear to the Coffin” in this volume, and Powell, Oile áin Árann.
11 (the Breeze) Kilmurvey House documents.
12 (An Pocaide Bán) Information from Treasa Joyce, Cill Mhuirbhigh.
518 Máirtín Ó Direáin, Ó Mórna agus Dánta Eile (Dublin, 1957), also in Dánta 1939–1979 (Dublin, 1980); my translation.
13 T.J. Westropp, “Notes on Connaught and Clare, especially Aran and Sligo” (1888), Trinity College Library ms 973, printed in An Aran Reader.
14 M. MacMahon, “Macnamaras,” in Dál gCais, No. 11 (1993).
15 (Francis Macnamara) Nicolette Devas, Two Flamboyant Fathers (London, 1966), and information from Micheal MacMahon.
16 E. Œ. Somerville and Martin Ross, Some Irish Yesterdays (London, 1906).
17 (George Irwin O’Flaherty, and Fianna Fáil in Aran) Liam Mac Con Iomaire, Agallamh le Pádraic Ó hEithir, unpublished interview (Ennis, 1993).
18 Mairtín Ó Direáin, Feamainn Bhealtaine (Dublin, 1961).
19 C.C. Vyvyan, On Timeless Shores (London, 1957).
20 Máirtín Ó Direáin, “Neamhionraic Gach Beo,” Ceacht an Éin (Dublin, 1979). See also “A Poet and His Village” in this volume.
DÚN AONGHASA REVISITED
1 (Balor) Dáithí Ó hÓgáin, op. cit.
2 W.Y. Evans Wentz, The Fairy Faith in Celtic Countries (Oxford, 1911; Gerrard’s Cross, 1988).
3 Etienne Rynne, “Dun Aengus and some similar ceremonial centres,” Decantations: A tribute to Maurice Craig, ed. Agnes Bernelle (Dublin, 1992).
4 The Irish Times (21 April 1992).
5 See Pilgrimage for discussion of this idea from Thomas O’Rahilly, Early Irish History and Mythology (Dublin, 1946).
6 The Discovery Programme: Strategies and Questions (Dublin, 1992). I am grateful to Claire Cotter of the Discovery Programme for much information and guidance on this topic.
AN UNFATHOMABLE PUDDLE
1 O’Donovan, Ordnance Survey Letters.
CLOCHÁN
1 H.G. Leask, “Finding of Whales’ Vertebrae in Clochan-na-Carraige, Inishmore, Aran, Co. Galway,” in JRSAI, Vol. 73 (1943).
2 Máirtín Ó Direáin, Ó Mórna agus Dánta Eile (Dublin, 1957); my translation.
A POET AND HIS VILLAGE
1 Máirtín Ó Direáin, “Árainn 1947” in Dánta 1939–1979; my translation, here and in the following poems.
2 D. Webb, “The Flora of the Aran Islands,” in J. Life Sciences, 2 (1965).
3 Máirtín Ó Direáin, “Dán an Tí,” Ár Ré Dhearóil (Dublin, 1962); also in Dánta 1939–1979.
4 (drowning) Information from Éamonn Ó Tuathail.
5 Máirtín Ó Direáin, “In Aois na hÓige,” Feamainn Bhealtaine (Dublin, 1961); my translation.
6 “Mothú Feirge” in Dánta 1939–1979.
7 “Stoite” (uprooted), in Dánta.
8 Tomás Mac Síomóin, “Bile a Thit,” in Anios (27 March 1988); my translation. See also the introduction to Máirtín Ó Direáin, Se lected Poems/Tacar Dánta, ed. Tomás Mac Síomóin and Douglas Sealy (Newbridge, 1984).
9 Máirtín Ó Direáin, Feamainn Bhealtaine.
10 “Berkeley” in Clock Chornéil (Dublin, 1966); and in Dánta.
11 (“Neamhionraic Gach Beo”) See also “The Big House” in this volume.
EOGHANACHT
1 O’Donovan, Ordnance Survey Letters.
2 John Waddell, “Kilcholan: an early ecclesiastical site on Inishmore, Aran,” in JGAHS, 35 (1976).
3 T. J. Westropp, “A Study of the Early Forts and Stone Huts in Inishmore, Aran Isles, Galway Bay,” in Proc. RLA, Vol. 28C (1910).
4 (Eoghanacht myths) T. F. O’Rahilly, Early Irish History and My thology (Dublin, 1946; reprint 1984).
5 (Eoghan) D. Ó hÓgáin, op. cit.
6 Myles Dillon and Nora Chadwick, The Celtic Realms (London, 1973).
7 F.J. Byrne, “Eoghanacht Ninussa,” in Éigse (Spring 1958).
8 (Maol Dúin) Discussed and summarized in Alwyn and Brinley Rees, Celtic Heritage (London, 1961). Text and translation by W. Stokes in Revue Celtique IX and X.
SEVEN CHURCHES AND A FACTORY
1 Information from Éamonn Ó Concheanáinn, Eoghanacht.
2 John Waddell, “An Archaeological Survey of Temple Brecan, Aran,” in JGAHS, 33 (1972–73).
3 Thomas H. Mason, The Islands of Ireland (London, 1936).
4 (high crosses) See “The Invisible Tower” in this volume.
5 John Waddell, “An Unpublished High Cross on Aran, County Galway,” in JRSAI, Vol. 111 (1981). Also, Sir S. Ferguson, “Clonmacnois, Clare and Arran,” Part II, in Dublin Univ. Mag. (April 1853).
6 (burial in “St. Brecán’s grave”) O’Donovan, Ordnance Survey Letters.
7 (VII ROMANI) George Petrie, The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ire land (2nd edition, Dublin, 1845).
8 R.A. S. Macalister, “The stone of the ‘Seven Romans’ on Aran Mor,” in JRSAI, 43 (1913).
9 Peter Harbison, Pilgrimage in Ireland (London, 1991).
10 The poem is published and discussed in: Anne O’Sullivan, “Saint Brecán of Clare,” in Celtica, 15 (1983). I have slightly rearranged her prose translation to make it look like verse.
11 (Division of the island) See “On the Boundary” in this volume.
12 (factory) Connacht Tribune (11 July 1975).
LOOKING OUT OF ARAN
1 Ruairí Ó hEithir, op. cit.; my translation.
2 For the word scrios see Pilgrimage, p. 127.
3 (Pilot joke) Messenger, op. cit.
4 (Ó Tuathail) Information from Éamonn Ó Tuathail and Mícheál King.
5 Máirtín Ó Direáin, “Cuimhní Cinn,” Dánta Aniar (Dublin, 1943); also in
Dánta 1939–1979.
IV. POSTSCRIPT
THE LESSER ARAN
1 R. O’Flaherty, West or H-Iar Connaught.
2 T. Mason, The Islands of Ireland, and T. H. Westropp, “Brasil and the legendary islands of the north Atlantic: their history and fable. A contribution to the ‘Atlantis’ problem,” in Proc. RAI, Vol. 30C (1912).
3 O’Donovan, Ordnance Survey Letters.
4 R. O’Flaherty, West or H-Iar Connaught, Hardiman’s footnote.
5 “Doctor Lee and Little Aran,” Folktales of Ireland, edited and translated by Sean O’Sullivan (London, 1966).
6 (Tadhg Ó Neachtáin) Ar Aghaidh (1933); no author or source given.
7 Lady Gregory, Visions and Beliefs in the West of Ireland (1920).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Leafing through my finished manuscript, I am reminded of many debts of gratitude, in roughly the following order:
Liam Mac Con Iomaire (UCD), Caomháin Ó Goill (Árainn), the late Tony Whilde (Corrib Conservation Centre), Pádraicín Ó Flaithearta (Árainn), Dara Ó Conaola (Inis Meáin), Conleth Manning (OPW), Ann Mohr (UCG), Dr. Arndt Wigger (Wuppertal), Ruairí Ó hEithir (Dublin), Jim Higgins (Galway), Dara Mullen (Árainn), Antoine Powell (Árainn), Dr. Máirín Ní Dhonnchadha (Institute of Advanced Studies, Dublin), Timothy Collins (UCG), Maura Scannell (formerly of the Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin), An tAth. Connla Ó Dúláine (Árainn), Professor George Stoney (NYU), Patrick Gageby (Dublin), Mícheál Bairéad (Roundstone), the late Éamonn Ó Tuathail (Dublin), Mícheál King (Árainn), Paul Kerrigan (Dublin), An tAth. Tadhg Ó Móráin (Louisburgh), Professor John Waddell (UCG), Seán Powell (Árainn), William O’Brien (UCG), Professor Etienne Rynne (UCG), Conor MacDermot (Geological Survey, Dublin), Professor Paul Mohr (UCG), Dr. Michael O’Connell (UCG), Paul Gosling (UCG), Professor Jim White (UCD), the late Sean Gillan (Árainn), Stiofan Ó Direáin (Árainn), Professor James Duran (UCLA), Diarmuid Breathnach (Bray), Roddy McCaffrey (Dublin), Bridget Fitz-patrick (Árainn), Alice Powell (Árainn), Pádraic Ó Flaithbheartaigh (Balla), Professor Tomás de Bhaldraithe (RIA), Pádraic Ó hEithir (Ennis), Máire Bn. Uí Conghaile (Árainn), Bridget Hernon-Johnston (Árainn), Treasa Joyce (Árainn), the late Colm P. Ó hIarnáin (Árainn), Shevaun Lynam (Ashford, Wicklow), Michael MacMahon (Corofin), Ricca Edmondson (UCG), Michael Gibbons (Clifden), Claire Cotter (Discovery Programme, Dublin).
I would particularly like to thank Ann Mohr for translating the Latin Life of St. Enda for me, and Liam Mac Con Iomaire for his help with translations from the Irish; mistakes in these are certainly not his.
I am grateful to the following for permission to quote or translate copyrighted material: Dara Ó Conaola, Ruairí Ó hEithir and the Folklore Department of University College Dublin, An Clóchomhar Tta, The Lilliput Press, Wolfhound Press, the J.M. Synge Trust and the Board of Trinity College Dublin.
THE ARAN ISLANDS, GALWAY AND CLARE
ÁRAINN
INDEX
All plant species are listed together under “plants”; similarly for butterflies and birds. All names in Ó or O’ are listed at the beginning of the “O”s.
abbot of Jerusalem, 1
abbots of Cill Éinne, 1
AE (George Russell), 1
Aeneas, 1
Aer Árann, 1, 2
Ailill (mythical figure), 1
Aill an Tine Chnáimh, 1
Aill Bhriste, An (south coast), 1
Aill Bhriste, An (Cill Rónáin), 1
Aill na nGlasóg, drownings at, 1
Aill na Sagart, 1
Áine (goddess), 1
Aird, castle of (Connemara), 1
airgead croise (cross–money), 1
Aisling Árann, 1
alchemist (Micilín Sarah), 1
algal paper, 1
allées couvertes, 1
“altar” (offering), 1
Altar (wedge tomb, Cork), 1, 2
American Bar, 1, 2
Amhalgadh Earclasaigh, 1
Amhrán an “Chéipir” (song of the “Caper”), 1
Andrews, W. (botanist), 1
Angel Dance, the, 1
Annaghdown (monastery), 1, 2
Annals of Inishfallen, 1
Annals of the Four Masters, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; authorship of, 1
Annals of Tigernach, 1
anthropometrical investigation, 1
Aonghas (of the Fir Bolg), 1, 2
Aonghas (of the Tuatha Dé Danann), 1, 2
Árainn Bheag, 1
“Árainn i bhfad i gcéin” (song), 1
“Aran,” supposed derivation from “kidney,” 1
Araners, anonymous and pseudonymous: Beartla and the horse, 1, 2, 3; Beartla and the “Stations,” 1;
Colm Mór and “M’Asal Beag Dubh,” 1;
man cutting brambles, 1;
man making a field, 1;
man pulling rye, 1;
man taking sand, 1;
Mikey Mikey Tom Mikey, 1;
old lady of Sruthán, 1;
Séamaisín and planting potatoes, 1
“Aran north,” 1, 2, 3
Aran sweaters, see knitting
“Aran View,” Doolin, 1
Ard Éinne (guesthouse), 1, 2
Ard na gCaorach, 1
Aristotle, 1, 2
Arkin, manor of, 1
Arkin Castle, see Caisleán Aircín
Arran Yacht, 1, 2
Artaud, Antonin, 1
arthaí (charms), 1
Arthur (Pratt), 1
“asailíní an Chinn Thiar” (little donkeys of the west end), 1
Asbian-Brigantian contact, 1, 2
asteroid collisions, 1
Asurnaí, St., 1
Atharla, An (Cill Mhuirbhigh), 1
Atharla, An (Mainistir), 1
Atlantic Hotel, 1, 2, 3, 4
Atlantic Ocean, formation of, 1
Atlantis, 1, 2, 3
Aughnanure castle, 1, 2
Augustinian monastery, 1
Baile an Dúin, 1, 2, 3
Baile na Creige, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Baile na mBocht (Baile na Sean), 1; ringforts in 1
bailiffs, 1, 2, 3, 4
Balfour, Arthur, 1, 2
Balfour, J.H. (botanist), 1
Ball, J. (botanist), 1
Ballinasloe, psychiatric hospital in, 1
Ballindoon (Connemara), O’Malleys of, 1; see also Bunowen castle
Ballynahinch (Connemara): and Martins, 1; and O’Flahertys, 1, 2
Ballynakill chapel (north Connemara), 1
Balor, 1
Banc na mBanbh (agricultural bank), 1
Banim, Mary, 1, 2
Barfoot, Henrietta Eliza (Lady Guinness), 1
barley, 1, 2, 3, 4
barracks: Cill Mhuirbhigh, 1, 2, 3; Cill Rónáin, 1
Barr an Phointe, 1
Barrett, T.B., memorial to, 1
Barrington, Sir John, 1
Barr na Coise, 1, 2
Barry, James G., “Aran of the Saints,” 1
basket-making, 1
basking sharks, 1, 2
Battle of Aran, 1
bean feasa (wise woman) 1, 2; see also Nell an Tower
Bearchan, St., 1
béarlachas (Englishisms), 1
Bécaud, Gilbert, Opéra d’Aran, 1
Beddoe, Dr., The Races of Britain, 1
beestings, 1
beetles: flower-beetle, 1; ladybird, 1;
rose chafer, 1, 2
Benan (Beanán), St., 1; see also Teampall Bheanáin
Bhrachlainn Mhór, An, and An Bhrachlainn Bheag, 1
bicycles for hire, 1
Bideachaí, Na (brothers), 1
Billings method of birth-control, 1
Bingham, Sir Richard, and John Bingham, 1
Binse Ghibson, 1
birds: corncrake, 1; cuckoo, 1, 2, 3, 4;
goldcrest, 1;
heron, 1;
lapwing, 1, 2, 3;
lark, 1;
peregrine falcon, 1;
pied wagtail, 1;
<
br /> robin, 1, 2, 3;
snipe, 1, 2;
sparrowhawk, 1;
stonechat, 1;
water rail, 1;
whooper swan, 1;
wren, 1, 2, 3, 4
“Bird’s Nest” (orphanage), 1
Black and Tans, 1, 2, 3
Black Head (Co. Clare), 1
“blackin bán” (white shoe-polish), 1
blacksmiths, see Micil Riabhach Ó Niaidh and King family
Blake, Henry, of Renvyle, 1, 2
Blind Sound (An Sunda Caoch), 1
blood group study, 1
bó (cow), 1
boat-yard, Cill Rónáin, 1
Bodkin, Dr., 1
Bodkin, Fr. Proinsias, 1
Bodleian Library, Oxford, 1
Bóithrín an Bhabhúin, 1
Bóithrín an Chaisil, 1
Bóithrín an Dúin Bhig, 1
Bóithrín an Teampaill, 1
Bóithrín an tSéipéil, 1
Bóithrín an tSléibhe Mhóir, 1
Bóithrín Bhaile na mBocht, 1
Bóithrín Denny, 1
Bóithrín Ghort Bheallach Uisce, 1
Bóithrín na bPóil, 1
Bóithrín na Coille, 1
Bóithrín na gCottageachaí, 1
Bóithrín na Scairbhe, 1
Bóithrín Thobar na hEochraí, 1
Bolgios (god), 1
bonesetters, 1
bonfires, St. John’s Eve, 1, 2
Book of Aran, The, 1
“Book of O’Brasil,” 1
Bord na Gaeilge, 1
botanists’ visits, 1
bothántaíocht (visiting), 1
bóthar (road), 1
Bóthar an Chaiptín, 1
Bóthar an “Phump,” 1
Bóthar an Screigín, 1, 2
Bóthar na gCrag, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
