Eyes of the World Robert Capa, Gerda Taro, and the Invention of Modern Photojournalism

Home > Other > Eyes of the World Robert Capa, Gerda Taro, and the Invention of Modern Photojournalism > Page 21
Eyes of the World Robert Capa, Gerda Taro, and the Invention of Modern Photojournalism Page 21

by Desconhecido


  174 “with a mop on photographic paper”: Lefebvre and Lebrun, “Where Does the Mexican Suitcase Come From?” p. 80.

  176 “terrible battle under a burning July sun”: Buckley, The Life and Death of the Spanish Republic, p. 326.

  177 “in an alcove in a corner”: Allen, prologue to Capa, Death in the Making.

  178 “When one isn’t in Madrid”: Allen, prologue.

  181 “guessed that Death danced with us”: Freundlich, The Traveling Years, p. 53.

  CHAPTER FOURTEEN

  183 “The fascists brought their airplanes”: Szurek, p. 158.

  184 “We ran in advances”: David McKelvy White in Hochschild, p. 228.

  185 But in leading the charge against the rebels on Mosquito Ridge, Law is mortally wounded: See Appendix B.

  185 “There, behind the dark, flashing cloud”: Barea, pp. 681–682.

  186 “We saw tough guys”: David McKelvy White in Hochschild, p. 228.

  187 “If we ever do get out of this”: From Ce Soir, July 29, 1937, in Rogoyska, p. 212; Whelan, Robert Capa: A Biography, p. 122.

  188 “really the only way”: Marc Ribecourt, in Rogoyska, p. 225.

  189–194 The account of Taro’s last hours and death draws largely on Ted Allan’s unpublished memoir, Ted Allan: A Partial Biography, at normanallan.com. Allan was the only person with Taro during the Brunete battle, and the single source for the dialogue comes from him. However, scholars have questioned Allan’s account, since he was in love with Taro and believed they would leave for Canada together and get married. That was his wish, fantasy, or perhaps something concocted out of flirtatious hints she dropped. He did admit in later interviews that he did not always understand the dynamics between Capa and Taro. (See note on copain, text p. 123, note p. 278) While it is irresistible to use the dialogue he recorded, readers should treat it as an interested party’s retrospective evocation of the moment, not a word-perfect transcript. We have tried to draw only the most essential moments from his description. The description of Taro at the hospital derives from an account by the nurse, Irene Goldin Spiegel, interviewed by Irme Schaber in Vienna, Sept. 12, 2000, and another interview with her by Alex Kershaw.

  189 “I must get some good pictures”: Ted Allan, “Gerda,” Ted Allan: A Partial Biography.

  190 And so they push on: Allan, “Gerda.”

  190 “Of all the days to come!”: Allan, “Gerda.”

  191 “fast, ugly arrow-heads”: Hemingway, p. 87.

  191 “Have you ever been under fire?”: Allan, “Gerda.”

  191 “pictures of the dust”: Allan, “Gerda.”

  192 “Tonight we’ll have a farewell party”: Rogoyska, p. 22; Allan, “Gerda.”

  194 “Did someone take care of my cameras?”: Schaber, p. 209.

  194 A French journalist, Mlle. Tarot: Vaill, p. 229.

  CHAPTER FIFTEEN

  197 Then the brother swings: Vaill, p. 230.

  198 “I could not forget Gerda Taro”: Rogoyska, p. 222.

  198 One of her colleagues: Rogoyska, p. 225.

  198 “He was just a great boy”: Louis Aragon, in Vaill, p. 231.

  198–200 “It was the middle of the day, and Capa was drunk,” Regler, interview by Josefa Stuart, ICP, no date.

  200 “I left her in danger”: Pierre Gassmann, by Alex Kershaw, in Blood and Champagne, p. 61.

  201 “You learned the dry-mouthed”: Hemingway, p. 236.

  201 “It doesn’t seem fair that I’m still alive”: Cockburn in Allen, prologue to Capa, Death in the Making.

  201 “Part of Capa died with Gerda”: Kershaw, p. 62.

  201 “When she died”: Cartier-Bresson, interview by Stuart, Jan. 23, 1959.

  CHAPTER SIXTEEN

  202 “Comrades of the International”: Ben Hughes, They Shall Not Pass (Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing, 2011), p. 212.

  204 “His closest friends sensed another side of him”: Whelan, Robert Capa: A Biography, p. 127.

  204 “came and went as he chose”: Gellhorn, “Death Do Us Part,” in The Trouble I’ve Seen, p. 274.

  204 “He made no plans, he roamed”: Gellhorn, “Death Do Us Part,” p. 282.

  204 “How could you not”: Vaill, p. 249.

  205 “who spent one year at the Spanish front, and who stayed on”: Robert Capa, dedication to Death in the Making.

  206 “Here the moral[e] is bad”: Robert Capa to Julia Friedmann, 1938, ICP.

  207 “one of the world’s best news photographers”: Life magazine in Whelan, This Is War!, pp. 156–157.

  208 cold autumn night: Capa, translated by Whelan in This Is War!, p.165; original notes for Picture Post, Dec. 3, 1938.

  209 “The Greatest War-Photographer in the World: Robert Capa”: Picture Post, Dec. 3, 1938.

  209 “Life’s Camera Gets Closer”: Life, Dec. 12, 1938.

  210 “Words are hardly necessary”: Capa, translated by Whelan in This Is War!, p. 172; original notes for Picture Post, Dec. 3, 1938.

  210 “the enemy increases its artillery fire”: Capa, translated by Whelan in This Is War!, p. 181; original notes for Picture Post, Dec. 3, 1938.

  211 “I want to die”: In Match, Dec. 12, 1938; in Whelan, This Is War!, p. 155.

  211 “I was so sick”: Robert Capa to Julia Friedmann, Dec. 10, 1937, in Whelan, Robert Capa: A Biography, p. 156.

  212 “It is not easy”: Robert Capa, This Is War!, p. 195.

  212–213 “Each bomber had four to eight machine guns”: Whelan, This Is War!, p. 186.

  213 “is the gamble shared by all of the refugees”: Whelan, This Is War!, pp. 191–193.

  213 “Hundreds and hundreds of thousands”: Whelan, This Is War!, p. 197.

  214–215 She tells of flower sellers in Barcelona: Gellhorn, The Face of War, p. 41.

  216 Chim’s assignment was a ticket to safety: Young, The Mexican Suitcase, Vol. 1, p. 95.

  217 Knowing he would be targeted: Young, The Mexican Suitcase, Vol. 1, p. 95.

  CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

  219 “greatest amphibious”: General Eisenhower in Kershaw, p. 121.

  221 “the most important story of the century”: Kershaw, p. 126. Capa’s ruined and blurry photos are so iconic that they form the basis for the opening of Steven Spielberg’s film Saving Private Ryan—a long opening sequence of the invasion that draws specifically from Capa’s images.

  221 “I felt . . . that the whole world was waiting”: Whelan, Robert Capa: A Biography, p. 214.

  222 “Rush, rush, rush!”: Kershaw, p. 129.

  224 “Why be exploited by others?”: Kershaw, p. 179.

  228–229 “It’s not a job for a grown man”: Whelan, Robert Capa: A Biography, p. 293.

  229 “I can’t be forty, how can anybody be forty?”: Kershaw, p. 239.

  230 On May 25, 1954: Kershaw, p. 246.

  230–231 “I’m going up the road a little bit”: Whelan, Robert Capa: A Biography, p. 299.

  231 “I realize now”: Julia Friedmann interview, ICP.

  CHAPTER EIGHTEEN

  235 it was as if Taro became part of Capa: Schaber, Frontline Club lecture, Oct. 17, 2008.

  CHAPTER NINETEEN

  239 “Two disparate pieces of a jigsaw puzzle”: Brian Wallis, Tricia Ziff, The Mexican Suitcase, film.

  240 “Curiously enough”: Orwell, p. 230.

  240 “We lived those years intensely”: Lisa Berger and Carol Mazer, directors, De toda la vida [All our lives], 1986.

  240 “Youth was born in Spain”: Allen, prologue to Capa, Death in the Making.

  240 In Poland alone: Naggar, Chim: Children of War, p. 8.

  241 “We shall be one person”: Steichen, The Family of Man, photo caption.

  242 his “first fascist corpse”: Szurek, p. 93.

  242 “was just as much against oppression of the Left”: Cornell Capa, interview and notes, ICP, no date.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  19 de Julio en Nueva York: un año de lucha y de trabajo. New York: s.n., 1937.

  Alpe
rt, Michael. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

  Anderson, James M. The Spanish Civil War: A History and Reference Guide. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2003.

  Andrés, Sanz, Jesús de. Atlas ilustrado de carteles de la guerra civil española. Madrid: Susaeta, 2010.

  Balfour, Sebastian. The End of the Spanish Empire: 1898–1923. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.

  Barea, Arturo. The Forging of a Rebel. Translated by Ilsa Barea. New York: Viking Press, 1972.

  Bessie, Alvah Cecil. Alvah Bessie’s Spanish Civil War Notebooks. Edited by Dan Bessie. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002.

  ———. Men in Battle: A Story of Americans in Spain. San Francisco: Chandler & Sharp, 1975. First published in 1939 by Scribner.

  Blinkhorn, Martin, ed. Spain in Conflict 1931–1939: Democracy and Its Enemies. London: Sage Publications, 1986.

  Boyle, Sheila Tully, and Andrew Bunie. Paul Robeson: The Years of Promise and Achievement. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001.

  Browder, Earl, and Bill Lawrence. Next Steps to Win the War in Spain. New York: Workers Library, 1938.

  Buckley, Henry. The Life and Death of the Spanish Republic: A Witness to the Spanish Civil War. New York: I.B. Tauris, 2013.

  Capa, Robert. Slightly Out of Focus. New York: Random House, 1999.

  Carulla, Jordi, and Arnau Carulla. The Color of War: Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. Barcelona: Postermil, 2000.

  Casanova, Julián. The Spanish Republic and Civil War. Translated by Martin Douch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

  Cockburn, Claud. Cockburn in Spain: Despatches from the Spanish Civil War. Edited by James Pettifer. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1986.

  Collum, Danny Duncan, ed., and Victor A. Berch. African Americans in the Spanish Civil War: “This Ain’t Ethiopia, But It’ll Do.” New York: G.K. Hall, 1992.

  Defence of Madrid. Directed by Ivor Montagu. United Kingdom: Progressive Film Institute, 1936.

  Dos Passos, John. Adventures of a Young Man. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1939.

  ———. Century’s Ebb: The Thirteenth Chronicle. Boston: Gambit, 1975.

  ———. Travel Books and Other Writings 1916–1941. New York: Library of America, 2003.

  Duberman, Martin Bauml. Paul Robeson. New York: Knopf, 1988.

  Escolar, Hipólito. La cultura durante la guerra civil. Madrid: Alhambra, 1987.

  Esenwein, George R. The Spanish Civil War: A Modern Tragedy. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2005.

  Freundlich, Elisabeth. The Traveling Years. Translated by Elizabeth Pennebaker. Riverside, CA: Ariadne Press, 1999.

  Frizot, Michel, and Cédric de Veigy. Vu: The Story of a Magazine That Made an Era. Translated by Ruth Sharman. London: Thames & Hudson, 2009.

  Gellhorn, Martha. The Trouble I’ve Seen. New York: William Morrow, 1936.

  ———. The View from the Ground. New York: Atlantic Monthly, 1988.

  Glazer, Peter. Radical Nostalgia: Spanish Civil War Commemoration in America. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2005.

  Guerra de la Vega, Ramón. La guerra civil: España 1936–1939. Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain: Guerra de la Vega, 1996.

  Guttmann, Allen. The Wound in the Heart: America and the Spanish Civil War. New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1962.

  Hardt, Hanno. “Remembering Capa, Spain, and the Legacy of Gerda Taro, 1936–1937.” On Photography, History, and Memory in Spain. Edited by Maria Nilsson. Hispanic Issues On Line Debates 3 (Spring 2011): 30–38.

  Hart, Stephen M., ed. “¡No Pasarán!” Art, Literature, and the Spanish Civil War. London: Tamesis, 1988.

  Hemingway, Ernest. The Fifth Column. New York: Scribner, 1938.

  ———. For Whom the Bell Tolls. New York: Scribner, 1940.

  Herbst, Josephine. The Starched Blue Sky of Spain and Other Memoirs. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999.

  Hochschild, Adam. Spain in Our Hearts: Americans in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016.

  Hughes, Ben. They Shall Not Pass! The British Battalion at Jarama—The Spanish Civil War. Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing, 2011.

  Jackson, Angela. British Women and the Spanish Civil War. Barcelona: Warren & Pell, 2009.

  Keene, Judith. Fighting for Franco: International Volunteers in Nationalist Spain During the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. London: Leicester University Press, 2001.

  Kershaw, Alex. Blood and Champagne: The Life and Times of Robert Capa. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2004.

  Kuromiya, Hiroaki. Stalin: Profiles in Power. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2005.

  Langer, Elinor. Josephine Herbst: The Story She Could Never Tell. Boston: Atlantic Monthly, 1984.

  Lebrun, Bernard, and Michel Lefebvre. Robert Capa: The Paris Years, 1933–1954. New York: Abrams, 2012.

  Lines, Lisa Margaret. Milicianas: Women in Combat in the Spanish Civil War. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2012.

  Ludington, Townsend. John Dos Passos: A Twentieth-Century Odyssey. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1998.

  MacDougall, Ian, ed. Voices from the Spanish Civil War: Personal Recollections of Scottish Volunteers in Republican Spain. Edinburgh: Polygon, 1986.

  Maspero, François. Out of the Shadows: A Life of Gerda Taro. Translated by Geoffrey Strachan. London: Souvenir Press, 2008.

  Matthews, Herbert L. Two Wars and More to Come. New York: Carrick & Evans, 1938.

  Mazower, Mark. Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century. New York: Knopf, 1998.

  McLoughlin, Kate. Martha Gellhorn: The War Writer in the Field and in the Text. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007.

  Mendelson, Jordana. The Spanish Pavilion Paris, 1937. Barcelona: Ediciones de La Central, 2009.

  Miller, Russell. Magnum: Fifty Years at the Front Line of History. New York: Grove Press, 1997.

  Moorehead, Caroline. Gellhorn: A Twentieth-Century Life. New York: Henry Holt, 2003.

  ———, ed. Selected Letters of Martha Gellhorn. New York: Henry Holt, 2006.

  Morris, John G. Get the Picture: A Personal History of Photojournalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.

  Naggar, Carole. Chim: Children of War. Brooklyn: Umbrage Editions, 2013.

  Neruda, Pablo. Spain in Our Hearts: Hymn to the Glories of the People at War. Translated by Donald D. Walsh. New York: New Directions, 2005.

  Orwell, George. Homage to Catalonia. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1952.

  Payne, Stanley G. The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, 1933–1936. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.

  ———. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999.

  ———. The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004.

  Pemán, José María. Comentarios a mil imágenes de la guerra civil española. Barcelona: Editorial AHR, 1967.

  Preston, Paul, ed. Revolution and War in Spain: 1931–1939. London: Methuen, 1984.

  ———. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1986.

  Regler, Gustav. The Owl of Minerva: The Autobiography of Gustav Regler. Translated by Norman Denny. New York: Farrar, Straus & Cudahy, 1969.

  Rhodes, Richard. Hell and Good Company: The Spanish Civil War and the World It Made. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.

  Robles, Tardío, Rocío. Art and Civil War. Barcelona: Ediciones de La Central, 2010.

  Rogoyska, Jane. Gerda Taro: Inventing Robert Capa. London: Jonathan Cape, 2013.

  Rollyson, Carl. Nothing Ever Happens to the Brave: The Story of Martha Gellhorn. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990.

  Salvador, Tomás. Guerra de españa en sus fotografias. Barcelona:Ediciones Marte, 1966.

  Schaber, Irme. Gerda Taro: Fotoreporterin; Mit Robert Capa in Spanishen Bürgerkrieg. Stuttgart, Germany: Jonas Verlag, 2013.

  Schaber, Irme, Richard Whelan, and Kristen Lubben, eds. Gerda Taro. New York: I
nternational Center of Photography, 2007.

  Schlögel, Karl. Moscow, 1937. Translated by Rodney Livingstone. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2012.

  Snyder, Timothy. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic, 2010.

  Solé i Sabaté, Josep M., and Joan Villarroya. Guerra i propaganda: fotografies del comissariat de propaganda de la generalitat de Catalunya (1936–1939). Barcelona: Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya, 2006.

  Steichen, Edward. The Family of Man. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1986.

  Szurek, Aleksander. The Shattered Dream. Translated by Jacques Grunblatt and Hilda Grunblatt. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1989.

  Thomas, Hugh. The Spanish Civil War. New York: Harper & Row, 1977.

  Tismaneanu, Vladimir. The Devil in History: Communism, Fascism, and Some Lessons of the Twentieth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012.

  Vaill, Amanda. Hotel Florida: Truth, Love, and Death in the Spanish Civil War. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014.

  Vernon, Alex. Hemingway’s Second War: Bearing Witness to the Spanish Civil War. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2011.

  Whelan, Richard. Robert Capa: A Biography. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985.

  ———. Robert Capa: Photographs. New York: Aperture, 1996.

  ———. This Is War! Robert Capa at Work. New York: International Center of Photography/Steidl, 2007.

  Wyden, Peter. The Passionate War: The Narrative History of the Spanish Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983.

  Yates, James. Mississippi Mud: Memoir of a Black American in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. Seattle: Open Hand Publishing, 1989.

  Young, Cynthia, ed. The Mexican Suitcase: The Rediscovered Spanish Civil War Negatives of Capa, Chim, and Tara. 2 vols. New York: International Center of Photography, 2010.

  ———, ed. We Went Back: Photographs from Europe 1933–1956 by Chim. New York: International Center of Photography, 2013.

  WEB RESOURCES

  The Eyes of the World deals with many people, ideas, artistic creations, and events that can be explored on the Web. Here we offer an initial introduction to some sites we found to be particularly rich, interesting, and useful.

 

‹ Prev