by Jared Rubin
money-changing, 94–95
Ottomans and, 207–208
safatij, 93–94, 97, 234n58
suftaja, 92–93, 95, 233n49, 233n50, 233n51
trusts (see waqf)
Mongols, 4, 35
Montesquieu, 138
Muhammad, 52, 202as charismatic, 56
Companions, 57, 58
early life, 49
hadiths and, 52
Islam and, 22, 49
proto-institutions and, 49
succession of, 57
multiple regression analysis, 135, 238n19
Murray, James M., 92
Müteferrika, Ibrahim, 108
Napoleon, 32
nationalism, 70
Netherlands. See Dutch Republic
North, Douglass, 16, 17, 37, 212, 240n21
notables, 190–193
oil, xiii, 214
Opwis, Felicitas, 145
Orientalist tradition, 2–3
Ottoman Empire, 111, 146, 184–199archives, 235n17
autocracy and, 216
banking and, 75, 81–82
Catholic Church and, 114, 115
commercial law, 244n57
confiscations, 192
Constantinople and, 190, 192, 194
currency and, 197, 207
divergence (see divergence)
economic elites, 188, 189, 193, 194, 244n65
economics and, 146, 184–199
education and, 145
elites, 244n64 (see also specific groups)
equilibrium actions, 108
extent of, 47, 169, 184, 186
fatwas and, 32
fiscal crises, 197, 244n63
height of, 171
interest and, 80, 82
Islam and, 125, 184, 187, 188, 194 (see also Islam)
Janissary corps, 33, 197
judicial system and, 81, 194, 197
legitimacy and, 71, 109, 113, 185 (see also legtimation)
lending markets, 198
literacy, 142, 198
malikane system, 190, 191
Mamluks and, 48, 188
military and, 142, 144, 145, 186, 190, 194, 207
notables and, 189, 191, 193
partnerships, 196
population of, 189
printing and, 13, 14, 44, 101, 105–117, 125, 142–148, 198, 205, 210, 212, 236n46
propagating agents, 172
Protestants and, 128, 140, 145, 193
religious authorities, 13, 110, 142, 184–199
rise of, 110
secular law, 194
Spain and, 15, 169–200 (see also Spain)
state ownership, 192
Sunnis, 48, 57, 60, 71, 110, 230n20, 233n51
taxation and, 39, 186, 190, 191, 192, 244n59
timar system, 33, 144, 186
urban populations, 184
waqf and, 82, 194
war and, 186, 188, 189, 201
Pamuk, Sevket, 197
parliaments, 70, 137–141, 173, 189democracy and, 215, 216
economics and, 140, 206
England and, 152–158, 240n21
as legitimizing agent, 154
propagation by, 138
Reformation and, 139
religious authorities and, 138, 139
partnerships, 195, 204
Pascali, Luigi, 88
Pax Mongolia, 35, 226n12
Pfaff, Steven, 133
Philip II, 162, 174–176, 178, 183
Philip IV, 70
piety, 59
political elites, 45, 64, 67, 220
Pomeranz, Kenneth, 224n26
population statistics, 4, 4f, 21
poverty, 213, 214, 227n9
precious metals, 169, 175, 178, 206, 214, 242n18
printing, 114Arabic script, 105, 106, 109, 113, 142, 144, 198, 236n46
Catholic Church and, 104, 114, 115, 124, 135, 218
consequences of, 99
demand for, 107, 142
economics and, 100, 147
education and, 147
effects of, 19, 115, 124
England and, 153
equilibrium actions, 108
Europe and, 113–116, 205
fragmentation and, 116
ijaza and, 112–113
influence of, 14
information technology and, 218
invention of, 99, 234n1
Islam and, 107, 108, 205
libraries and, 107
literacy rates, 135
Lutheranism and, 131
Ottoman Empire and, 14, 44, 100, 101, 105–117, 125, 142–148, 205, 210, 212, 236n46
path dependent effects, 124
propagation and, 101
Protestants and, 14, 119–148, 181, 205
religion and, 13, 14, 105, 146, 205 (see also specific groups)
restrictions on, 99–118
Spain and, 242n6
spread of, 102, 238n19
propagation, 27–44agents of, 11, 12, 19, 34f, 38–41, 203 (see also specific groups, topics)
benefits and, 33
citizens and, 38, 41 (see also citizenry)
coercive agents, 11, 31, 33, 34f, 69, 223n17
costs of, 39, 40
economic elites and (see economic elites)
effectivity of, 39
equilibrium in, 41
game theory and, 36–41
history of, 47–72
institutions and, 12, 37 (see also institutions)
legitimacy and, 31–32, 32f, 34, 34f, 56, 56f (see also legitimation)
military and, 35 (see military)
printing and, 101 (see also printing)
religious elites (see religious elites)
theses concerning, 44–46; See also specific rulers, states, topics
property rights, 17, 28, 222n16
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The (Weber), 119, 120
Protestants, 116, 151capitalism and, 16, 119, 120 (see also capitalism)
Catholics and, 47, 119–121, 205 (see also Reformation)
economic elites and, 137–141, 152, 188, 193
economics and, 16, 119, 120, 205
education and, 236n2
England and, 152–158
interest and, 231n35
Islam and, 121 (see also Islam)
legitimacy and, 151
Ottoman Empire and, 128, 140, 145, 193
printing and, 14, 119–137, 181, 205
Reformation and, 14, 119, 124, 126–128, 148, 161
rulers and, 137, 193
social ethic, 236n2
Weber and, 119–120, 236n1; See also specific persons, topics
Qur’an: Arabic script and, 105, 109, 113, 142, 198, 236n46Christianity and, 54 (see also Christianity)
economics and, 244n57
Shari’a and, 58, 68, 80, 82, 193, 194
state and, 51
succession and, 57
Sunna and, 58, 112, 228n20; See also Islam; specific terms, topics
Reformation, 119–141, 161, 199Augsburg Confession and, 127
capitalism and, 120, 127, 133, 222n10
Catholicism and, 47, 119, 127, 133 (see also Catholicism)
Commercial Revolution and, 203, 212
Dutch Republic and, 159, 160, 165
economics and, 16, 119, 127–129, 162, 207
effects of, 14, 19
England and, 153
Henry VIII and, 212
Islam and, 142f
legitimation and, 14, 189, 206
Ottomans and, 128, 145
parliaments and, 139, 189
political institutions and, 151
printing and, 14, 119–148, 205
Protestantism and, 124, 126–128, 148, 161 (see also Protestants)
religious elites and, 151, 162
Schmalkaldic League, 127
secularization and, 206
Spain and, 175, 242n6
universities and, 133
urbanity and, 127, 162
religions, 12, 2
4, 209Christianity and (see Christianity)
church/state, 22, 54, 67, 68
consistency and, 42
economics and, 23, 45 (see also economics)
Egypt and, 34
elites (see religious elites)
extent of influence, 13
incentives and, 12, 27
institutions and (see institutions)
interest and, 14, 78 (see also interest)
Islam and (see Islam)
kinship ties and, 17
legal systems and, 61
legitimation and, 12, 14, 29, 32, 45, 48, 71, 209 (see also religious elites)
merchant elites and, 65, 67
monotheisms, 42
Ottomans and (see Ottoman Empire)
policies and, 35
political influence of, 14, 209 (see also religious elites)
printing and, 13, 14, 105 (see also printing)
Spain and, 172 (see also Spain)
See also specific persons, groups, topics
religious elites, xv, 29, 42Christianity and, 48, 49, 52, 89 (see also Christianity)
commercial law, 194
conservatism and, 61
economic elites and, 67, 137, 215
Islam and, 48, 49, 51, 56–62, 89, 168, 216, 227n6 (see also Islam)
legitimation and, 12, 20, 39, 43–62, 67, 71, 137, 138, 168, 184–199, 204, 206, 209, 216, 219 (see also legitimation; specific groups)
notables and, 190
Ottomans and, 110, 142, 185, 194
political elites and, 43–45
printing and, 146
Reformation and, 151, 162
secularism and, 61; See also religions; specific groups, topics
rents, 15, 84, 208, 225n6
Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, The (Kennedy), 19
Robinson, Francis, 146
Robinson, James, 18
Roman Empire, 5, 12, 52, 53, 62–71. See also specific persons, topics
Romer, Paul, 222n15
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 138
Rubin, Jared, 80, 142, 157, 198, 231n23, 237n6, 237n18, 238n19
Rudolph of Swabia, 68
Russia, 201
Sachs, Jeffrey, 22
Safavid Empire, 188, 189
Saladin, 32
Sardar, Ziauddin, 108
Saudi Arabia, 214
Sayyid Jamal as-Din al-Afghani, 146
science, 11, 14, 44, 224n21
secularism, 22, 61, 67, 206
Selim I, 47, 48, 105, 110
Selim III, 145
Shari’a, 68, 80, 82, 193, 194
Shari’ati, Ali, 148
Shia Islam, 57, 145
silver, 169, 175, 178, 206, 214, 242n18
Sixtus IV, 104
social media, 217, 218
Sokoloff, Kenneth, 22
South Asia, 8, 227n2
South Korea, 9
Spain, 169, 171, 172–184, 221n1Americas and, 214
banking and, 178
Catholic Church and, 15, 169–184, 214
colonies, 179
comuneros revolt, 137, 176, 242n9
Cortes and, 175–178
decline of, 181, 182, 183, 243n37
Dutch Republic and, 132, 137, 159–167, 169, 177, 181, 212, 241n36, 242n18 (see also Dutch Republic)
economic decline, 171, 172–184, 243n25
economic elites, 178, 182
England and, 181
export markets, 180
expulsions from, 180, 242n2
GDP, 171, 181, 183
industrialism and, 180–181
inflation, 179, 180, 181
Inquisition, 173
legitimation and, 206
Mesta and, 243n25
military and, 173
Ottoman Empire and, 15, 169–200 (see also Ottoman Empire)
parliaments and, 173
precious metals and, 169, 175, 178, 206, 214, 242n18
printing and, 242n6
Protestantism and, 175, 177, 242n6
real wages, 181, 183
religious authorities and, 172, 199
taxes and, 178
urbanization and, 183
wars and, 132, 137, 159–167, 174, 212, 241n36; See also specific topics, persons
Structure and Change in Economic History (North), 17
suftaja (plural, safatij), 92–95, 97, 233n49, 233n50, 233n51, 234n58
Suleiman I, 188
Sunna, 58, 112, 228n20
Sunni Islam, 48, 57, 60, 71, 110, 230n20, 233n51
Sunni-Shi’a split, 57
Sykes-Picot Agreement, 21, 224n25
Syrian refugee crisis, xiii
Tamerlane, 243n47
Tawney, Richard, 206
taxation, 19, 33, 38, 57, 206collection, 152
Dutch Republic and, 163
feudalism and, 186
French rulers and, 39
land use, 155
military and, 186
Ottomans and, 39, 186, 189, 190
Spain and, 178
timar system, 188
urban and, 163
war and, 186
technology, 11, 14, 44, 224n21
Tekiner, Efdaleddin, 235n17
terrorism, xiii, 33, 173–174, 210, 219
Tertullian, 53
Tierney, Brian, 54
Tilly, Charles, 19
timar system, 186–188
trusts. See waqf
Tunisia, 216
Turkey, 214, 216
Umayyads, 4, 57, 58, 59, 172, 202, 221n1
umma, 17
unified growth theory, 222n15
United Arab Emirates, 214
universities, 69, 135t, 136
Urban III, 84
urbanization, 65, 224n20, 237n15, 237n18capitalism and (see capitalism)
center of gravity and, 6
Dutch and, 159, 161, 162, 183
economics and, 161, 163, 221n3 (see also economics)
industrialism and (see industrialization)
Islam and, 3–5, 7
medieval Europe, 63
populations, 4, 4f, 5f, 6, 6f, 7f, 66t, 150, 159, 183
Reformation and, 162
Spain and, 183
taxes and, 163
Western Europe, 66t
usury, 13, 75–98, 204, 206, 230n21
van der Woude, Ad, 163
van Zanden, Jan Luiten, 18, 100, 115, 137, 138, 212
Violence and Social Orders (North, Wallis, Weingast), 18
Wallis, John, 18
waqf, 192cash, 81–83, 230n13, 230n19, 230n20
defined, 38
interest and, 81–83, 230n20
Ottomans and, 192, 194–196, 229n1
war, 19, 175, 186–188, 201, 222n16. See also specific states, conflicts
Weber, Max, 15, 21, 31, 33, 56, 119, 120, 125, 206, 222n10, 236n1
Weingast, Barry, 18, 240n21
welfare ratios, 120, 121f, 150, 150t
West India Company, 164
What Went Wrong? (Lewis), 22
Why Did Europe Conquer the World? (Hoffman), 19
Why Nations Fail (Acemoglu, Robinson), 18
William of Orange, 132
William the Conqueror, 67, 153
Wintrobe, Ronald, 225n6
women, 10, 18, 35, 40
Worms, Concordat of, 68
Wößmann, Ludger, 120
Wyclif, John, 130
Zwingli, Huldrych, 126
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