on strategic debates, 83, 89, 101, 122
on Themistocles, 238
on Xerxes-Artabanus conversations, 46–47
on Xerxes-Artemisia conference, 216–17
Hippias, ex-tyrant of Athens, 70, 99, 116
Histiaeus, 185
Histories (Herodotus), 3, 7, 218
Homer, 20, 29, 86, 213
hoplites, 144, 145, 147
Hyperanthes, son of Darius, 35
Immortals, 42
infantry, 42
Ionia, Ionians, 27–28, 42, 95, 106, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 138, 145, 161, 204, 217–18, 219, 221, 225, 233, 246, 247
at Salamis, 163, 176–77, 184, 192
Ionian Revolt, 14, 27, 56, 59, 105, 185, 218
Ion of Chios, 141
Iran, Iranians, xix, 4, 31, 132
Isis, 180–81
Issus, battle of, 173–74
Isthmia, 238
Isthmian Games, 202
Isthmus of Corinth, 57, 87, 102, 111–12, 115, 116, 121, 169, 217, 218, 224, 231, 237–38
Italy, 81, 116, 247
javelins, 177
Lade, battle of, 27–28, 41, 43, 116, 117, 152, 185
Lampsacus, 248
“law of hands,” 167, 204–5
Leleges, 56, 96
Lemnos, 78
Leon (Greek marine), 18, 148
Leonidas, king of Sparta, 12, 31, 33, 34–35, 51, 85, 173, 193, 239, 245
Lesbos, 59
Leucas, 78
Lucian, 180–81
Lycia, Lycians, 95, 128, 131, 138, 139
Lycides of Athens, 220
Lycomedes, 24
Lydia, Lydians, 4, 131, 204
Lygdamis, king of Halicarnassus, 96, 251–52
Lyrnaeans, 131
Lysimachus, son of Aristides, 119, 194, 249
Lysistrata (Aristophanes), 98
Macedonia, Macedonians, 15, 35, 40, 43, 95, 145, 220, 240, 246
Magnesia, 248, 249
Malis, 35
Marathon, battle of, 14, 37, 39, 43, 46, 56, 67, 69, 70, 80, 119, 141–42, 149, 235
Mardonius, son of Gobryas, 38–39, 99–100, 183, 206, 214, 224
death of, 221, 245, 251
in second invasion of Greece, 216–21
marines, xviii, 4–5, 129, 146, 159, 165, 167, 176, 177, 179, 204
equipment of, 131–32
pre-battle assembly of, 150–51
Masistes, brother of Xerxes, 225
Massagetae, 46
Matten, king of Tyre, 132, 161
Medes, 55, 122, 204
Megabazus, son of Megabates, 127, 132, 161, 215
Megara, Megarians, 17, 60, 76, 78, 112, 116, 134, 138
Melos, 78, 79
Merbalus, king of Aradus, 132, 161
Miletus, 59, 246
Miltiades, Athenian commander, 64, 235
Minos, king of Crete, 97
Mnesiphilus, Athenian politician, 84–85, 86
Mount Athos canal, 43, 127–28
Munychia, 135, 136
Mycale, battle of, 222, 240, 249
Myos, 248
myrrh, 199, 212
Mysia, Mysians, 131, 204
Naxos, 78, 170, 194, 199–200
Nisyros, 96
oarsmen, xviii, xix, 129, 165, 177–78, 204–5
equipment of, 130–31
identity of, 145–46
pipe of, 163–64
pre-battle meal of, 147–48
Odysseus, 77, 181
Odyssey (Homer), 17
Olympic Games, 76, 199
Oracle of Bacis, 135–36
Oresteia (Aeschylus), 249
Pallene, 165, 175
Pallenis, 189
Paloukia Bay, 77, 145, 162
Pamphylia, Pamphylians, 4, 10, 105, 128, 138, 139, 219
Panaetius, son of Sosimenes, 122–23, 234
Panionius of Chios, 58–59
Paros, 200, 235–36
Parthenon, 3, 71, 250
Pedasa, 56, 58
Peloponnesian War, 3, 67, 241, 249, 250
penteconter, xxi, 145
Peparethos, 223
Pericles, 68, 71, 80, 250
Persian Empire, 218–19
Athens’s relations with, 3–4, 13–14
Egyptian revolts against, 38, 105, 248–49
extent of, 37
fleet of, 4, 41–42
forces of, 41–42
Ionian Revolt and, 14, 59, 218
modern knowledge of, 6–7
status of women in, 97–98
Persians, The (Aeschylus), 5, 113, 141, 249
Persian Wars, 6–7
causes of, 13–14
Greek city-states in, 16–17
Greek defensive strategy in, 14–15
onset of, 13–14
Persian goals in, 101
Phaleron Bay, 57, 65–66, 128, 195, 203
harbor of, 99
Persian fleet in, 95–96
Phanias of Lesbos, 149
Pharmacussae Islands, 163
Phayllos of Croton, 199, 250
Philaon, son of Chersis, 24
Philip II, king of Macedonia, 246
Phocaea, 59–60
Phocis, 54, 55, 160
Phoenicia, Phoenicians, xvii—xviii, xix, 4, 43, 95, 131, 133, 184, 204, 206, 214, 219, 221, 222
deployment of, 135–38, 145
in diekplous maneuver, 22
at Salamis, 161, 163–64, 167, 170–73, 192
seamanship of, xvii—xviii, xix, 22, 126–28
triremes of, xviii, 153
Phrygia, 110–11
Phthia, 35
Phylakes, son of Histiaeus, 184–85, 216
Pigres, brother of Artemisia, 93, 132
pilot, see helmsman
Pindar, 29
pipes, 163–64
Piraeus, 2, 241
Plataea, battle of, 221, 240, 249, 251
Plataea, city-state of, 17, 55–56, 78
Plato, 13, 247
Plutarch, 6, 112, 114–15, 119, 122, 134, 149, 153, 154, 171, 174, 189
Polyaenus, Roman-era military writer, 120
Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, 185
Polycritus, son of Crius, 191, 194, 196–98, 200, 251
Prexaspes, son of Aspathines, 127, 132, 161, 215
Psyttaleia, 77, 138
Greek recapture of, 194–95
Persian occupation of, 129–30, 133, 134, 135
Pytheas, 198–99, 251
Pythian Games, 199
Pythius the Lydian, 45–46
ramming tactic, 161–62, 165, 167
religion, 62–63, 71, 131, 150–51, 169, 233
rowers, see oarsmen
rowing master, xx, 137, 165, 166, 169, 178
Sacae, xix, 132, 133, 176, 204
Salamis, 1–2, 57
Athenian refugees in, 60–61, 75, 77, 169
geography of, 76–77
Greek fleet based in, 74–78
population of, 74
strategic value of, 60–64, 66
Salamis, battle of:
Aeginetan ambush in, 194–98, 208
Artemisia’s ruse in, 181–83, 185–87
assessment of, 207–28, 240–41, 247
battle cries in, 164
brutality toward enemy swimmers in, 187–88
casualties in, 173, 174, 178–80, 204–6, 229–30
chaos of, 179–80
Corinth’s role in, 200–203
divine apparition in, 167–68, 169
element of surprise in, 157–59, 161, 207
ethnic groups in, 131–32, 145
fall of Psyttaleia in, 194–95
first kill in, 166, 180
Greek backward movement in, 164–65
Greek city-states in, 78
Greek fleet launched in, 159–62
Greek fleet strength in, 74–75, 78–79, 145
islet-reef in, 162–63
legacy of, 247–48
line abreast tactic in,
162–63
literature of, 5–8
noise of, 168–69
numbers engaged in, 4–5
onset of combat in, 165–70
Persian commanders in, 132
Persian command style and, 173–74, 183, 193, 207
Persian fatigue in, 139–40, 170–71
Persian fleet strength in, 99–100, 104–5, 109, 126, 130, 131–32
Persian flight in, 191–94, 197
Phoenicians routed in, 170–73
successful commanders in, 199–201
wind in, 153, 176
Salamis, battle of, aftermath of:
attempted bribe of Athens in, 220
booty distributed in, 230, 237
causeway built in, 213–14
Greek war council in, 227, 231–35, 236
Persian strategic debates in, 214, 216–22
Persian withdrawal in, 217–18, 222–23
prize for bravery awarded in, 238
second Persian invasion and, 220–21
Sicinnus’s secret mission in, 233–34, 236
siege of Andros in, 235–36
treatment of wounded in, 212–13, 228–29
Xerxes-Artemisia private conference in, 214–17
Salamis, battle of, prelude to:
cult statues in, 121, 143, 151, 195, 208
evacuation of Athens in, see Athens, evacuation of
Greek discord in, 82, 111–12, 143
Greek fleet deployed in, 145–46
Greek marines’ assembly in, 150–51
Greek strategic debates in, 82–84, 86, 87–89
owl omen in, 149
Panaetius’s desertion in, 122–23, 234
Persian deployment in, 121–22, 126, 133–39
Persian fleet mobilization in, 128–30
Persian reinforcements in, 104–5
Persian show of force in, 106–7, 128–29
Persian strategic debates in, 98–102
Psyttaleia occupied in, 129–30, 133, 134, 135
religious practices in, 148–51
sacrifice of prisoners in, 149–50
Sicinnus’s secret mission in, 109–13
supply and provisions in, 102–3, 104, 129
Themistocles-Eurybiades meeting in, 85–86, 87
Salganeus of Boeotia, 57
salpinx (trumpet), 160
Samos, Samians, 28, 67, 117, 152, 184–85, 216, 222, 246
Samothrace, 173
Sandauce, sister of Xerxes, 149
Sardis, 56, 225
Sciathos, 18
Scyllias of Scione, 20–21
Scythia, 38–39, 46, 213
Seriphos, 78–79, 145
Sestus, 249
Seven Against Thebes (Aeschylus), 249
Sicily, 43, 79, 81
Sicinnus, slave of Themistocles, 152, 250
first secret mission of, see Sicinnus, first secret mission of
second secret mission of, 233–34, 236
Sicinnus, first secret mission of, 109–23
historical versions of, 113–15
Persian reaction to, 117–19
success of, 119–23
Themistocles and, 110–13, 115–18
traitor ploy in, 116–18
Sicyon, 78
Sidon, Sidonians, 125, 126–28, 139, 197, 245
Simonides, 200
Simos of Thasos, 146
Siphnos, 78–79
Socrates, 247
Solon, 82
Solyson, tyrant of Samos, 185
Sophocles, 75, 247
Sosicles of Paeania, 200
Sostratus, son of Laodamus, 195
Sparta, Spartans, 2, 3, 17–18, 29, 50, 73, 76, 79, 80, 85, 98, 145, 148–49, 196, 207, 220, 221, 224, 234, 235, 236, 241, 243, 249
clothing and weapons of, 33
military training of, 34
national ethos of, 231
at Salamis, 162–63
style of discourse in, 86–87
Themistocles honored by, 239
at Thermopylae, 33–35, 173
see also Eurybiades
Styra, 78
Susa, 243
Syennesis (king) of Cilicia, 132
Syracuse, 79, 171
Telamon, legendary hero, 77, 89
Telesilla of Argos, 49
Telesippus of Piraeus, 146
Tenos, 122, 145
Tetramnestus, king of Sidon, 125, 127, 128, 132, 139, 161, 173, 193, 251
thalamians, xix, 178
Thebes, 29, 55, 240
Themistocles, son of Neocles, 2, 15, 75, 76, 136, 143, 146, 159, 172, 184, 194, 203, 227, 230, 238, 247
Aristides’ reconciliation with, 119–22
Artaxerxes’ audience with, 243, 244, 248
at Artemisium, 18–19, 21–24, 27–30
assessment of, 241
Athens’s rejection of, 240–41
background of, 12–13
death of, 248–49
described, 11–12, 244
Euboean bribe of, 18–19
Eurybiades’ meeting with, 85–86, 87
evacuation of Athens and, 61–62, 64–67
in exile, 243
Herodotus on, 238
leadership of, 13
at Marathon, 14
marines addressed by, 151
monument to, 249
prisoners sacrificed by, 149–50
remains of, 1
role of Corinth and, 151–52
at Salamis, 197–98
Sicinnus’s secret missions and, 109–18, 233–34, 236
Sparta’s recognition of, 239
in strategic debates, 64–65, 83–84, 86, 87–89, 112–14, 121–22, 231–36
wind ploy of, 152–54
Themistocles Decree, 61–62
Theognis of Megara, 68
Theomestor, son of Androdamas, 184–85, 216
Thermopylae, battle of, 4, 12, 15, 16, 25, 48, 49, 51, 54, 61, 66, 76, 85, 116, 160, 169, 193, 239, 245
aftermath of, 31–33
casualties in, 35
Greeks betrayed in, 34–35
Persian breakthrough in, 28–29
Spartans at, 33, 34–35, 173
Theseus, 60
Thespiae, 55–56, 110, 115, 250
Thessaly, 15, 40, 55, 224
Thrace, 35, 40, 43
thranites, xix, 177
Thucydides, 79, 168, 247
Timodemus of Aphidna, 239
Timonax, son of Timagoras, 132
Timotheus of Miletus, 5, 171–72, 188, 193, 205–6, 220
Tithraustes, son of Xerxes, 57
triremes, xvii—xxi, 15, 130, 177
acceleration ability of, 165–66
crew of, xvii—xix, 132
see also specific Roles
decoration of, 148
diekplous maneuver of, 21–22, 24, 26
dimensions of, xvii—xviii, xx—xxi
names of, 147
operation of, xx—xxi
ramming tactic of, 161–62, 165, 167
rudders of, 180–81
sailing season of, 103
spare oars carried by, 84
tools carried by, 100
Troezen, 60, 66–67, 78, 148, 236
trumpets, 160
Tyre, 127
Tyrtaeus, 231
“Upbringing, The,” 34
Vale of Tempe, 15
Xanthippus, son of Ariphron, 68, 240, 241, 249–50
Xerxes, king of Persia, 2, 4, 27, 30, 35, 53, 56, 62, 72, 79, 88, 97, 105, 127, 128, 132, 133–34, 139–40, 158, 161, 169, 185, 204, 206, 218, 225, 229, 231–32, 236
Artabanus’s conversations with, 46–47
Artemisia’s private conference with, 214–17
assessment of, 244
background of, 37–38
canals and bridges built by, 43–44, 46
death of, 244
and decision to invade Greece, 38–40
Demaratus as military advisor to, 31, 47–50, 184, 251
Egyptian revolt and, 38
fear of, 183–84, 186, 214
first military campaign of, 38
Greek traitors sought by, 42–43, 102–3, 104, 116
Hellespont crossed by, 44–45
invasion plans of, 40–42
in journey to Hellespont, 223–24
in march on Athens, 55, 59
in march to Greece, 35–37
new strategy of, 218–21
at Phaleron Bay, 94, 95–96, 98–99
psychological warfare of, 43, 45–46
Pythius and, 45–46
royal tent of, 7, 49
at Salamis, 105–6, 158, 159, 164, 172–73, 174, 182–84, 188, 193
Salamis aftermath and, 213–14
Sicinnus’s secret missions and, 114, 116–18, 233–34, 236
in strategic debates, 98–102
at Thermopylae, 31, 36, 49
weeping episode of, 47
zygites, xix
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Strauss, Barry
The battle of Salamis : the naval encounter that saved Greece—and western civilization /
Barry Strauss.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Salamis, Battle of, Greece, 480 B.C. I. Title.
DF225.6.S76 2004
938’.03—dc22
2004045341
eISBN-13: 978-0-7432-7453-1 (eBook)
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