by Tom Shippey
7 Two of these have been discussed above; for ‘fallow’ see Memoriam Essays, pp. 299–300; ‘Quickbeam’ is a dictionary joke. Cwicbéam, ‘live-tree’, is glossed in Anglo-Saxon dictionaries as ‘poplar’ or ‘aspen’, a decision Tolkien knew was wrong (a) because poplars were imports, like rabbits, (b) because in England ‘quicken’ or ‘wicken’ is still the common word for ‘mountain-ash’. Quickbeam accordingly is a rowan-Ent (LOTR, p. 471); but he has become a ‘quick-tree’ in the modern sense, not the old one.
8 I.J. L. Lowes, The Road to Xanadu: A Study in the Ways of the Imagination (London: Constable, 1927), p. 44.
APPENDIX C
1 This Appendix is based on my article ‘Another Road to Middle-earth: Jackson’s Movie Trilogy’, in Neil D. Isaacs and Rose Zimbardo, eds., Understanding the Lord of the Rings (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 2004), pp. 233–54. I am grateful to the editors for allowing me to repeat sections of it.
2 Some figures for video/DVD sales are given by Kristin Thompson in her article ‘Fantasy, Franchises, and Frodo Baggins: The Lord of the Rings and Modern Hollywood’, in The Velvet Light Trap 32 (Fall 2003), 45–63. Though such figures are always out-of-date, it is clear that the Tolkien films have unusually high cassette/DVD sales, especially of DVDs, though relatively low rentals (people want to keep them). Even in 2003 the return on such sales was approaching the figure for box office takings.
3 Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens are credited with the screenplay, along with Jackson himself.
4 Possibly Frodo says the words four times. Only three are sub-titled, but Frodo appears to say ‘I will take the Ring’ completely inaudibly, as if to himself, before trying to say it out loud.
5 Arwen says to Elrond, her father, ‘There is still hope’ in JTT 38, ‘Arwen’s Fate’, and this conversation is what brings the Elvish army to the rescue at Helm’s Deep. There is a kind of symmetry, then, in three or four scenes: Arwen persuading her father in JTT 38, Aragorn encouraging Théoden in JTT 43 and Haleth in JTT 48, Sam re-motivating Frodo and at the same time convincing Faramir in JTT 60.
6 For the importance of the play to Tolkien, see above. There is an old theatrical tradition that the ‘glass’ which Macbeth sees in Act IV, Scene 1, line 118 ff. was, in the original first production, a mirror angled towards King James I in the audience so that the latter could see himself, as one of Banquo’s descendants.
7 To quote Hamlet’s famous ‘To be or not to be’ soliloquy, from Act III, scene 1: ‘Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, / And thus the native hue of resolution / Is sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought, / And enterprises of great pitch and moment / With this regard their currents turn awry / And lose the name of action.’ For the importance of Macbeth to Tolkien, see the note above; Michael M.C. Drout points out clear debts to King Lear in his ‘Tolkien’s Prose Style and its Literary and Rhetorical Effects’, Tolkien Studies 1 (2004), 137–62.
8 Jackson’s own version of ‘interlace’ obviously deserves extended treatment of its own. Kristin Thompson’s article mentioned in note 2 above discusses his debt to cinematic tradition.
9 Against the 62 chapters of The Lord of the Rings (some ten of which are largely or completely cut out of the film versions), the extended version of JFR has 46 scenes, not counting credits, of JTT 66. No count is available as yet for the extended version of the third film, but the total number of scenes will probably be 170–180: three or four scenes, then, for every one of Tolkien’s chapters actually used.
INDEX
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.
Individual works by Tolkien, by other frequently mentioned authors, and from frequently mentioned compilations such as the Bible, Grimms’ Fairy Tales, and the Poetic Edda will be found indexed under Tolkien, Shakespeare, Bible, Poetic Edda, etc.
‘abide’, 134–5
Acemannesceaster, 37
Acton, Lord, 155–6
Adam (and Eve), 122, 159, 268, 273, 274. See also Creation
‘addictive’, 157–8, 167, 263, 324
ægishjâlmr, 302–3
Ælfwine (in Battle of Maldon), 138
Ælfwine (as name, also Alboin, Alwin), 337–9
Ælfwine (Wídlást), 340–2, 347–50
Æsc, Askr, 347–8
Aeneid, The, see Virgil
Aerin, 301
‘Agnes and the Merman’, 399
Ainur, 267, 272
Aire, River, 74n
Akeman Street, 37, 38, 41
Alaric, 170
Alcuin, 225, 232, 233
Alfred, King, 33–4, 160, 172, 338, 376
Allan, Jim, 275n
allegories, 6, 45, 49–50, 53, 55, 87, 104, 113, 153, 190–7, 201, 217, 226, 229, 230, 275, 309, 311, 333, 393
alliteration, 23, 121, 143, 207, 218–19, 222, 245, 251, 254, 362
Alpharts Tod (Middle High German poem), 19
Alvíssmál, see Poetic Edda
Aman, 263, 283, 326, 327
American reactions to philology 10, 26; reactions to Tolkien, 1–3; traditions, 393–4, 398; words, 78–9
A Midsummer Night’s Dream, see Shakespeare
Amon Hen, 162, 183, 184
anachronisms, 74–80, 81, 154
Anatomy of Criticism (Frye), 238–40
Ancrene Wisse (Riwle), 7, 8, 30, 44, 45, 47–8, 50, 83n, 93, 334, 394
Andersen, Hans Christian, 270, 389
Andersson, Theodore, 354
Anduin, 114
Andúril, 241
Andvari, 70
Angband, 265
angels, 171, 216, 271–2
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The, 141
Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, The (Bosworth and Toller), 51–2, 122, 193
Anglo-Saxon(s); concepts used by Tolkien 48, 66, 73, 78, 274, 302n; continuity to modern times, 16, 98–9, 155–6, 194–5, 206, 238, 380, 386–7; in history, 36–40, 116–17; later responses to 131, 251–2, 350; relation to Riders of Rohan, 132, 139–45, 148–9, 228–9; see also 133, 142, 143–4, 148, 149, 195, 236–7, 338, 398
Angrod, 284
Animal Farm (Orwell), 375
ann-thennat, 220–1
Annunciation, 227
Anórien, 192, 242
Apollinaris, Sidonius, 21
‘applicability’, 192, 195, 196, 274, 376
Aquae Sulis, 36–7
Aragorn, 73, 114, 119, 125–8, 410, 424; actions in film versions, 418, 419, 427; and the Riders, 142–4; as hero, 138, 239–41, 362; as king 206, 227; death of, 229, 372; decisions of 183–9, 198; his journey 414; name of, 331; songs of, 142, 202, 220–1; et passim
Arda (Journal of the Swedish Tolkien Society), 390
Aredhel, 283, 286, 287, 306
Ariosto, 182
Aristotle, 250
Arkenstone, 96, 100
Art, 57, 122; Primary Art, 58, 106; Secondary Art, 63, 106
artefact, fascination with, 273–4; creation of, 382
Arthur, King, 25, 28, 41, 44, 69n, 149, 182, 202
Arwen, 229, 276, 372, appearances in film version, 410, 412–13, 418
Asbjörnsen, P. C, and Moe, J. I., 86, 329, 392; ‘The Master Thief’, 85
Asgarthr, 348
‘asterisk’ form, 169
‘asterisk-poems’, 42, 354, 399–408
‘asterisk-reality’, 22–6, 29, 80
‘asterisk words’, 23, 76, 79, 102, 149
athelas, 150, 206
Atlantis, 325
atomic bomb, 192, 196
Attila the Hun, 18–19, 170, 228
Auden, W. H, 32–3, 197, 390
Audoin (as name, also Éadwine, Edwin), 336–7
Aulë, 266, 273–4
Author of the Century (Shippey), 380
Avallónë, 327
Axel’s Castle (Wilson), 2, 384
Azanulbizar, Battle of, 137
Azog, 110
Babbitt (Sincla
ir Lewis), 76
Babel, 11, 52, 122, 268
Bag End, 81, 82, 118, 211, 212, 213, 264
‘bagging’, 82, 105n
Balin, 88, 104, 109, 166
balrogs, 49, 56, 125, 151, 245
Barad-dûr, 226, 266, 383
Barahir, 295
Bard the Bowman, 94–7, 100, 352
Barrow-wights, 119, 120, 122, 264
Bath, 36–7
Bath and West Evening Chronicle, 153
The Battle of Maldon (Old English poem), 94, 138, 140, 178, 236, 389
‘The Battle of the Goths and Huns’, see Poetic Edda, 391
Baynes, Pauline, 114
Beare, Rhona, 401
Bede, 49, 342, 375–6
Bede’s Death-Song (Old English poem), 49
Beleg, 300
Beleriand, 255, 268, 283, 349
‘bent’, 344
Bentham, Jeremy, 195
Bëor, 300
Beorhtwold, 178, 179
Beorn, 77, 91, 92, 95, 97, 105, 110, 147
Beowulf, 3–4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 15, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 38, 47, 51, 52, 53, 61, 66, 80, 81, 86, 89, 91, 92, 99, 102, 104, 141, 142, 143, 167, 171, 174, 182, 192, 193, 202, 205, 217, 225, 228, 233–4, 236, 237, 239, 251, 259, 265, 270, 282, 312, 351, 389–90
Beowulf: An Introduction (Chambers), 389
Beregond, 180
Beren, 126, 128, 220, 254, 269, 277, 287, 289, 290, 292–7, 299, 305, 306,
358–9, 360, 372; see also ‘Legend of Beren and Luthien’
Beruthiel, 126
‘bewilderment’, 98–106, 185, 186, 188, 194, 313, 385, 397, 423, 427
Biarkamál (Old Norse poem), 22
Bible, the, 14, 227–8, 249, 267–70, 369; Old Testament, 268, 339; Genesis, 267, 273; Psalms 227; Matthew, 249; see also Christianity
Bilbo Baggins, 73, 77, 78, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95–101, 102, 103, 104, 105–6, 108, 109, 110, 115, 127–8, 138, 157, 161, 165, 209, 210, 211–12, 213, 217–18, 240, 245, 259, 280, 305, 373, 393; Baggins, as name and word, 81–2; style associated with, 81, 132, 264, 352; Bilbo, as name, 83n, 232
Billy Bunter, 200, 240
Biography (of Tolkien, see ‘Abbreviations’), 13, 36, 63, 75, 81, 175, 182, 259, 278, 292, 399
birch (as symbol), 310n, 316–17
‘birch’ poems, 399, 400–3
Birkenhead disaster, 93
Black Book of Carmarthen, 25
Black Speech, 131
Bloomfield, Leonard, 10, 15
‘blunderbuss’, 112
Boethius, 38, 159, 160, 161, 170, 172, 243
Boiardo, 182
Bolger, Fredegar, 118
Bombadil, Tom, 118, 119–20, 121–3, 125, 127, 139, 150, 162, 172, 196, 222, 230, 321–2, 368; absence from film version, 417
Book of St Albans, 30
Bopp, Franz, 12
Boromir, 68, 147, 170, 175, 181, 183, 185, 237, 244, 245, 363; latent vices of, 138, 157, 161–2; opinions of, 147, 237; Valar’s message to, 173; virtue of, 244
Bosworth, J., and Toller, T.N., see Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
Böthvarr Bjarki, 91
‘bounder’, 116n
‘bourgeois’, 82, 104, 264
‘Boy’s Own’, 200, 240
Brandybuck, Meriadoc, see Merry
‘The Brave Little Tailor’, see Grimms’ Fairy Tales
Bree, Bree-hill, Brill, 108, 119, 121; as names 124, 130, 132, 385
Brendan, St, 326–7
Breton lays, 277 293, 318
‘Brewer’s Biblical’, 200
Brook, G. L., 394
Brooke-Rose, Christine, 364–7, 410
Brugmann, K., 23
Brut, see Lazamon
Brynhild(r), 354–7, 360
Buchan, John, 200
Bugge, Sophus, 60
Burgess, Anthony, 6
‘burglar’, 83–4, 89, 99, 104, 264–5, 374
Bury, J. B., 20
Busbecq, Ogier van, 17
Butterbur, 119, 334
‘butterflies’, 39, 56
Cabell, James Branch, 146
Cædmon, 375–6
Cafall, 295
Cain (and Abel), 66, 68, 274
‘calque/calquing’, 115–16, 142, 144, 149, 179, 216, 267, 268, 269, 339
Campbell, J. F., 392; ‘The Woman of Peace and the Bible Reader’, 270
Caradhras, 245
Caranthir, 283
Carcharoth, 289, 293–4
Carmarthen, Black Book of, 25
Carn Dûm, 125
Carpathians, 60
Carpenter, Humphrey, 75, 258, 278, 399; (see also Biography, Inklings, Letters)
‘Carrock, The’, 115, 124
Carter, Lin, 29
Cary, Joyce, 370
Catalaunian Plains, Battle of the, 18
Catholicism, 64, 150, 159, 230, 250, 313. See also Christianity
Caudimordax, 112–13
Celebdil, 151
Celeborn, 114, 117, 201, 221
Celebrant, 247
Celebrimbor, 260
Celegorm, 293
Celtic, language, 11–12, 28; linguistic or cultural style 124, 130, 300, 350
Cerdic, King, 206
Cerin Amroth, 247
Chamberlain, Neville, 192, 416
Chambers, R. W, 14, 21, 30, 389, 396
‘chance’, 11, 170–4, 186–7, 198, 207, 288, 298
‘changeling’ belief, 69n
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 5, 23, 30, 33, 67, 69n, 349
‘cheer, cheerful’, 175–81
Cherwell, River, 123
Chetwode, -wood, 124, 130, 385
Child, F. J., 60, 316, 392, 394, see also English and Scottish Popular Ballads
Child(e) Ro(w)land, 208, 216, 392
A Choice of Anglo-Saxon Verse (Hamer), 389
Christ, 159, 225, 227–8, 231–2, 236, 243, 259–50, 279–80
Christ I (Old English poem), 278
Christianity, 40, 54, 66, 113, 159, 160, 166, 177–8, 198, 223, 224–5, 227–8, 229–30, 243, 244, 250, 268, 271, 273, 280, 290, 318; see also Bible; Catholicism
Chrysophylax, 111n, 173
Churchill, Winston, his ‘finest hour’ speech, 419
Cleasby, R., and Gudbrand Vigfusson, see Icelandic Dictionary
Cleopatra, 215
‘cobweb’, 74, 287
cockcrow, 216, 243–4, 321
Coel, King, see Old King Cole
‘coincidence’, 243, 299
Coleridge, S. T., 57, 387
Collings, John Churton, 10
Common Speech, 132, 140, 220, 221, 228, 240
Comus, see Milton, John
‘coney-rabbits’, 39, 77, 79
Connolly, Cyril, 383
Conrad, Joseph, 179, 305
‘consistency’, 69
Cook, A. S., 279–80
Cooper, Fenimore, 393
Cordelia, 41
Coriolanus, 239
Corpus Poeticum Boreale (Vigfusson and Powell), 22, 390
Council of Elrond, 119, 134–8, 146, 183, 415, 419
‘courtesy’, 147
Cracks of Doom, The, 165, 197
Crankshaw, Edward, 255, 350
Creation, 122, 227. See also Adam and Eve
Crickhollow, 115, 118–19
critics, criticism, antipathy between philologists and, 1–6, 26–31, 52–6, 153–4, 379–82; narrowness of, 364–5; Tolkien’s images of, 30–1, 113, 310–12
Crucifixion, 227, 279
cul-de-sac, see ‘dead-end’
‘culture’, 134
Curufin, 286, 287, 293
‘The Daemon Lover’, 399
Dáin, King (Ironfoot), 72, 95, 96, 97, 100, 137–8, 175, 362, 412
Dáinsleif, 71–2, 73
Danish ballads, 60, 69, 152, 392; language, 130; relationships with early English literature, 30, 170–1, 233–5, 347–8, 407
Danmarks gamie Folkeviser (Grundtvig), 392
Dante, 198
Dark Elf, Elves, 70, 283–4, 286<
br />
Dark Tower, 174, 184, 189, 198, 208, 215, 236, 392
Dasent, Sir George, 329, 331, 347, 392
Davenport, Guy, 393
Davidson, Hilda Ellis, 396
‘dead-end’, 76, 82
Dead Marshes, 163, 185, 248, 395
Déagol, 126
death, 243, 245, 248, 343, 371
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon), 19–20, 396
De Consolatione Philosophiae, see Boethius
‘defeatism’, 175, 370
Denethor, 135, 146, 148, 156, 170, 175, 179, 187, 193, 195–6, 206, 229, 363, 368, 420–1, 424–5
The Denham Tracts (Hardy), 77
Déor (Old English poem), 19, 373
‘depth’, 134, 260, 261, 266, 307, 319, 351–61, 365
Dernhelm, 205
de Saussure, Ferdinand, 14, 23, 367, 385
Deutsche Grammatik (Grimm), 12
Deutsches Wörterbuch (Grimm), 9, 24, 61
Dickens, Charles, 331, 366, 372; David Copperfield 331, 373; Great Expectations, 366
Dictionary of British Surnames (Reaney), 117
Dietrichs Flucht (Middle High German poem), 19
Dimrill Stair, 126
‘discipline’, 93–4, 258, 316
‘disenchantment’, 322
‘disillusionment’, 67
Dr Faustus (Marlowe), 231
‘doggedness’, 145
‘doom’, 288–90, 291, 296, 303–4, 385
Doomsday, 71, 230, 271, 288
Doriath, 283, 286, 287, 289, 296, 298
Dorwinion, 109
Doughan, David, 309
Douglas, Gavin, 168
draconitas, 362
Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin, 302, 362
‘dragon-mask’, 302
dragons, 92, 259, 270, 302–3, 302n, 311; as concept, 54–6; dealing with, 98–103, 362; modern contempt for, 3, 30; ‘dragon-sickness’, 101, 104; ‘dragon-spell’, 104, 125
Draugluin, 293
Dronke, Ursula, 390
Drout, Michael, 398
Drúedain, see ‘woses’
Duggan, Alfred, 193, 197, 383, 409
duhitar, 13, 16, 18
Dunharrow, 117, 228
Dunlendings, 144
