Still sitting in the Jeep, Pham Quyen looked at the battalion commander with a blank face. “What are you talking about?”
“Who is behind this operation, and what is their objective?”
In a low voice, Pham Quyen replied, “Major, are you asking me?”
“Yes, I am.”
“The objective of this operation is to pacify the North Vietnamese support bases for infiltration down the Ho Chi Minh Trail, as well as the local guerrillas who are operating in the environs of Da Nang and Hoi An. In other words, in order to revitalize the phoenix hamlets project, the Second Division is now operating under the orders of the Quang Nam Province command and the Second Army of the government forces. Are you now asking me that question as a subordinate field commander of a battalion of those forces?”
The major tossed his cigarette on the ground and pointed his finger straight at Pham Quyen. “Cut the bullshit. You think I don’t know? The rumor has already spread among the soldiers. You think we’re a bunch of idiots? We know we’re being mobilized to harvest cinnamon.”
Pham Quyen remained sitting in the Jeep said, “Watch your mouth—you don’t deserve to be a battalion commander. You’re at the bottom of the chain of command in the Second Division. Cinnamon collection is only a by-product of this operation. If we leave it as is in an uninhabited area, the NLF will harvest it and use the money they earn to buy guns and ammunition to kill us. We are utilizing a national resource in order to support the local residents’ self-sustainability. Are you a major of the Vietnamese army, or a spy from Hanoi?”
Though visibly intimidated, the major protested again in a loud voice. “You saw for yourself the lack of discipline from those reserves. Do you know why they treat their commander like that? Because they’ve heard about the cinnamon.”
Slowly Pham Quyen got down from the Jeep. Thrusting his face right in front of the major’s nose, he shouted, “Major, I’m warning you. As liaison officer from corps headquarters, I am your superior. You must obey all orders that come down through me to you. If you go on repeating that misinformation about cinnamon, I will have you arrested.”
“Suit yourself . . . but it won’t be that easy.”
Pham Quyen turned to the guards in the back of the Jeep and said, “The major will ride with you. We’re returning to the administrative office.”
With a wave of his hand, Pham Quyen indicated for the major to get aboard the Jeep. Stiffly, the battalion commander did so. Major Pham ordered the driver, “Turn around and go back to the office.”
Pham Quyen got into the lead Jeep. They drove back along the river and when they reached the An Diem junction Major Pham told the driver to stop. Compared to the listlessness encountered at their earlier visit, this time there was a semblance of military discipline. Everyone was in full uniform and wearing helmets, and the soldier manning the turret of the armored personnel carrier was attentive at his post with the machine gun at the ready.
“Where’s Master Sergeant Tam?”
The middle-aged sergeant scrambled out and stood at attention in front of the vehicle.
“Get in the Jeep!” Major Pham ordered.
“Sir? Who will command the guard post?”
“Who’s next in rank?”
A man wearing the insignia of a staff sergeant stepped forward.
“From now on you are in charge of this guard post,” Pham Quyen said. “And you, Master Sergeant, hurry up and let’s go.”
Looking around with frightened eyes, the master sergeant climbed in the back of the Jeep and knelt down at the base of the machine gun stand. They passed the checkpoint barrier and entered the village of Ha Thanh. From above the jungle came the booming sound of warning broadcasts:
“All residents, this area has been designated as an operations zone. The Vietnamese government has prepared land, housing, and food for your resettlement in a protected area. Do not stay in the jungle living through the horror of daily communist atrocities, leave the villages now. Evacuate your villages by nine o’clock tomorrow morning. Our government cannot be responsible for any misfortunes that happen to you if you remain here. After the stated hour, there will be full-scale bombing in the operations zone followed by an assault of ground forces. Avoid the misfortune of being mistaken for an enemy. Do not loiter. Evacuate the villages as soon as possible. All residents, attention: this area has been designated as an operations zone. . .”
As soon as the Jeep pulled up in front of the district administrative office, Major Pham got down and said to the battalion commander, “You are relieved of your command and suspended from duty as of today.”
The major glared back at Major Pham without speaking.
“Follow me.”
Pham Quyen marched into the magistrate’s office, which had been converted into the battalion command post. He gave an order to the communications officer.
“Get General Van Toan on the phone. Say it’s Major Pham.”
After several attempts to get through to An Hoa, the radioman held the receiver out to Pham Quyen. The division commander’s adjutant came on the phone first.
“Ah, Major Pham Quyen here. I need to speak to General Van Toan.”
“It’s me, what’s going on?”
“I’m sending the battalion commander, Major Quia, over to you now. Dispatch somebody else as operations commander.”
“Why? What’s the problem?”
“I’ll send you a detailed memo. Or I’ll come to An Hoa myself tomorrow morning to explain.”
“All right.”
Everyone was nervously watching Major Pham and the battalion commander. After the call was completed, Major Pham spoke to the communications officer, a staff sergeant.
“Escort the battalion commander to headquarters at An Hoa.” Then he turned to the other major and said, “Leave.”
“I’ll be seeing you again,” the major said bitterly.
“Major Quia, if I were you I would watch my tongue. That we share the same rank is the only thing that kept me from sending you down to corps headquarters.”
The major kept his mouth shut and saluted. Pham Quyen responded in kind and then quickly snapped his hand back down. The major and the communications sergeant left. The third major assigned as magistrate, who had returned a while before and had been watching the scene in puzzlement, cautiously asked, “What’s this about?”
“Nothing special. This operation has no need for an officer who can’t command.”
Major Pham gave another instruction to one of the other communications officers. “Go out and bring me the master sergeant from the militia unit.”
The master sergeant, scared to death, came inside. Upon seeing his immediate commander, the magistrate, he snapped to attention and saluted.
“Master Sergeant,” Pham Quyen said, “you can relax. I didn’t bring you here to punish you. Take a seat over there.”
“I’m fine, sir.”
“Do you know this man?” Pham Quyen asked the magistrate.
“Yes, he’s a master sergeant in the local militia. For the present operation, he was assigned to take charge of the guard post at the An Diem junction. Has he committed some infraction?”
The magistrate frowned, but Major Pham shook his head. “No, nothing like that. You said your name is Tam, right? What’s your occupation?”
“I’m running a drinking place, sir,” replied the middle-aged man.
“Then you know quite a few of the men in An Diem and Ha Thanh very well, eh?”
“Yes, sir. On market days, lots of people turn up at my establishment, so I know some of the men.”
Major Pham asked the magistrate, “One militia company and one guard company here at this office. Is there no other local combat force?”
“We have another newly mustered militia company and a platoon of guards dispatched to An Diem,” said the magi
strate.
“Master Sergeant Tam, do you know anything about cinnamon?”
Instantly a smile appeared on the master sergeant’s face. “Naturally, sir. This village at one time was very prosperous because of cinnamon, sir. The cinnamon merchants from Da Nang and Hoi An used to stay at my tavern for months on end. I used to round up work gangs for them and I distributed wages to them myself, sir.”
“I guessed as much,” Pham Quyen said. Then he turned to the magistrate and asked, “How is it going with the gathering of laborers?”
“Well, three hundred fifty men from Ha Thanh and one hundred fifty from An Diem, altogether five hundred are to be mobilized. As soon as the strongholds in the operations zone are secured and the reconnaissance missions into the target areas are finished early next week, we’ll be ready to start work.”
“Let Master Sergeant Tam be in charge of supervising the task assignments, and give him a platoon of militia forces.”
The next day, at the hour announced in advance, the villages along the river were bombed. In the region of An Hoa, the chief targets were the two villages located between Tabik and Quang Lung on the southern tributary of the Thu Bon River, and another hamlet at the mouth of the ravines running from Ha Thanh down to the Lien Hiep branch of the river. A special company in Bien Jiang set up a barrier along the Quel River, and a reconnaissance platoon was planning to sweep down from Lien Hiep bridge to Quang Lung.
The next step was to send two search-and-destroy units out of Ha Thanh to Tung Duk, and then to comb up from An Hoa to Bien Daio around Hill 3383 and into the Phuoc Binh Highlands to secure six safe posts in the region. Finally, the workers would be sent into the jungle to begin the harvesting. As the task of collecting cinnamon got underway, bulldozers would cut a road from Bien Daio and Lien Hiep all the way into the maze of ravines. The primary collection point would be set up there at the mouth of the ravines, with the goods trucked down the road to Ha Thanh and An Hoa.
Before Pham Quyen went to An Hoa, he headed for Lien Hiep bridge with the new battalion commander dispatched by General Van Toan. The strafing from helicopter gunships that had started at nine that morning was still going strong. The major newly assigned to the operations command seemed quick to grasp the situation and looked to be more pragmatic than his predecessor. Also, he turned out to be a graduate of the same training academy as Major Pham, which very likely was a result of thoughtful deliberation by the general. The new commander had been flown into An Hoa as dawn broke, and it was apparent he had been fully briefed on the progress of the operation. Although he was a major, too, he always made reports to Major Pham and addressed him with a deferential “sir.”
Accompanied by a force of company strength from the command post in Ha Thanh, they left and headed for the bridge at Lien Hiep. When they reached the An Diem junction, the company split off and prepared to cross the river by rafts. Their objective was to secure one of the enemy strongholds on the east side of the Tung Duk, where a reconnaissance platoon had encountered resistance. The militia at the junction looked alert. The reserve staff sergeant, to whom Major Pham had given the command, was supervising the sentries from the traffic control post. The junction was crowded: two units of the militia were guarding the road as the company combat unit was heading down in a line to the riverbank. The battalion commander and Major Pham sped past in their two Jeeps toward Lien Hiep. The sky was overcast with smoke from fires blazing in the jungle villages. Occasionally, firing of small arms and mortars was heard.
“Has the ground assault already begun?” asked Pham Quyen.
“No, that’s nothing. Probably just sniper exchanges,” the driver said, smiling.
The Lien Hiep bridge came into view. Like the smokestack bridge in Da Nang, it was an iron structure dating from early in the French colonial period. The half-moon shaped metalwork rose from concrete piers. Two tanks in camouflage nets stood at the end of the bridge, firing their cannons one after another with a dull, heavy report. Smoke was whirling up over the jungle about a mile and a half off, where gunships were circling overhead, buzzing high and low, shooting rockets and heavy machine guns. In front of the bridge, a communication post had been set up in a sandbag-reinforced trench, and on the far side of the river another set of trenches and bulwarks had been built. A squad of soldiers was spread out on their bellies in the middle of the bridge around a machine gun nest.
As the Jeeps rolled to a stop at the mouth of the bridge, a soldier ran up and saluted.
“Are you the company first sergeant?” the battalion commander asked.
“Yes, sir.”
“What’s the situation?”
“Let’s go into the bunker, sir.” The sergeant led the way.
They walked briskly toward the bunker. Down below they could see low-lying rice paddies. The slope of one of the levees was covered with civilians dressed in white. Men and women, old and young. Two guards were squatting on the bridge, keeping the civilians covered with their rifles.
“Who are those people?” Major Pham asked the sergeant.
“Residents of the village being bombed over there. They’ve been gradually showing up here since dawn. It’s been a real pain, sir.”
“You haven’t had breakfast yet, have you?”
“We only had time to conduct quick body searches. A company-strength combat force has already left for the village. Once the village has been cleaned out, we’ll begin the search-and-destroy sweep into the ravines.”
They went inside the bunker. Once they were seated on a field cot and ammunition crates, the sergeant commanding the company commenced his briefing.
“Right now, the company command post is here at this bridge. Two platoons crossed over the bridge yesterday and headed up into the Tungdik area. As I mentioned, another company is in process of seizing the nearby village still under air attack. One platoon is defending the bridge. Around midnight last night, we experienced an enemy attack. Fighting up in the Tungdik area turned out to be the fiercest, but the enemy was soon driven back, and we think they slipped through the ravines to the rear slope of Hill 3383. We took some mortar fire here from guerrillas across the river, and we had a firefight with others who had infiltrated from the southwest. Our casualties were two dead and five wounded. As for enemy losses, we can’t say since we haven’t secured their strongholds yet.”
“What about the tank fire?” asked the battalion commander.
“I believe there’s an engagement in the jungle in the southern Tungdik area. It’s support for those forces, sir.”
“How much longer will this take?” asked Pham Quyen.
The company leader thought for a while before responding. “The problem is the ravines, sir. Even in daytime it’s dark in there and there are a lot of natural caves. I agree with the plan to sweep in simultaneously from here and from Quang Lung, but I’m afraid one platoon from each end will not be sufficient, sir. If we can get reinforcements from another battalion equipped with armored personnel carriers, then we can mop up within a week.”
“No need for reinforcements. We have artillery support, don’t we?”
The other major responded with a question. “Pacification will be difficult with cannons alone, won’t it, sir?”
“We have to drive them off, so there’s no chance of a counterattack.”
Trucks were approaching the bridge, raising thick clouds of dust. Looking out through a shooting hole in the bunker wall, the battalion commander said, “Transport the refugees to town.”
“Yes, sir.”
Once the company commander was gone, the battalion commander asked Major Pham, “Don’t you think we’re trying for the impossible?”
“What do you mean?”
“An operation of this scale would take about a month, even with US military support. We’ll need two weeks to secure the strongholds and another two to sort out and resettle the displaced residents.�
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“There’s no need for that,” Pham Quyen said firmly, “because we’ll be pulling out.”
“Pulling out, sir?” the battalion commander blurted out in shock, then murmured to himself, “Then, why undertake an operation like this . . .”
Pham Quyen was silent. The battalion commander, quick-witted, said no more. When a lightning operation such as this one took place, the residents bore the brunt of the damage. The basis of their livelihood in the mountain jungles had been devastated in a few days. After the pullout there would be no compensation or countermeasures, and the NLF and the North Vietnamese Army would move in immediately and furnish medical care, help them reconstruct their villages, fuel their hatred for the ARVN and make them loyal supporters. In the present circumstances, a pullout would mean that they could never again hope to bring the area under the rule of the South Vietnamese government. Gradually, the enemy forces in the region would swell.
Outside, trucks were turning around in the open field, full of villagers who had all their shabby household goods on their backs and in their hands. They moved silently, without shouting or weeping. Even the little children never cried. The company commander came back inside.
“I feel relieved,” he said. “It’s done.”
“Was that all of the villagers?” the battalion commander asked.
“No, that’s not even half of them,” said the company commander, shrugging his shoulders. “The rest will be over there.”
The Shadow of Arms Page 54
