Oncken, August, 660n
One-reserve system, 462
Ontological facts, 86
Oppenheimer, Franz, 76
Orientals
customs of, 839
noncapitalistic, 665
poverty and, 832
Originary Interest, see, Interest, originary
Overinvestment, 556–558 see also, Malinvestment
Ownership
government, 650
of production, 259
private, 308, 678, 719
P
Pacemakers of capitalism, 8–9, 615
Pain and pleasure, 15
Palmer, Robert, 819n
Panic, see, Depression
Panphysicalism, 7, 8, 17–18, 23–24
Panslavism, 838
Papi, Ugo, 814n
Paraguay, 831
Pareto, Vilfredo, 697, 71 In
Parity, foreign exchange and, 452, 457, 781
Participation, law of, 36
Party programs, 181–184
Pascal, Blaise, 106
Passfield, Lady, see, Webb, Beatrice
Passive inflationism, 570n
Past, economic role of, 502–510
Patents, 360–363, 382–383, 507–509, 657–658, 676–677
Pathology, 20
Pax Britannica, 191
Payments, balance of, 447–149, 453–455
Peace
durable, 819–821, 827–828
war and, 147–148, 680–684, 817
Peel’s Act of 1844, 569
Perfection, 70, 415
Period of adjustment, 648–650
Period of production, 476, 484, 485, 487, 490–496, 526, 544
Period of provision, 253, 478, 490–496
Perversity, 95
Phenomena
complex, 31
historical, 33
market, 2, 233, 312, 469
mental grasp of, 50
of interest, 521–523
of valuation, 393
psychological, 483
scientific research and, 17
social, 157, 275, 287
Philosophy
background of
epistemological problems, 30–71
human action and, 11–29
introduction to, 1–10
confiscation, 800–801
history of, 28
revolt against reason, 72
Phlogiston theory, 41
Physiocracy, 9
Physiology, 96 see also, Natural sciences
Pierson, Nikolaas Gerard, 697
Pigou, Arthur Cecil, 844n
Pioneers, 138
Planning
advocates of, 672
argument for, 725
for freedom, 725
partial, 259
self-contradictory, 104n, 696, 784 see also, Interventionism; Socialism
Poincaré, Henri, 39n
Politics
British, 9, 147
goal of, 315, 649, 737, 835
organizations of, 182
terminology of, 272–273 see also, Interventionism; Privileges; Restrictions
Polylogism, 5, 6, 7, 75–89
Pompadour, Madame, 650
Poor relief, 242, 600, 833–836
Population
comparative, 623–624
Malthusian law of, 20n, 129, 174–175, 663–669
optimum size of, 129, 663, 668
Positivism, 4, 17–18, 26, 31, 56
Post Office Saving Service, Austrian, 442
Poverty, 242, 600, 670, 831–836
Power
lust for, 802–803
role of, 188, 643–645
Pragmatism, 23–24, 32, 126n
Praxeology
attack upon, 5
capital and, 482, 512
causality and, 22
changes and, 352
concept of the present, 100–101
definition of, 3, 12, 28, 32, 142, 235
economics and, 1–3, 92, 95, 497, 879
formal and aprioristic character of, 32–41, 64, 407
history and, 28, 30–32, 100
liberalism and, 153–155
limitations on concepts of, 69–71
method of, 237
objective of, 185
polylogism and, 77–84
prediction of, 117–118
principles of, 402
psychology and, 12, 123–127, 483–185
reality and, 39, 92, 642
research, 18–21
science of, 7, 10, 15, 36, 39–40, 51, 64, 68, 160, 173, 642, 647
socialism and, 691–693
temporal character of, 99–100 see also, Action, human; Sciences
Precapitalistic era, 615
Predetermined harmony, doctrine of, 240
Prediction
business, 649, 866–868
economic, 105, 117
quantitative, 207
Prelogical thinking, 34–38
Preromantic age, land and, 641
Present, praxeological concept of, 100–101
Pressure groups, 269, 314–315, 865–866, 870 see also, Interventionism
Prices, ch. 16, pp. 324–394
booms and, 550
catallactics and, 329, 375
ceilings, 757
changeability of, 218–220, 294
classical theory of, 62
competitive, 354, 358
connexity of, 388–389
control, 336, 752, 756–763, 822
costs and, 97, 349
determination of, 270, 331, 394, 423, 701
discrimination, 327n, 385–388
economic progress and, 466
equilibrium, 248, 326, 707
final, 246–247
foreign exchange and, 516
for government services, 738
formation of, 62–64, 213, 388
income and, 390–391
interference with, ch. 30, pp. 752–773
just, 721, 722
labor, 602
land, 390, 523, 633, 639–640
level of, 223, 395–396, 410
market and, 246, 335, 390, 756
maximum and minimum, 753, 757
money, 202, 206, 216
monopoly, 278, 354–376, 381–384, 676, 760–761
nonmarket, 392–394
of goods of higher order, 330–335
parity, 452, 457, 781
premium, 428, 467, 538–542, 545, 548–549
processing, 324–328
production and, 391–392, 632
rise in, 299, 408, 420, 466, 551
statistics, 326–328, 347–349
theory of, 245
value and, 97, 202–206, 390, 632
wages and, 690, 721, 722 see also, Consumers; Entrepreneurs; Socialism, economic calculation under
Primitive man, 36–38, 145, 600
Private property, 264, 308–309, 650–651, 678–680, 719
Privileges
economic effects of, 80, 81, 312–313, 658–659, 742
restriction of, 741–749
Probability
case, 110–115
class, 107–110
meaning of, 106–107
numerical evaluation of, 113–115
Producers’ goods, 93–94
Producers’ policy, 312–313, 315
Production
anarchy of, 240, 256, 579–580
bigscale, 338, 367
businessman and, 489
consumption and, 354, 427, 736
cost of, 340, 367
direction of, 140–142, 259, 297
diverted by tariffs, 737
expansion of, 298, 554
factors of
booms and, 566, 576–578
labor and, 589, 610
original, ch. 22, pp. 631–641
prices, 331, 336, 522, 694, 757
produced, see, Goods, capital
utilization of, 93, 338, 391, 576
for use,
297
good will and, 376–380
government ownership of, 259, 736
improvement in methods of, 9, 613
interventionism and, 655, 736, 800
labor and, 136, 605, 606, 674, 675n
market economy and, 488
Marxians and, 141
mass, 384, 587, 616
means of, 207, 705
nonhuman original factors of, ch. 22, pp. 631–641
period of, 476, 484, 485, 487, 490–96, 526, 544
prices and, 391–392, 612
process of, 288, 292, 478, 488, 499
restriction of, ch. 29, pp. 736–751
taxation and, 800
transition of, 613n
war, 821 see also, Capital; Saving; Technology, Wealth
Productive forces, 9
Productive or unproductive activities, 244–245
Productivity theory of interest, 263–264, 522–531
Profession
economic, 865–866
forecasting, 866–868 see also, Education
Profits and losses
accounting, 213, 701
difference between, 97–98
driving power of, 3, 297
entrepreneurial, 286–297, 375, 393, 514, 531, 739n
good will and, 379
illusory, 421, 546–547
maximization of, 128, 241–244
monopoly and, 358
psychic, 287
sharing, 811
source of, 291, 633, 660–662, 868
theory of, 252, 343, 347, 532, 804–807
wartime, 823
Progress
booms and, 573
rising prices and, 466
Progressing economy, 252, 292–296, 411
Prohibition, American, 728
Prolabor policies, 313–314, 738–741, 746–749 see also, Interventionism
Proletarian, 74, 88
Promonopoly party, 384
Promoters, 255–256, 300–107, 309, 324, 325, 333, 582 see also, Entrepreneurs
Propaganda
anticapitalist, 587
business, 316–319
Property
legal definition of, 650–651, 678
private, 264, 308–309, 650, 678–680, 719
right, 650–656
social and economic meaning of, 679–680 see also, Government; Investments; Land; Ownership; Production, factors of
Prosperity, 429, 793 n
Protectionism, 81–84, 160–161, 313–314, 361–365, 505, 738, 742–749 see also, Foreign exchange; Tariff; Trade
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 186
Provision, period of, 253, 478, 490–496
Prussian Historical School, 4, 603
Pseudo-liberalism, 153
Psychoanalysis, 12
Psychology
instinct of, 15
praxeology and, 12, 123–127, 483–485
Psychopaths, 12, 185–187, 315–316
Psychophysics, 125–126
Public debt, 226–229, 843–845
Public finance, see, Spending, public; Taxation
Public opinion, economics and, 537, 859–860
Public ownership, see, Government
Public utilities, 372–373
Public works, 792
Purchasing power
capital accumulation and, 518n
changes in, 203, 416–425, 428
measurement of, 221
of money, 221, 396, 399, 405–413, 416–419, 464, 606
parity theory of foreign exchange, 452
stabilization of, 220, 416
wage argument, 298–299 see also, Money
Pythagoras, 38, 79
Q
Quality of goods, 222
Quantitative economics, 55–57, 118, 347–349 see also, Measurement
Quantitative prediction, 207
Quantity theory of money, 38, 55, 232, 402
Quasi-market, 701–706
R
Racism, 6, 75, 84–87, 90
Rappard, William E., 684n
Ratiocination, 33, 39, 67, 72, 84, 122, 316
Rationalism, 15, 16, 18, 78n, 79, 89, 102, 103–104, 146, 175, 880 see also, Action, human; Irrationalism
Rationing, 757, 822
Real cost, 393, 632
Realism
antagonism of, 42
a priori and, 38–41
conceptual, 45, 145, 511
economics and, 646
mental grasp of, 25, 38, 39, 65, 86, 642
praxeology and, 39, 92, 642 see also, Action, human
Realpolitik, 189
Reasoning
age of, 69
aprioristic, 38, 318
case of, 89–91
catallactic, 572
discursive, 67
experience and, 18, 25, 39, 65
human, 50, 72, 173, 177–178
methods of, 2
mind and, 34
praxeological, 39
revolt against, 72–91
unnatural, 175 see also, Action, human
Redemption, 457 see also, Money
Redistribution, confiscation and, ch. 32, pp. 800–807
Regression theorem, 405-407, 423, 606
Reichsbank, 549, 568
Relevance
causal, 120
judgments of, 50, 55, 57–58, 88 see also, Valuations
Religion
capitalism and, 671–672, 719, 849
conflicts among, 183–184
individual and, 14, 18, 95
liberalism and, 155–157
Marxism and, 82
Smith, Adam, and, 147n
society and, 145 see also, Morality; Philosophy
Rent, 521, 631–640, 759–761
Research
praxeological, 18–22, 863
scientific, 5, 6, 7, 17, 18, 51
Reserve fund, exhaustion of, 851–854
Residual rent, 632
Rest, state of, 245–251
Restriction
competitive, 278–279, 373–374
cost of, 737
economic system of, 749–751
nature of, 736–737, 837
of production, ch. 29, pp. 736–751
privilege of, 741–749
prize of, 737–741 see also, Interventionism; Politics
Retrogressing economy, 192, 252, 296–297
Returns, law of, 127–130, 338–347, 663
Revolution
ideological, 8, 72–91
illegal act of, 284n
Industrial, 8, 613–619
semantic, 268, 281, 420 see also, Economics, revolt against
Ricardo, David
gold exchange standard and, 418, 780
law of association, 158–163, 168, 174
philosophy of, 75, 79, 147, 174, 493n, 602
rent, 631, 632, 633, 636
the R. effect, 750n, 767–770
Right
law of, 199
moral and natural, 173–174, 716, 719, 835
property, 650–656
to revolt, 284n
to strike, 773
Righteousness, 26, 173–174, 716, 719–727, 835
Risktaking, 106, 108, 112, 115, 805–807 see also, Entrepreneurs; Profits and losses; Speculating
Robbins, Lionel Charles, 103n, 529n
Robinson Crusoe economy, 206
Romanoff dynasty, 115
Romanticism, 503
Rome
Church of, 67In
fall of, 761–763
price control and, 761–763
Rostovtzeff (Rostovtsev), Mikhail
Ivanovich, 762n
Rotating economy, see, Evenly rotating economy
Rougier, Louis, 73n
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 165
Routine, 46–47 see also, Action, human
Rule, 189 see also, Government
Rumania, 493
Ruml, Beardsley, 570n
Rumania, 8, 747
Ruskin, Joh
n, 645
Russia
calculation in, 698–699
economy of, 260
laborers of, 675n
socialistic pattern of, 713
technology of, 5
S
Sadism, 172, 586
Salvioli, Guiseppe, 62 7n
Samuelson, Paul Anthony, 787n, Santayana, George, 868n
Satisfaction, see, Want-satisfaction
Saving
advantage of, 487–489, 512–514, 840
capitalist, 527, 531, 768, 769
forced, 545–547, 553–555, 573, 842n
investment and, 517–520, 805
value judgment and, 530
Scale
of needs, 96–97
of value, 94–96, 102–103
Scarcity, 93, 236–237, 525
Schäffle, Albert, 697
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm, 717
Scholasticism, medieval, 717
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 28
Schultz, Henry, 349
Schumpeter, Joseph, 354, 52 7n
Schütz, Alfred, 24n, 100n
Sciences
aprioristic, 48
definition of, 10, 20, 65
historical, 47, 59
life and, 877–878
measurement (mathematical), 55, 218, 347
natural, 31, 59, 173–176, 207, 634, 664n
psychic, 11
social
criticism of, 8
empirical, 49 see also, Action, human; Economics; Praxeology; Research
Second International, 152
Security, 612, 835, 841, 843–844, 847–849
Seignobos, Charles, 50n
Selective process of the market, 308–311
Selfishness, 243, 674
Selling
buying and, 324
price discrimination and, 385–388
Semantics, 268, 281, 420 see also, Metaphors
Serfdom, 197
Serviceableness
duration of, 476
instinct of, 26–28
Services, personal, 140–141, 234
Seven Years’ War, 614n
Sexual customs, 663
Shipment costs, 450
Short run, 82–83, 294, 649, 650, 744, 787, 844
Sickness, 165, 833
Silver standard, 456, 469
Singularism, methodological, 44–45
Sismondi, Jean Charles, 268
Slaves and slavery, 197, 624–630, 817, 835
Smith, Adam
on employers, combinations, 591n
on paper money, 418, 780
on religion, 147n
Smith, Vera Constance, 441n
Social cooperation, see, Cooperation, social
Social engineering, 113 see also, Planning
Social gains, 365, 599, 607–613, 739–741, 750–751, 854
Social justice, 671, 719, 849–850
Social phenomenon, 157, 275, 287
Social relations, 168–169
Social sciences
criticisms of, 8
empirical, 49
Social security, 613, 835, 843–844
Socialism
agrarian, 801
British, 812, 855
capitalism and, 672–678, 712
Human Action: A Treatise on Economics Page 128
