14. Marion Logan interview by Paul Steckler, December 9, 1988, in Eyes on the Prize II Interviews, Blackside, Inc., Washington University Libraries, Film and Media Archive, Henry Hampton Collection, http://digital.wustl.edu/e/eii/eiiweb/log5427.0673.097marianlogan.html.
CHAPTER 3: THE STRIKE
1. Honey, Going Down Jericho Road, 143.
2. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound, 457.
3. Taylor Rogers, author interview, Memphis, October 12, 2006.
4. Samuel “Billy” Kyles, author interview, Memphis, April 13, 2007.
5. Ibid.
6. Gene Dattel, Cotton and Race in the Making of America: The Human Costs of Economic Power (Lanham, MD: Ivan R. Dee, 2009), 331.
7. Joe Warren, author interview, Memphis, October 12, 2006.
8. Ibid.
9. Rogers interview.
10. Warren interview.
11. Ibid.
12. Martin Luther King Jr., “Speech to Sanitation Workers,” transcript, Memphis, March 18, 1968, 2, King Center archives.
13. Honey, Going Down Jericho Road, 63.
14. T. O. Jones, interview transcripts, August 8, 1969 and January 30, 1970, folders 108–10, Sanitation Strike Archival Project, Special Collections Department, Ned R. McWherter Library, University of Memphis (hereafter SSAP).
15. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 32.
16. Warren interview.
17. Ibid.
18. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 38.
19. Rogers interview.
20. Larry Scroggs, “New Union Command Post Hints ‘We’re Here to Stay,’” Commercial Appeal, March 18, 1968.
21. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 375.
CHAPTER 4: AIRPORT ARRIVAL
Hampton Sides, Hellhound on His Trail: The Stalking of Martin Luther King Jr. and the International Hunt for His Assassin (New York: Doubleday, 2010), 122.
1. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 375.
2. “Re: Security and Surveillance of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.,” Memphis police report by Inspector G. P. Tines, July 17, 1968, 2, Holloman Collection (hereafter Tines report).
3. James Lawson, author interview, Nashville, April 16, 2007.
4. Tines report, 4.
5. “King Challenges Court Restraint, Vows to March,” Commercial Appeal, April 4, 1968.
6. Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, 12.
7. Author’s recollection of comments heard while riding in a squad car during the summer of 1968.
8. Flip Schulke and Penelope O. McPhee, King Remembered (orig. pub., 1986; New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 240–41.
9. Edward Estes Redditt, author interview, Somerville, Tennessee, October 12, 2006.
CHAPTER 5: THE INVITATION
Martin Luther King Jr., “Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution,” National Cathedral, Washington, DC, March 31, 1968, http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/documentsentry/doc_remaining_awake_through_a_great_revolution.1.html.
1. Samuel S. B. (Billy) Kyles, interview transcript, July 30, 1968, tape 280, 10, SSAP.
2. Kyles interview.
3. Rev. James M. Lawson Jr., interview transcript, July 8, 1970, tape 243, 8, SSAP.
4. Young interview.
5. Andrew Young, An Easy Burden: The Civil Rights Movement and the Transformation of America (New York: HarperCollins, 1996), 190.
6. Ibid.
7. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 464.
8. Benjamin Hooks, author interview, Memphis, October 11, 2007.
9. “Young Criticizes Dr. King for Viet Statement,” Washington Post, September 12, 1965.
10. Young, Easy Burden, 434.
11. Cotton, If Your Back’s Not Bent, 209.
12. Young interview.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Honey, Going Down Jericho Road, 296.
16. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 256.
17. Kyles interview, SSAP, 18–19.
18. King, “Speech to Sanitation Workers,” 7.
19. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 259.
CHAPTER 6: THE MAYOR
Martin Luther King Jr., “Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike,” King Encyclopedia, http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_memphis_sanitation_workers_strike_1968/.
1. Young interview.
2. Lewis R. Donelson III, Lewie (Memphis: Rhodes College, 2012), 166–67.
3. Dowdy, A Brief History of Memphis, 27.
4. Frank L. McRae, author interview, Memphis, October 11, 2006.
5. Joseph Sweat, author interview, Nashville, April 16, 2007.
6. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 62.
7. Quoting an ad from the Memphis Appeal, December 2, 1846, in Paul R. Coppock, Memphis Memoirs (Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1980), 98.
8. Ibid., 73–74.
9. Sweat interview.
10. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 206.
11. McRae interview.
12. King, “Speech to Sanitation Workers,” 4.
13. McRae interview.
14. Martin Luther King Jr., Why We Can’t Wait (orig. pub. 1963; New York: Signet Classic, 2000), 122.
15. Sweat interview.
16. Lewis R. Donelson, author interview, Memphis, April 4, 2014.
17. Quoted in Frank Murtaugh and Marilyn Sadler, “The Lions in Winter: Ten Civil Rights Pioneers Take Us Back to the Dark Days of April 1968,” Memphis, April 8, 2008, 65.
18. Sweat interview.
19. Honey, Going Down Jericho Road, 20.
20. Ibid., 71.
21. Henry Loeb, interview transcript, tape 18, SSAP, 19.
CHAPTER 7: LORRAINE CHECK-IN
Sides, Hellhound on His Trail, 123.
1. W. P. Huston, “Supplemental Report on James Earl Ray,” August 22, 1968, 2, Criminal Investigation Division, Memphis Police Department.
2. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 355.
3. Abernathy, HSCA testimony, vol. 1, 32.
4. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 356.
5. Abernathy, HSCA testimony, vol. 1, 32.
6. Honey, Going Down Jericho Road, 365.
7. Charles Cabbage, quoted in Southern Patriot (Southern Conference Educational Fund) article by Robert Analvage, as reported by the Memphis FBI bureau, April 5, 1968, Ernest Withers, FOIA file, 13.
8. Cotton interview.
9. Young interview.
10. Cotton, If Your Back’s Not Bent, xiv.
11. Adam Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 169.
12. Branch, At Canaan’s Edge, 742.
13. Honey, Going Down Jericho Road, 379.
14. Branch, At Canaan’s Edge, 742.
15. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound, 281–82.
16. Branch, At Canaan’s Edge, 742.
17. Cotton interview.
18. King, My Life with Martin Luther King, 289.
19. Marshall Frady, Jesse: The Life and Pilgrimage of Jesse Jackson (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 226.
CHAPTER 8: DAMAGE CONTROL
Transcript of interview with James M. Lawson Jr., July 8, 1970, tape 243, SSAP, 7.
1. David Caywood, author interview, Memphis, April 7, 2014.
2. Frank Holloman, May 23, 1978, HSCA testimony, vol. 1, 258.
3. Donald Smith, May 23, 1978, HSCA testimony, vol. 1, 259–61.
4. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 354.
5. Memo from Memphis FBI office, April 6, 1968, “Sanitation Workers Strike, Memphis, Tennessee, Racial Matters,” 7–8.
6. Jesse Jackson, Commercial Appeal, video posted on its website, April 1, 2008.
7. Order of Judge Bailey Brown, City of Memphis v. Martin Luther King Jr. et al., April 3, 1968, US District Court, Western District of Tennessee, Western Division, Memphis.
8. Martin Luther King Jr., “I See the Promised Land, April 3, 1968,” in Washington, Testament of Hope, 282.
&
nbsp; 9. Lawson interview.
10. McRae interview.
11. Lawson interview.
12. Young interview.
13. Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, 219.
14. Hooks interview.
15. Lawson interview.
CHAPTER 9: THE INJUNCTION
Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound, 191.
1. Tines report, 2.
2. Hearing transcript, City of Memphis v. Martin Luther King Jr. et al., April 4, 1968, US District Court, Western District of Tennessee, Western Division, Memphis, 203.
3. J. Michael Cody, author interview, Memphis, October 7, 2009.
4. Lucius E. Burch Jr. (1912–1996), The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, Version 2.0, http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/.
5. Caywood interview.
6. Cody interview.
7. Ibid.
8. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 352.
9. Lucius Burch, interview transcript, September 3, 1968, tape 88, SSAP, 3.
10. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 356.
11. Burch interview, 7, SSAP.
12. J. Michael Cody, quoted in “The Lions in Winter,” 58.
13. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 357.
14. Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham City Jail,” in Washington, Testament of Hope, 293.
15. Burch interview, SSAP, 7.
16. Caywood interview.
17. Cody interview.
18. Ibid.
CHAPTER 10: INVADERS
1. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound, 382.
2. Martin Luther King Jr., In a Single Garment of Destiny: A Global Vision of Justice, ed. Lewis V. Baldwin (Boston: Beacon Press, 2012), 128–29.
3. Martin Luther King Jr., “Need to Go to Washington,” 9.
4. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 334.
5. Cotton, If Your Back’s Not Bent, 204.
6. Coby Smith, author interview, Memphis, October 8, 2007.
7. Quoted in “As American as Apple Pie, Cherry Pie—and Violence,” This Day in Quotes, July 27, 2015, http://www.thisdayinquotes.com/2013/07/as-american-as-apple-pie-cherry-pie-and.html.
8. Appendix to field report from Memphis FBI office, “Black Organizing Project,” Invaders FOIA file, 1.
9. Honey, Going Down Jericho Road, 235.
10. “Re: Sanitation Workers Strike, March 29, 1968,” field report from Memphis FBI office, Exhibit F-456, in HSCA, vol. 1, 475.
11. FBI field report from Memphis office, February 27, 1968, Ernest Withers FOIA file, WP13, 4–5.
12. David J. Garrow, The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr.: From “Solo” to Memphis (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), 191.
13. Memo from Memphis FBI office, April 3, 1968, “Sanitation Workers Strike, Memphis, Tennessee, Racial Matters.”
14. Donzaleigh Abernathy, Partners to History: Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph David Abernathy and the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Crown Publishers, 2003), 184.
15. Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America, 289.
16. John Burl Smith, HSCA testimony, November 20, 1978, vol. 6, 489.
17. Charles Cabbage, HSCA testimony, November 20, 1978, vol. 6, 516.
18. Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America, 380.
19. Marrell McCollough, HSCA testimony, vol. 6, 417.
20. Field report from Memphis FBI, April 6, 1968, Ernest Withers FOIA file, WP 14, 8–9.
21. Cabbage, HSCA testimony, 518.
22. John Burl Smith, HSCA testimony, November 20, 1978, vol. 6, 465–66.
23. Honey, Going Down Jericho Road, 414.
24. Charles Cabbage, HSCA testimony, November 20, 1978, vol. 6, 518.
CHAPTER 11: NINE-TO-FIVE SECURITY
Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 607
1. John Lewis with Michael D’Orso, Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 404.
2. Frank C. Holloman affidavit, filed April 3, 1968, City of Memphis v. Martin Luther King Jr. et al., US District Court, Western District of Tennessee, Western Division, 4.
3. Frank Holloman, testimony April 3, 1968, hearing transcript, City of Memphis v. Martin Luther King Jr. et al., US District Court, Western District of Tennessee, Western Division, 9.
4. Holloman, HSCA testimony, vol. 1, 253.
5. Tines report.
6. Young interview.
7. King, My Life with Martin Luther King, 226.
8. Young interview.
9. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 353.
10. Holloman testimony, City of Memphis v. Martin Luther King Jr. et al., 55.
11. Donald Smith, HSCA testimony in executive session, March 1978, vol. 4, Exhibit F-188, 259–61.
12. Tines report, 4.
13. Holloman, HSCA testimony, vol. 1, 263.
14. Ibid.
15. Frank Holloman, interview transcript, May 9, 1973, tape 355, SSAP, 8.
16. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound, 191.
17. FBI memo from Las Vegas Bureau, May 15, 1964, Martin Luther King Jr. FOIA file, 00000224–5.TIF.
18. Branch, At Canaan’s Edge, 10–11.
19. Frank, American Death, 89.
20. Gerald Posner, Killing the Dream: James Earl Ray and the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Random House, 1998), 5.
21. Maxine Smith, author interview, Memphis, October 12, 2007.
22. Caywood interview.
23. Gregory Jaynes, e-mail to the author, December 8, 2006.
24. Lawson interview.
25. Jerry Dave Williams, testimony in Coretta Scott King et al. v. Loyd Jowers, November 17, 1999, 315, Circuit Court of Shelby County, Thirtieth Judicial District, Memphis.
26. Redditt interview.
27. Ibid.
CHAPTER 12: RELUCTANT SPEAKER
King, Where Do We Go from Here.
1. Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, 430.
2. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 354.
3. Branch, At Canaan’s Edge, 513.
4. Frank, An American Death, 90.
5. Young interview.
6. Young, Easy Burden, 461; Richard Lischer, The Preacher King: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Word That Moved America (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1995), 134.
7. Beifuss, At the River I Stand, 277.
8. Frady, Jesse, 224.
9. Branch, At Canaan’s Edge, 216.
10. Young interview.
11. Branch, At Canaan’s Edge, 184.
12. Lischer, Preacher King, 163.
13. Andrew Young, panel discussion, “Scoop: The Evolution of a Southern Reporter,” January 16, 2013, Carter Library and Museum, Atlanta.
14. Frady, Jesse, 224.
15. Ibid., 226.
16. Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, 430.
17. Candadai Seshachari, “The Re-Making of a Leader: Martin Luther King’s Last Phase,” Weber: The Contemporary West 10, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 1993).
18. Frank, American Death, 39.
19. Ibid., 40–41.
20. Logan interview, 4.
21. Ibid., 1.
22. Ibid., 3–4.
23. SCLC Charter, appendix to FBI memo from J. F. Blandi to W. C. Sullivan, January 4, 1962, Sec. 6, Martin Luther King Jr. FOIA file, 4.
24. King, “I See the Promised Land,” 5.
25. Clayborne Carson, Martin’s Dream: My Journey and the Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Memoir (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
26. King, Where Do We Go from Here, 141.
27. Ibid., 173.
28. Martin Luther King Jr., “Showdown for Non-Violence,” Look, April 16, 1968, 24–26.
29. Logan interview, 6.
30. FBI memo from G. C. Moore to William Sullivan, March 11, 1968, citing a report, Martin Luther King, Jr.—A Current Analysis, Martin Luther King Jr. FOIA file.
31. Frank, American Death, 39–40.
32. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 591–92.
33. Belafonte, My Song, 328.
&nb
sp; 34. Martin Luther King Jr., “The Power of Nonviolence,” speech at the University of California at Berkeley, July 4, 1957, Journal of Christian Encounter/Intercollegian 75, no. 8 (1957), 8–9, in Woodruff Library.
CHAPTER 13: THE STALKER
King, Why We Can’t Wait.
1. Sides, Hellhound on His Trail, 305.
2. Frank, An American Death, 175.
3. William Bradford Huie, He Slew the Dreamer: My Search for the Truth About James Earl Ray and the Murder of Martin Luther King (Montgomery, AL: Black Belt Press, 1997), 26.
4. Ibid.
5. James Earl Ray, HSCA staff interview, Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary, Petros, Tennessee, March 22, 1977, HSCA, vol. 9, 17.
6. Posner, Killing the Dream, 85–86.
7. Frank, An American Death, 176.
8. Memo from Springfield, Illinois, FBI office to J. Edgar Hoover, August 1, 1969, HSCA Exhibit F-622, vol. 7, 422.
9. Posner, Killing the Dream, 108.
10. Ibid., 78.
11. Ibid., 102.
12. Ibid., 90–94.
13. George McMillan, The Making of an Assassin: The Life of James Earl Ray (Boston: Little, Brown, 1976), 111–12.
14. Posner, Killing the Dream, 98–100.
15. Ibid., 104–5.
16. Percy Foreman, testimony, April 4, 1974, HSCA, vol. 5, 335.
17. Posner, Killing the Dream, 109–10.
18. Ibid., 123–24.
19. Robert Blakey statement, November 10, 1978, HSCA, vol. 4, 195.
20. McMillan, Making of an Assassin, 228–29.
21. James Earl Ray testimony, March 28, 1977, HSCA, vol. 9, 262–63.
22. Summary of prosecutor’s opening argument, State of Tennessee v. James Earl Ray, Criminal Court of Shelby County, Tennessee, 3/10/69, National Civil Rights Museum, Memphis, 4.
23. Staff report, HSCA, based on interview with Manuela Aguirre Medrano, November 1, 1978, HSCA, vol. 4, 158–59.
24. Ibid., 111–13.
25. Staff report, HSCA, November 10, 1978, vol. 4, 112–24, 158–59.
26. Percy Foreman testimony, HSCA, vol. 5, 95.
27. Staff report, HSCA, vol. 4, 122.
28. Evidence summary by US Representative Walter Fauntroy, November 9, 1978, HSCA, vol. 4, 5–6.
29. Huie, He Slew the Dreamer, 136.
30. Honey, Going Down Jericho Road, 408.
31. Huie, He Slew the Dreamer, 138.
32. Honey, Going Down Jericho Road, 408.
CHAPTER 14: SUMMONING DR. KING
Martin Luther King Jr., “All Labor Has Dignity,” ed. Michael K. Honey (Boston: Beacon Press, 2011).
1. Cody interview.
Redemption Page 20
