132 Prendergast, For God, Country and Coca-Cola, p. 206.
133 Mintz, Tasting Food, p. 28.
134 Prendergast, For God, Country and Coca-Cola, p. 194.
135 Ross and Romanus, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 485.
136 Risch, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 55.
137 Ibid., p. 196.
138 Ross and Romanus, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 131.
139 Risch, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 182.
140 Ross and Romanus, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 131.
141 Ibid.
142 Risch, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 187.
143 US War Department, Handbook, p. 299.
144 Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, pp. 28–9, 35–6.
145 Ellis, Sharp End of War, p. 280.
146 Kennett, G.I., p. 100.
147 Ellis, The Sharp End of War, p. 288.
148 Ross and Romanus, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 132.
149 Ibid., pp. 485–6.
150 Ibid., p. 129.
151 Ibid., p. 133.
152 Ibid., p. 490.
153 Katarzyna Cwiertka, ‘Feeding the troops in the Pacific and the Korean War’, talk given to the East Asian Studies seminar, Cambridge, 10 November 2008.
154 Beaumont, ‘Australia’s war: Europe and the Middle East’, pp. 9, 47.
155 Potts and Potts, Yanks, pp. 14–15.
156 Mellor, The Role of Science and Industry, pp. 609–10.
157 Stauffer, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 48.
158 Freeman, ‘Australian universities at war’, p. 123.
159 Forty Facts about Australia’s Wartime Agriculture.
160 Mellor, The Role of Science and Industry, p. 573; Butlin and Schedvin, War Economy, pp. 196–7.
161 Mellor, The Role of Science and Industry, p. 582.
162 Ibid.
163 Ibid., p. 586.
164 Ibid., p. 587.
165 Ibid., p. 596.
166 Ibid., pp. 589–90.
167 Forty Facts about Australia’s Wartime Agriculture, n.p.
168 Cramp, ‘Food – the first munition of war’, p. 76.
169 Cited by Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 247.
170 Mellor, The Role of Science and Industry, p. 592.
171 Ibid., p. 598.
172 Ibid., pp. 596–7; Stauffer, The Quartermaster Corps, pp. 103–8.
173 Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 247; Forty Facts about Australia’s Wartime Agriculture, n.p.
174 Mellor, The Role of Science and Industry, pp. 599–600; Crawford et al., Wartime Agriculture in Australia, p. 153.
175 Cited by Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 88.
176 Cramp, ‘Food – the first munition of war’, p. 74. Australians ate 17 lbs of pork while Americans ate 63 lbs.
177 Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 15.
178 Laurence and Tiddy, From Bully Beef, p. 43.
179 Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 288.
180 Cited in ibid., p. 87.
181 Ibid., p. 245.
182 Ibid., p. 156; Bosworth, ‘Eating for the nation’, p. 228.
183 Bosworth, ‘Eating for the nation’, pp. 231–2.
184 Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 243.
185 Ibid., p. 258.
186 Houldsworth, The Morning Side of the Hill, p. 137.
187 Ibid., p. 170.
188 Ibid.
189 Ibid., p. 177.
190 Ibid., p. 175.
191 Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 264.
192 ‘Food requirements for the Allied fighting forces’, Dept. of Defence, ANA, Series A816/1 File no: 42/301/397; ‘Food requirements of the Allied fighting forces and ration supply – United States Forces’, ANA, Series A5954/69 File no: 291/6.
193 Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 287.
194 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 148.
195 War Office, Record of Ration Scales, pp. 3–4, 11.
196 Reynolds, Rich Relations, pp. 148–9.
197 Stauffer, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 113.
198 Ibid., pp. 110–11.
199 Ibid., p. 110.
200 Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 32.
201 Ibid.
202 Stauffer, The Quartermaster Corps, pp. 49–53, 96–7.
203 Ibid., p. 191.
204 Ibid., pp. 182–9.
205 Ibid., p. 192. Other causes of wastage were ‘losses at sea, pilferage, enemy action, operational movements, extra issues, and … errors in distribution’. Ross and Romanus, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 136.
206 Stauffer, The Quartermaster Corps, pp. 193, 196.
207 Ibid., pp. 194–5.
208 Ibid., p. 199.
209 Italics added. Hastings, Nemesis, pp. 56–7.
210 Cited by Reynolds, Rich Relations, pp. 67–8.
211 Cook and Cook, Japan at War, p. 280.
212 Harries and Harries, Soldiers of the Sun, p. 314.
213 McQuarrie, Strategic Atolls, p. 28.
214 Ibid., pp. 26–30.
215 Lindstrom and White, ‘War stories’, p. 4.
216 McQuarrie, Strategic Atolls, p. xiv.
217 Denoon, The Cambridge History, p. 312.
218 Kahn and Sexton, ‘The fresh and the canned’, p. 11.
219 McQuarrie, Strategic Atolls, p. 31.
220 Ibid., pp. 40–41.
221 Ibid., pp. 32–3.
222 Ibid., p. 35.
223 White et al., The Big Death, p. 211.
224 Lindstrom and White, ‘War stories’, p. 10.
225 Kahn and Sexton, ‘The fresh and the canned’, p. 6.
226 Denoon, The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders, p. 315.
227 McQuarrie, Strategic Atolls, p. 145.
228 Ibid., p. 153.
229 Bindon, ‘Breadfruit’, p. 50.
230 Franco, ‘Samoan representations’, p. 375.
231 Ibid., p. 379.
232 Ibid., p. 386.
233 Ibid., p. 385.
234 Bindon, ‘Taro or rice’, p. 64.
235 Neubarth, Dental Conditions, p. 1.
236 Bindon, ‘Taro or rice’, p. 76.
237 Ibid., pp. 66–7.
238 Malcolm, Diet and Nutrition, n.p.
239 McQuarrie, Conflict in Kiribati, p. 149.
240 Nero, ‘Time of famine’, pp. 119, 122.
241 Ibid., p. 120.
242 Ibid., p. 129.
243 Ibid., pp. 129–30.
244 Ibid., pp. 132–3.
245 Counts, ‘Shadows of war’, p. 203.
246 Nero, ‘Time of famine’, p. 141.
247 Ibid., p. 132.
248 Stanner, The South Seas, p. 326.
249 Weeks, ‘The United States occupation’, p. 415.
250 Nero, ‘Time of famine’, p. 142.
251 Lindstrom and White, ‘War stories’, pp. 26–7; Franco, ‘Samoan representations’, pp. 373–4.
252 Stanner, The South Seas, p. 328.
253 Kahn and Sexton, ‘The fresh and the canned’, pp. 12–13.
254 Weeks, ‘The United States occupation’, p. 425.
255 Prendergast, For God, Country and Coca-Cola, pp. 208–9.
256 Kahn and Sexton, ‘The fresh and the canned’, p. 6.
257 Coyne, The Effect of Urbanisation, p. 18.
258 Blum, V Was for Victory, p. 67.
259 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 88.
260 Ibid.
261 Helmut Geidel, interviewed January 2007.
262 Gibney, Senso, p. 145.
263 Ibid., p. 146.
264 Sledge, With the Old Breed, pp. 31–2.
265 Stauffer, The Quartermaster Corps, pp. 13–14; Bird, American POWs of World War II, pp. 4–5.
266 Frank, Downfall, p. 160.
267 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 69.
268 Harrison, ‘The Second World War’, p. 240.
269 Harris, ‘Great Britain’, pp. 244–45.
270 Overy, Why the Allies Won, p. 321.
271 Frank, Downfall, p. 345.
PART IV THE AFTERMATH
/> 18. A Hungry World
1 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 30, Case 639, p. 8.
2 Bentley, Eating for Victory, p. 143.
3 Dower, Embracing Defeat, p. 93.
4 Bengelsdorf, Die Landwirtschaft der Vereinigten Staaten, pp. 273–4; Erker, Ernährungskrise und Nachkriegsgesellschaft, p. 49.
5 Trittel, ‘Hungerkrise und kollektiver Protest’, pp. 382–3.
6 Black, A Cause for Our Times, pp. 23–4, 28.
7 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 673.
8 Cited by Black, A Cause for Our Times, p. 3.
9 Dower, Embracing Defeat, pp. 45–7; Frank, Downfall, p. 334.
10 Duigan and Gann, The Rebirth of the West, pp. 23–4.
11 Teruko Blair, interviewed March 2006.
12 Kennedy, ‘Herbert Hoover’, p. 101.
13 Bengelsdorf, Die Landwirtschaft der Vereinigten Staaten, p. 270; Kratoska, ‘Malayan food shortages’, p. 109; Kurasawa, ‘Transportation and rice distribution’, p. 58.
14 Bentley, Eating for Victory, p. 144.
15 Gold, Wartime Economic Planning, p. 458.
16 Bentley, Eating for Victory, p. 144.
17 Gold, Wartime Economic Planning, p. 458.
18 Eastman, Seeds of Destruction, pp. 72–3.
19 Medvedev, Soviet Agriculture, p. 135.
20 Smith, The War’s Long Shadow, p. 171.
21 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 30, Case 639, p. 8.
22 Ibid., pp. 56–7.
23 Zubkova, Russia after the War, p. 38.
24 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule B, Vol. 13, Case 645, pp. 3, 18–19; ibid., Schedule A, Vol. 30, Case 641, pp. 42–3; ibid., Schedule A, Vol. 29, Case 623, p. 34.
25 Medvedev, Soviet Agriculture, pp. 137–8.
26 Volin, A Century, pp. 302–3.
27 Zubkova, Russia after the War, pp. 40–41.
28 Ibid., pp. 48–9.
29 Medvedev, Soviet Agriculture, pp. 132–4.
30 Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 5, Case 62, pp. 14–15.
31 Zubkova, Russia after the War, pp. 41–2, 47.
32 Farquharson, The Western Allies, p. 243.
33 Hollingsworth, ‘Rationing’, p. 261.
34 Kroen, ‘Negotiations’, pp. 263–4.
35 Oddy, From Plain Fare, p. 166; Zweiniger-Bargielowska, ‘Rationing’, p. 179.
36 Doreen Laven, notes on wartime memories.
37 Driver, The British at Table, p. 40.
38 Calvin Trillin, ‘Dissed fish. The strange attraction of snoek’, New Yorker, 6 September 2004, p. 86.
39 Driver, The British at Table, p. 41.
40 Zweiniger-Bargielowska, ‘Rationing’, p. 181.
41 Panter-Downes, One Fine Day, p. 15.
42 Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Austerity in Britain, pp. 3–4.
43 Duigan and Gann, The Rebirth of the West, p. 109.
44 Ibid., pp. 109–10.
45 Hans-Ulrich Wehler, interviewed February 2004.
46 Dower, Embracing Defeat, p. 110.
47 Prendergast, For God, Country and Coca-Cola, p. 211.
48 Wagenleitner, Coca-Colonization, p. 277.
49 Pells, ‘American culture abroad’, p. 77.
50 Terkel, ‘The Good War’, pp. 206–7.
51 Cited by Bentley, Eating for Victory, p. 170.
19. A World of Plenty
1 Matusow, Farm Policies, p. 3.
2 Bentley, Eating for Victory, p. 143.
3 Gold, Wartime Economic Planning, p. 457.
4 Kennedy, ‘Herbert Hoover’, p. 98.
5 Matusow, Farm Policies, p. 18.
6 Perkins, Geopolitics, p. 127; Wilcox, The Farmer, p. 279.
7 Gold, Wartime Economic Planning, pp. 444–5.
8 Ibid., pp. 435–6.
9 Matusow, Farm Policies, p. 8.
10 Bentley, Eating for Victory, pp. 146, 157.
11 Ibid., p. 144.
12 Gold, Wartime Economic Planning, p. 450.
13 Miller, Call of Duty, p. 120.
14 Matusow, Farm Policies, pp. 19, 23–5.
15 Gold, Wartime Economic Planning, p. 467.
16 Ibid., pp. 470–71.
17 Kennedy, ‘Herbert Hoover’, pp. 98–9.
18 Ibid., p. 101.
19 Gold, Wartime Economic Planning, p. 469.
20 Moore, ‘The western Allies’, p. 106.
21 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, p. 187.
22 Britnell and Voake, Canadian Agriculture, pp. 166–9, 269–272.
23 Gold, Wartime Economic Planning, p. 474.
24 Ibid., pp. 480–81.
25 Matusow, Farm Policies, p. 168.
26 Ibid., p. 150; Gold, Wartime Economic Planning, pp. 474, 476–7.
27 Ibid., p. 463.
28 Staples, The Birth of Development, p. 76.
29 Vernon, Hunger, p. 158; Boon, ‘Agreement and disagreement’, p. 171.
30 Ibid., p. 172.
31 Vernon, Hunger, p. 153.
32 Boon, ‘Agreement and disagreement’, p. 173; Trentmann, ‘Coping with shortage’, p. 32.
33 Extracts from the Report of the Hot Springs Conference, http://www.worldfooddayusa.org/?id-16367; Evang, ‘The Hot Springs Conference’, p. 168.
34 Matusow, Farm Policies, p. 85.
35 Vernon, Hunger, p. 153.
36 Staples, The Birth of Development, p. 82.
37 Vernon, Hunger, p. 156.
38 Orr, As I Recall, pp. 176–7, 193.
39 Matusow, Farm Policies, pp. 89–90.
40 Cohen, A Consumer’s Republic, p. 114.
41 Gold, Wartime Economic Planning, pp. 463, 465.
42 Erker, Ernährungskrise und Nachkriegsgesellschaft, pp. 49–50.
43 Trittel, ‘Hungerkrise und kollektiver Protest’, p. 378.
44 Ibid., p. 379.
45 Ibid, p. 389.
46 Gardner, Architects of Illusion, p. 259.
47 Henderson, ‘German economic miracle’, The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, http://www.econlib.org.
48 Trittel, ‘Hungerkrise und kollektiver Protest’, p. 391.
49 Wexler, ‘The Marshall Plan’, p. 151.
50 Hogan, The Marshall Plan, p. 415.
51 Tracy, Government and Agriculture, pp. 218, 223.
52 Kroen, ‘Negotiations’, pp. 252, 255–6.
53 Cohen, A Consumer’s Republic, p. 127.
54 Kroen, ‘Negotiations’, p. 265.
55 Bell and Bell, Implicated, p. 94.
56 Ibid., p. 105; Brash, The Hegemony of International Business, pp. 8–9.
57 Lowe, Menzies, pp. 136–7.
58 Trentmann, ‘Coping with shortage’, p. 35.
59 Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes, p. 260; Tracy, Government and Agriculture, pp. 230, 238.
60 Smith, The War’s Long Shadow, p. 176.
61 Medvedev, Soviet Agriculture, p. 131; Nove, ‘Soviet peasantry in World War II’, pp. 87–8.
62 Becker, Hungry Ghosts, p. 57.
63 Mitter, Modern China, pp. 57–8.
64 Mitter, Bitter Revolution, pp. 196–8; Becker, Hungry Ghosts, p. 57.
65 Rasmussen, ‘Plant hormones in war and peace’, p. 291.
66 Martin, The Development of Modern Agriculture, p. 102; Pollan, In Defence of Food, p. 101.
67 Martin, The Development of Modern Agriculture, p. 197.
68 Matusow, Farm Policies, p. 111.
69 Short et al., ‘“The front line of freedom”’, p. 15.
70 Brown, Who Will Feed China?, p. 106.
71 Martin, The Development of Modern Agriculture, p. 128.
72 Blythe, Akenfield, p. 260.
73 Ibid., p. 262.
74 Ibid., p. 264.
75 Mira Kamdar, ‘The threat of global food shortages – Part II’, Yaleglobal online, http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/threat-global-food-shortages-%E2%80%93-part-ii, n.p.
76 Farrer, To Feed a Nation, p. 129.
77 Ibid., p. 130.
78 Ibid., p. 170.
79 Ibid., pp. 129, 169, 177.
80 Milward, The Fascist Economy in Norway, p. 243.
81 Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes, p. 263; Hardyment, Slice of Life, pp. 79–80.
82 Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes, p. 269; Driver, The British at Table, p. 66.
83 Cohen, A Consumer’s Republic, p. 404.
84 Kuisel, Seducing the French, p. 105.
85 Duigan and Gann, The Rebirth of the West, p. 533.
86 Buss, ‘The British diet’, p. 127; Oddy, From Plain Fare, pp. 208–10.
87 Barkawi, Globalization and War, p. 92.
88 Bruce, War on the Ground, p. 301.
89 Richard Eickelmann, interviewed February 2004.
90 Morehouse, Fighting in the Jim Crow Army, p. 200.
91 Potts and Potts, Yanks, p. 246.
92 Jaffrey, Climbing the Mango Trees, pp. 183–4.
93 Knight, Food Administration in India, p. 97.
94 Lloyd, Food and Inflation, p. 58.
95 Dower, Embracing Defeat, pp. 90, 529.
96 Ibid., p. 169.
97 Ibid., pp. 169–70.
98 Cwiertka, ‘Culinary culture’, p. 423; Oki Chiyo, interviewed by Catherine Oki, October 2006.
99 Cwiertka, ‘Militarization of nutrition’, p. 15; Cwiertka, Modern Japanese Cuisine, p. 131; Ohnuki-Tierney, Rice as Self, p. 39.
100 Pollan, In Defence of Food, pp. 8–10, 28–9, 35–6, 107–21.
101 Mitter, Modern China, pp. 57–8.
102 Naylor and Falcon, ‘Our daily bread’, p. 13.
103 Scrimshaw, ‘World nutritional problems’, p. 353; Food and Agriculture Organization, ‘Assessment of the world food security and nutrition situation’, Committee on World Food Security, Thirty-fourth Session, Rome, 14–17 October 2008. Agenda Item II http//ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/014/k3175e.pdf, p. 1.
104 ‘Quarter of US grain crop feeds cars not people’, Guardian, 23 January 2010.
105 Mira Kamdar, ‘The threat of global food shortages – Part II’, Yaleglobal online, http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/14384-15070 n.p.; Stern, ‘Climate change, internationalism and India in the 21st century’, the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Lecture, Chatham House, 15 July 2009, http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/14384-15070.
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The Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food Page 70
