Belorussia 36, 186, 190
beriberi 240, 245, 275, 299, 311
Berlin 24, 41, 170, 182, 209, 218, 347, 355, 376, 377, 379, 425
Beveridge Report 397, 434
biofuels 4, 500, 501
birth rate 25, 311, 344
birth weight 265, 468
black market 37, 73, 97, 131, 136–7, 178, 204, 256, 262, 374
in Britain 374–6
in General Government 206–7, 212, 218
in Germany 162, 356, 360, 374–8, 283, 468
in India 122, 146, 147
in Japan 242, 288–9, 306, 309
in occupied Europe 163, 166, 169, 170, 171, 175, 176, 178
in occupied south-east Asia 237, 239, 243
in occupied Soviet Union 191, 215, 216, 217
in Soviet Union 321, 338
in the United States 432
blockade 23, 30, 259, 302
during First World War 23–4, 25
of Allies 8, 26, 110, 113
of Japan 8, 115, 229, 230, 232, 235, 238, 239, 242, 273, 286, 290, 303, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 314
of Nationalist China 8, 11, 66, 141, 251–2
of occupied Europe 8, 23, 35, 66, 156, 166, 167, 168, 175, 178, 298, 358
of south-east Asia 238, 243
of Ukrainian cities 5, 213, 214, 263
Blunt, Maggie Joy 106, 115, 391
Brauchitsch, Field Marshal Werner von 192, 377
Bräutigam, Otto 187, 197
Brazil 2, 87, 500
bread 4, 9, 14, 18, 19, 21, 25, 87, 125, 202, 207, 238, 240, 243, 271, 275, 282, 412, 415, 422, 448, 464, 480, 494, 496–7, 501
in Britain 13, 20, 89, 90, 93, 94, 96, 105, 115, 348, 351, 363, 365, 366, 386, 387–9, 390, 392, 398, 400, 420, 472, 474
in Germany 21, 22, 25, 28, 164, 181–2, 203, 212, 217, 218, 347, 354, 357–8, 359, 368, 370, 373, 379, 380, 381, 383, 437, 449, 468, 480, 494
in Italy 173, 174
in Japan 282, 288, 307, 497–8
in Middle East 129, 131, 404
in occupied Europe 163, 166, 169, 176, 178, 195, 196, 197, 199, 479
in occupied Soviet Union 39, 184, 192, 322
in Pacific 408, 410, 411, 450, 457, 460, 461
in Soviet Union 12, 219, 224, 225, 268, 319, 320, 321, 328, 329–30, 331, 333, 334, 335, 337, 338, 339, 437, 470, 471
in United States 421, 423, 436, 478
rationing 89, 164, 173, 181, 182, 202, 212, 217, 381, 329–30, 334, 335, 338, 339, 363, 472, 485
bread grains 9, 29, 93, 96, 157, 159, 162, 186
Britain 2, 16, 34, 36, 62, 64, 67, 68, 69, 89, 103, 104–5, 110, 120, 164, 167–8, 177, 228, 248, 339, 340, 358, 399, 432, 444
agriculture 22, 73, 89–96, 101, 155, 229, 231
and its Empire 120–54, 156, 488
and First World War 23–4, 50, 104, 501
and United States 69, 76, 81, 96, 103, 108–15, 139, 141, 154
as a great power 20, 31
British Restaurants 364–5, 495
food crisis 104, 106
food policy 10, 11, 96, 107, 123, 124, 156, 358, 361–3, 369, 376, 384–5, 387, 390–91, 419–20, 464, 481–4
food shortages 13, 67, 103, 106–7, 111, 272
industrial workers in 8, 363–4, 367, 391, 422
motivation for fighting 270, 345, 463
post-war 471–4, 480, 483, 488, 491, 494, 495
pre-war food economy 19–21, 27, 67, 71–2, 90, 262, 269, 396, 432, 434, 449, 480, 488
pre-war malnutrition 349–53, 397
rationing in 11, 67, 89, 98, 108, 111, 114–16, 123, 139–40, 269, 279, 348, 361–2, 385, 386, 389, 391, 392, 472, 474, 480, 485
reliance on imports 96–101, 105, 108, 117, 145
victory gardens 337, 390–91
wartime improvement in diet 382, 385–99, 414, 417, 418
see also aerial bombardment; black market; blockade; calorie consumption
British armed forces 10, 120, 131, 271, 396, 400
food rationing 129, 319, 334, 399–401, 402, 403–05, 412, 414, 449
British colonies 8, 12, 19, 20, 24, 101, 121, 122, 124, 126, 133, 141, 156, 263, 403, 411, 488
British Empire 16, 20, 22, 31, 50, 67, 68, 92, 97, 120–54, 156, 262, 403, 469, 488, 496
British Food Mission 102, 103, 113
Burma 133, 141, 143, 146, 147, 149, 150, 152, 230, 235, 236, 237, 239, 252, 257, 274, 282, 283, 285, 300–303, 315, 412, 413
Burma Road 252, 300, 509
Burma–Siam railway 236, 285
calorie consumption
in Britain 348, 366
in Germany 26, 182, 203, 348, 359, 467–8
in Italy 173
in Japan 280, 281, 306, 311, 312
in Poland 5, 206
in modern diet 87, 499
in occupied Europe 166, 169, 171
in occupied Soviet Union 192, 193
in post-war Europe 477, 481
in Soviet Union 329, 343
in United States 478, 500
calorie/energy requirements 5, 8, 9, 13, 66, 166, 181, 203, 263–4, 268, 312, 319, 335, 343, 363, 368, 369, 370, 396
Canada 21, 120, 247, 390
agricultural restructuring 8, 98
fertilizer industry 81, 91–2
post-war relief 480
rationing in 394, 480
wartime improvement in diet 394
canned foods 77, 83, 84, 85, 96, 99, 100, 111, 112, 113, 114, 128, 178, 282, 284, 290, 334, 340, 341, 387, 404, 407, 408, 419, 433, 437, 440, 441, 444, 445, 447, 449–51, 455, 457, 460, 472, 473, 475, 480, 492, 493, 496
cannibalism 195, 256, 297–8, 299–300, 304
Caribbean 20, 68
cash crops 8, 52, 61, 135, 138, 141, 154, 166, 488, 489
cassava/manioc 3, 4, 124, 125, 135
casualties 271, 303, 462
civilian 11, 317
military 1, 10, 270, 311, 314, 315, 316, 317, 344
total wartime 1
Ceylon 67, 120, 129, 497
Cherwell, Lord 113, 145
Chiang Kaishek 50, 248, 249, 250, 252, 254
China 2, 80, 20, 21, 72, 74, 77, 230, 231, 248–61, 262, 437, 489, 490, 500
and extraterritoriality 49–50
and contemporary food consumption 2–3, 499
and United States 2, 49, 257, 261
communists in 249, 258–61
food shortage in 11, 253, 255, 469, 476
Japanese settlers in 7, 31–2, 60–62
Nationalist China 49, 50–54, 63, 66, 69, 249, 250, 251, 300
rationing in 253
supplying food for Japan 7, 246, 481
war with Japan 58, 62, 63, 64, 234, 236, 248, 273, 278, 279
see also aerial bombardment; blockade
Chinese Nationalist army 254, 256, 257
Churchill, Winston S. 68, 105, 113, 145, 395, 398
and Battle of the Atlantic 102, 107, 108, 125, 127, 136
and Bengal famine 105, 145, 150, 151, 152, 153
and British food rationing 361, 364
and blockade of occupied Europe 35, 167, 168, 177, 468
civilian internees 7, 134, 314
Clay, General Lucius D. 486
climate change 4, 501
Coca-Cola 424, 438–9, 455, 460, 474, 488, 496
cocoa 19, 67, 69, 284, 363, 377, 393, 400, 410, 422, 477
farming 68, 138, 140, 141
cod liver oil 108, 396
coffee 25, 68, 69, 79, 128, 133, 174, 201, 209, 283, 284, 351, 353, 357, 359, 373, 375, 383, 404, 415, 419, 422, 430, 432, 435, 436, 438, 440, 441, 446, 451, 452, 457, 493
Combined Food Board 69, 92, 103, 125, 482
Combined Shipping Adjustments Board 68, 118
Committee on Food Habits 120, 128
Commonwealth, the 20, 24, 68, 92, 97, 101
see also Britain; individual dominions
Commonwealth armed forces 10, 271, 274, 385, 406, 414, 436, 462
communism 10, 270, 325, 345, 486, 487, 489, 490, 499
co
ncentration camps 44, 161, 206, 207, 369, 371, 372
food/rations in 5, 11, 264, 372–3
see also extermination camps
condensed (high-energy) foods 8, 20, 90, 101, 112, 340, 405, 418, 496
conscription/the draft 61, 72, 78, 79, 96, 134, 135, 181, 231, 236, 239, 255, 256, 278, 320, 369, 417, 435, 436
Conti, Leonardo 181, 182, 203
County War Agricultural Executive Committees 95–6
Crete 127, 443
Cyprus 67, 126, 129, 404
Czechoslovakia 7, 42, 208, 469, 480
Darré, Richard Walther 28, 29, 30, 32–4, 47, 155, 173, 370, 377
D-Day (6 June 1944) 118
death rate 7, 166, 177, 192, 240, 349, 350, 469, 495
dehydrated foods 84, 94, 97–8, 340, 401, 407, 408, 409, 411, 437, 441, 442, 444, 450, 451, 452, 461, 492–3
Denmark 34, 46, 98, 165, 175, 178, 263, 353
Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF) see German Labour Front
developing world 2, 3, 4, 459, 499, 500
see also underdeveloped countries
Digging for Victory see vegetable growing
Dönitz, Admiral Karl 103, 104, 110, 117
drought 4, 71, 87, 114, 124, 125, 132, 134, 135, 227, 234, 244, 246, 255, 258, 471, 476
Drummond, Jack, 347, 387, 389, 472
Dutch East Indies 63, 235, 244, 309, 314
see also Indonesia
East Africa 105, 126, 132–8, 413
eastern front 39, 92, 112, 159, 170, 184, 185, 224, 270, 303, 323, 324, 334, 369, 382
conditions on 183, 199–203, 321–2
war of annihilation 39, 185, 324, 346, 464
Ehlich, Hans 42, 43, 47
eggs 20, 112, 163, 185, 221, 288, 330, 333, 339, 341, 378, 421, 427, 446, 490
availability/shortages 115, 338, 356, 362, 367, 389, 405, 431, 477
ban on purchasing 193, 213, 360
consumption 13, 170, 171, 357, 393, 418, 428, 436, 437, 451, 499
dried 77, 100, 334, 340, 394, 450
production 106, 174, 486, 491
Egypt 4, 107, 128, 404, 437, 495
as military base 121, 126, 127, 130, 131, 132, 141, 167, 403
food production in 129, 130–32, 403, 404
Einsatzgruppen 39, 189, 224, 236
Eisenhower, General 177, 480
Ellice Islands 452–4
Eritrea 31, 130
Ethiopia 31, 105, 126, 130, 133
ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) 42–6
extermination camps
Auschwitz 6, 45, 206, 372
Belzec 206, 208, 211, 212
Majdanek 206
Sobibor 209, 212
Treblinka 206, 209, 211, 264
famine 1, 5, 7, 72, 77, 127, 130, 264, 382, 451
as a result of collectivization 86, 214, 221, 216, 325, 490
Bengal 1, 12, 141–54, 264, 496
Chinese 7, 11, 255–6
Dutch Hunger Winter 7, 176–8, 265
foods 263, 272, 471
Greek 7, 165–8, 178, 404
long-term effects 265
in Africa 124, 132, 134, 136, 137
in Burma 230, 237
in Japan 53, 275, 310, 313, 464
in Middle East 131
in occupied Soviet Union 5, 191, 214, 216, 317, 318, 471
post-war 471, 480, 490
Tonkin 1, 7–8, 230, 240–42
fascism 16, 416
fat 18, 19, 20, 25, 28, 69, 86, 96, 99, 113, 115, 128, 131, 140, 175, 177, 180, 186, 219, 268, 339, 354, 355, 360, 370, 377, 460, 493, 498
and health 13, 460
importance in diet 13, 22, 139, 157, 392
in army rations 276, 281, 319, 320, 321, 341, 437
post-war increases in consumption 487, 492, 495
rationing 157, 164, 210
shortages 35, 70, 125, 157, 158, 164, 176, 203, 210, 225, 356, 358, 367, 380, 381, 382, 384, 472, 476
supplies for Germany 186, 214, 216
fertilizer 3, 4, 34, 35, 58, 71, 82, 84, 91, 130, 132, 172, 251, 482, 487, 501
production 9, 73, 75, 81, 92, 156, 232, 491
shortages 44, 155, 159, 170, 175, 186, 217, 222, 229, 232, 251
First World War 23, 26, 27, 50, 76, 77, 83, 92, 109, 167, 170, 181, 201, 220, 223, 325, 329, 349, 361, 380, 385, 395, 400, 402, 403, 441, 457, 501
different from Second World War 346, 348, 463, 464
hunger during 382
influence on British policy makers 104
influence on Japanese policy makers 50, 54
influence on National Socialists 4–5, 33, 104, 181, 203, 359, 370
see also Versailles, Treaty of
fodder 34, 157, 175, 186, 197, 202, 221, 225, 255, 342
imports 2, 3, 4, 19, 22, 23, 26, 29, 35, 67, 71, 353, 356
production 28, 69, 93, 219, 479
food
as a driving force for conflict 2, 4, 15, 17, 23
dependence on imports of 2, 3, 20, 22, 23, 26, 28–30, 35, 50, 52, 63, 67, 69, 89, 90, 93, 97, 100, 101, 108, 113, 124, 143–4, 153, 166, 168, 172, 190, 228–9, 230, 234–5, 237, 240, 262, 286, 310, 353–4, 460, 483
entitlement 5, 11, 118, 124, 131, 263, 269, 329, 348, 359, 369, 462
fortification 10, 86, 389, 410, 411, 413, 421, 423, 461, 494
importance for maintaining war effort 8, 26, 88, 262, 270, 464
packaging 10, 492
prices 3, 19, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 52, 123, 127, 133, 143, 144, 166, 170, 234, 253, 261, 356, 362, 412, 482, 483, 501
processing 8, 10, 83, 84, 87, 93, 97, 100, 122, 125, 139, 389, 444, 445, 492–3, 494, 498, 499
quality 14
riots 4, 22, 52, 127, 129, 171
surpluses 27, 66, 68, 75, 76, 136, 352, 426, 427, 477, 483, 484, 489
theft 225, 306, 331, 341
wartime increase in demand for 66, 77, 139
forced labour
rations 11, 156, 161, 164, 370–71
use of by Japan 7, 231, 244, 297
use of by Germany 11, 44, 45, 156, 160–61, 164, 186, 196, 210, 214, 218, 370–71, 470, 555n
Formosa 49, 52, 60, 228, 237, 243, 261, 278
Four Year Plan 32, 33, 38, 155
France 7, 22, 23, 27, 34, 42, 67, 76, 104, 111, 120, 152, 169, 175, 232, 248, 270, 368, 373, 396, 400, 439, 477, 480
export of food to Germany 171, 175, 178, 204
impact of war on food supply 163, 170, 171, 262
import dependence 35
rationing in 211, 485
Frank, Hans, 205, 209
free market 11, 68, 78, 148, 150, 345, 419, 483, 486
free trade 2, 20, 22, 27, 56, 484
frozen food 113, 407, 419
production 83–4, 493
see also meat, frozen
fuel 3, 8, 67, 68, 184, 195, 199, 201, 253, 283, 335, 381, 402, 410, 487, 501
shortages 38, 63, 170, 186, 222, 229, 309, 326, 328, 468, 470
Gambia, the 67, 120, 122, 124, 129, 140
General Government 43–5, 193, 194, 205, 207, 218
rations in 206, 211, 212–13
General Plan for the East 17, 39–46, 60
German armed forces 274, 284, 303, 312, 324, 336
campaign in North Africa 126, 152, 404, 443
food policy 184–6, 180, 184, 188
food rations 156, 170, 173, 180, 184, 186–9, 202, 218, 322, 367–8, 380, 434, 437, 440, 441
length of service tail 271
see also eastern front
German Labour Front (DAF) (Deutsche Arbeitsfront) 356, 367, 368, 369
Germany 7, 16, 18, 49, 59, 64, 86, 138, 219, 231, 232, 311, 330, 335, 337, 439, 472
agriculture 28–9, 70, 71, 73, 155–63, 164, 374–5, 467 487, 493, 495, 499
and Britain 34, 91, 106, 262
and First World War 5, 16, 22, 23–6, 33, 50, 464
and Japan 63
barter economy 378, 379, 383
casualties 317
decision to invade Soviet Union 26, 32, 34, 36, 37, 164, 180, 182�
�3
euthanasia programme 5, 206, 361
expansionism 2, 5, 16–17, 30–31, 32, 39–42, 64, 262
feeding urban population 2, 22, 30
feels disadvantaged by global economy 2, 16, 21, 22, 26–7, 34, 64, 266
food crisis 164, 199–204, 348–9
food policy 359, 261
food shortages 164, 180, 181, 183, 203, 379–82, 431
industrial workers in 9, 13, 21, 181–2, 203, 335, 356,-7, 367–70, 380–82, 422, 424
invasion of Soviet Union 39, 66, 104, 110, 190, 222, 226, 318, 328
motivation for fighting 270, 416, 463–4
plunder of occupied Europe 69, 165–6, 169–71, 173, 175, 178–9, 263, 348
plunder of occupied Soviet Union 69, 85, 189, 210, 213–18, 223, 259, 263, 284, 342, 348
preparation for war 28, 33, 69, 155, 156, 269, 347, 384
pre-war food economy 13, 19, 22, 27–8, 86, 269, 347, 353–59
post-war hunger 467–8, 469, 472, 474, 478, 485, 495
post-war recovery 486–7
rationing in 13, 26, 34, 47, 156, 157, 161, 181–3, 194, 203, 210, 211, 212, 217, 218, 347–8, 359, 367, 368, 376–7, 378, 380–82, 383, 468, 486
rationing in occupied Soviet Union 191, 192, 193
see also autarky; aerial bombardment; black market; blockade; calorie consumption; forced labour; Hunger Plan; General Plan for the East; National Socialists; U-boats
Gestapo 30, 208, 209, 360
global food economy/trade 2, 8, 16, 19, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 64, 66, 89, 460, 485
Goebbels, Joseph 204, 209, 217, 347, 355, 376, 377, 378
Göring, Hermann 32, 33, 34, 43, 44, 155, 210, 347, 353, 368
and the Hunger Plan 35, 36, 38, 180, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190, 192, 193, 204, 216
and exploitation of occupied territories 156, 165, 171, 179, 211–13, 217
and extravagant lifestyle 376, 377
Great Britain see Britain
Great Depression 16, 27, 52, 53–4, 61, 64, 66, 70, 72, 75, 78, 83, 96, 109, 136, 143, 349, 356, 416, 417, 426, 429, 434
Greece 7, 165–8, 172, 404, 443, 469, 477, 487
green revolution 3, 489, 501
Gross, C. P. 111, 116, 474
Guadalcanal 275, 291–3, 294, 295, 303, 454, 461
gulags 7, 220, 317, 332, 470, 555n
Henan province 11, 255, 257
Heydrich, Reinhard 41, 42
Himmler, Heinrich 30, 40, 41, 47, 160, 371–2
Hirohito, Emperor 314, 316
Hiroshima 275, 311, 316, 468
Hitler, Adolf 2, 28, 32, 33, 37, 43, 44, 66, 80, 103, 106, 140, 158, 172, 173, 197, 270, 322, 353, 355, 370, 378
and belief in importance of food supply 29, 30, 36, 38, 155
and Britain 104, 110, 463
and Holocaust 184, 204, 205, 209
The Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food Page 77
