5. Ackley to Johnson, May 19, June 12, Aug. 8, 1967, Okun to Johnson, Jan. 29, May 22, 1968, EX FG 11–3 File, Ackley to Christian, Oct. 23, 1967, H. H. Fowler et al. to Johnson, Dec. 27, 1968, EX FG 3 File, Califano to the Files, June 9, 1967, Califano Papers, all Johnson Library.
6. CQ Almanac, 1967, 643–56; Public Papers, Johnson, 1967, I: 8, II: 733–46, 1050; Stevens, Vain Hopes, 92; Califano, Johnson, 244; Johnson, Vantage Point, 449, 450–51; Ackley to Johnson, Feb. 24, May 15, July 22, Aug. 16, Sept. 21, Oct. 27, Dec. 18, Califano to Johnson, June 17, Okun to Johnson, Oct. 27, Fowler et al. to Johnson, July 22, Ackley to McGovern, Sept. 21, 1967, EX FG 11–3 File, CEA, Tax Policy and the Economy, May 23, 1967, Califano Papers, Califano to Johnson, Oct. 7, with attachments, Oct. 16, 1967, LE FI 11–4 File, Charles L. Schultze, Oral History Interview, 11–40, all Johnson Library.
7. Public Papers, Johnson, 1968–1969, I: 14; Johnson, Vantage Point, 451; Califano, Draft for the President, n.d., Califano Papers, Smathers to Johnson, Oct. 2, 1967, LE FI 11–4 File, Fowler to Johnson, March 22, 1968, Confidential File, Henry H. Fowler, Oral History Interview, 111–13–18, all Johnson Library; CQ Almanac, 1968, 263–78.
8. Fowler to Johnson, April 24, Johnson to McCormack, May 4, Sanders to Johnson, May 9, Okun to Johnson, May 9, 20, American Bankers Assn. telegram, May 27, 1968, Califano Papers, two memos Califano to Johnson, May 2, Zwick to Johnson, May 2, Sanders to Johnson, May 4, two memos Sanders to Johnson, May 9, 17, Mills to Heller, May 10, Fowler to Johnson, May 9, 27, June 10, Califano to Johnson (AFL-CIO telegram), May 13, 1968, all EX LE FI 11–4 File, Okun to Johnson, May 22, 1968, EX FG 11–3 File, Barr to Johnson, May 21, 1968, Confidential File, Arthur M. Okun, Oral History Interview, 11–21, all Johnson Library; Califano, Johnson, 285, 288.
9. Robert Dallek, Lone Star Rising (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991), 46—50; Arthur M. Okun and George L. Perry, eds., Curing Chronic Inflation (Washington: Brookings, 1978), 1–2; Walter W. Heller, Oral History Interview, 11–40–41, Johnson Library.
Chapter 15. Turmoil at Home
1. William Conrad Gibbons, The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1986), II: 250–51.
2. Nancy Zaroulis and Gerald Sullivan, Who Spoke Up? (Garden City: Doubleday, 1984), 1–3, 1965 ch.; Cater to Johnson, Jan. 26, May 25, June 22, July 10, Aug. 5, 1965, Cater Papers, Johnson Library; Tom Wells, The War Within (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1994), 35; Daniel C. Hallin, The “Uncensored War” (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1986), 105; Michael J. Arlen, Living-Room War (New York: Viking, 1969); Joseph A. Califano, Jr., Oral History Interview, XVIII-5, Johnson Library. The peace demonstrations are recounted in Charles DeBenedetti and Charles Chatfield, An American Ordeal (Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1990), chs. 4, 5; Thomas Powers, The War at Home (New York: Grossman, 1973), chs. 4, 5; Eric F. Goldman, The Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Knopf, 1968), ch. 16; Johnson, Diary, 286–87; Robert Jay Lifton, Home from the War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), 15.
3. Violence in the City—An End or a Beginning?, Report by the Governor’s Commission on the Los Angeles Riots (Dec. 2, 1965); Report of the President’s Task Force on the Los Angeles Riots, n.d., Califano Papers, Martin to White with attached memorandum, Aug. 23, 1965, White Papers, Johnson Library; Area Redevelopment Administration, Hard-Core Unemployment and Poverty in Los Angeles (Washington, D.C., 1965); Califano, Johnson, 59–64; Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Bantam, 1968), 120; Milton Viorst, Fire in the Streets (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), 309, 314–15; Paul Jacobs, Prelude to Riot (New York: Random House, 1966), ch. 7; David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross (New York: Morrow, 1986), 439–40.
4. For the trying internal problems of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, see Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 548, 584–87. The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (1965); Public Papers, Johnson, 1965, II: 635–40; Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1990), 209–10, 258–62; CQ Almanac, 1966, 450–72; James L. Sundquist, Politics and Policy (Washington: Brookings, 1968), 275–82; Lawrence F. O’Brien, Oral History Interview, XVII-20–24, Johnson Library.
5. Len O’Connor, CLOUT, Mayor Daley and His City (Chicago: Regnery, 1975), 37; Leo M. Snowiss, “Chicago and Congress, A Study of Metropolitan Representation” (Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, 1965), ch. 2; Mike Royko, Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago (New York: New American Library, 1971), 30–31; Mike Royko, Sez Who? Sez Me (New York: Dutton, 1982), 95–96; Califano, Johnson, 69–70; Francis Keppel, Oral History Interview, 18–19, 23–26, 67–74, Wilbur J. Cohen, Oral History Interview, IV-10–12, both Johnson Library; Gary Orfield, The Reconstruction of Southern Education (New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1969), ch. 4, quotes at 172, 206–7.
6. The history of the Chicago Freedom Movement is recounted in James R. Ralph, Jr., Northern Protest (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1993), 35, 39, and in Alan B. Anderson and George W. Pickering, Confronting the Color Line (Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press, 1986), chs. 4—12, quote at 234, the housing agreement is app. II; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, chs. 8–9, Rustin quote at 455; and Dempsey J. Travis, An Autobiography of Black Politics (Chicago: Urban Research, 1987), I: chs. 16–20. Royko, Boss, Brazier and Daley quotes at 149–50, 154–55, 158.
7. Kirkpatrick Sale’s SDS (New York: Random House, 1973) is the basic study, particularly pp. 17—22, 50—54, 674—77. See also McGhee to Rusk, Report of the Student Unrest Study Group, Jan. 17, 1969, National Security File, Intelligence, Johnson Library; Charles DeBenedetti, “Or the Significance of Citizen Peace Activism: America 1961–1975,” Peace and Change (Summer 1983), 6–20; Irwin Unger, The Movement: A History of the American New Left, 1959–1972 (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1975), ch. 3; Todd Gitlin, The Sixties (New York: Bantam, 1987), chs. 4–7, quote at 125. Massimo Teodori, ed., The New Left: A Documentary History (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1969), contains a long selection from the Port Huron Statement, 163–72; Michael Harrington, Fragments of the Century (New York: Saturday Review Press, 1973), 132–57, quote at 144. For a sophisticated ideological analysis of the international New Left and the place of SDS within it, see Nigel Young, An Infantile Disorder? The Crisis and Decline of the New Left (Boulder: Westview, 1977).
8. Background is from Verne A. Stadtman, ed., Centennial Record of the University of California (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1967); Public Papers, Kennedy, 1962, 263; A. H. Raskin, “The Berkeley Affair: Mr. Kerr vs. Mr. Savio & Co.,” in Michael V. Miller and Susan Gilmore, eds., Revolution at Berkeley (New York: Dial, 1965), 81, 85–86; Clark Kerr, The Uses of the University (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1963), 103; Lewis S. Feuer, The Conflict of Generations (New York: Basic, 1969), 438–39; Max Heirich, The Beginning: Berkeley 1964 (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1968), is a play-by-play account of the conflict; Nathan Glazer, “ ‘Student Power’ in Berkeley,” in Daniel Bell and Irving Kristol, eds., Confrontation: The Student Rebellion and the Universities (New York: Basic, 1968), 9. There was a great deal of sociological handwringing over two characteristics of the students who participated in the FSM uprising. One was that many were the very bright children of permissive well-to-do parents whose prospects at the university and for careers were very good, and the other was that some were the offspring of Marxian radicals. There is no doubt that both points are correct. One can argue about their significance. The second characteristic is Feuer’s theory set forth in the book cited above that all student unrest, including Berkeley, is the eternal struggle of the sons against their fathers, that the sons, unable to punish their real fathers, turn on their surrogate fathers, the university. This is pretty deep stuff for this writer. The philosopher Sidney Hook on p. 132 of the Miller-Gilmore collection described Feuer’s theory as “sheer mythology.”
9. Wells, War Within, Craig McNamara quote at 64, Wicker quote at 85—86, Reston quote at 105; Halberstam, Best and Brightest, 761, 777; Shapley, Promise and Power, 376–77, 482–83; Jonathan Mirsky, “
The War That Will Not End,” New York Review (Aug. 16, 1990), Rusk quote at 30; Ball, Past Has Another Pattern, 424–25; BDM Corporation Study, Domestic Factors, IV: 1.11–13; Fifteen senators to Johnson, Jan. 27, National Security Vietnam File, Manatos to Jones, June 2, Manatos Papers, Moyers to Johnson, June 10 with attachment, McPherson to Califano, July 19, McPherson to Moyers, Aug. 4, Oct. 4, McPherson Papers, Mansfield to Johnson, June 29, Oct. 13, National Security Name File, Cater to Johnson, Jan. 21, 1966 with Gavin attachment, Nov. 29, 1965, with Bean attachment, July 11, 13, 14 (2), 15 with Cohen attachment, July 16, Aug. 4, Sept. 10, 26, Dec. 30, 1966, Cater Papers, Harry McPherson, Oral History Interview, III-7–9, 33, Lawrence F. O’Brien, Oral History Interview, XVI-32, 33–34, 36–37, XIX-7–8, all Johnson Library; Zaroulis and Sullivan, Who Spoke Up?, 76; Melvin Small, Johnson, Nixon, and the Doves (New Brunswick: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1988), Ball quote at 80, 89–90, 96–97; DeBeneditti and Chatfield, American Ordeal, 148–50; Harrison Salisbury, Behind the Lines—Hanoi (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1967), 69, 93, 137–38, 140, 179; Salisbury, Oral History Interview, 17, 20–23, Johnson Library.
10. Melvin Small, “The Impact of the Antiwar Movement on Lyndon Johnson, 1965–68, A Preliminary Report,” Peace and Change (Spring 1984): 8; DeBenedetti and Chatfield, American Ordeal, 174–75; Johns to Johnson, May 12, McPherson to Johnson, May 15, Davis to Rostow, May 17, Bedell to McPherson, May 23, Schnittker to McPherson, June 9, McPherson to Johnson, Aug. 25, 1967, McPherson Papers, Cater to Johnson, June 20, 21, July 10, Aug. 12, Oct. 4, 1967, Cater Papers, Mansfield to Johnson, April 29, Udall to Johnson, Oct. 18, Lewis to Rostow, Nov. 21, 1967, National Security Vietnam File, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., “Beyond Vietnam,” April 4, 1967, Clark Papers, Levinson to Johnson with Detroit Riot Chronology attached, July 29, 1967, Califano Papers, all Johnson Library; Tip O’Neill, Man of the House (New York: Random House, 1987), 189–201; Zaroulis and Sullivan, Who Spoke Up?, 110–14; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 552–58; Commission on Civil Disorders, 40–108; Califano, Johnson, 209–23, quote at 214; Public Papers, Johnson, 1967, II: 714–33.
11. Clark quote in Small, Johnson, Nixon, 10; Zaroulis and Sullivan, Who Spoke Up?, 133–35,137; Sale, SDS, 369–74, 377–79; Gitlin, Sixties, 249–56; Rostow to Johnson, Dec. 7, 1967, National Security Vietnam File, Clark to Johnson, Oct. 3, Yeagley to Christopher, Oct. 3, Permit, Oct. 19, Dept. of Defense News Release, Oct. 25, 1967, Christopher Papers, Forces Available in the Area, Oct. 19, Califano to Johnson, Oct. 21, Johnson to Clark, Oct. 21, 1967, Nimetz Papers, McDonough to Clark, Oct. 20, Clark to Johnson, Oct. 21, Brookhart to Kossack, Nov. 8, Dept. of Justice Release, Nov. 13, Pollak to Clark, Nov. 22, 1967, Clark Papers, David Dellinger, Oral History Interview, 1, 7, 13, 35, all Johnson Library; Norman Mailer, The Armies of the Night (New York: Signet, 1968), 108, 118; New York Times, Oct. 22, 1967; Shapley, Promise and Power, 435–36. DeBenedetti used a figure of 100,000 for the crowd at the Lincoln Memorial, “the largest antiwar protest organized to that time in the history of any capital city in a nation at war.” He wrote that 35,000 marched on the Pentagon. “A CIA Analysis of the Anti-Vietnam War Movement: October 1967,” Peace and Change (Spring 1983): 31; Wells, War Within, 192, 197, 213.
12. Clifford, Counsel, 454–55; Clark Clifford, Oral History Interview, 11–25, Johnson Library.
Chapter 16. Updating the Minimum Wage and Social Security
1. Califano, Johnson, 176, 253, 338.
2. Bernstein, Promises Kept, 198; Public Papers, Johnson, 1965, I: 554; CQ Almanac, 1965, 858–61, 1966, 821–30; Wirtz to Johnson, Jan. 30, 1964, EX LE LA File, Wirtz to Johnson, Aug. 4, 1965, LE HE 8–4 File, O’Brien to Johnson, Aug. 3, Eckstein to Johnson, Aug. 4, Wirtz to Califano, Dec. 14, 1965, Wilson to Johnson, Jan. 14, Ackley to Califano, Jan. 31, Feb. 4, Califano to Johnson, Feb. 9, 23, Connor to Johnson, Feb. 12, Ackley to Johnson, March 8, Wilson to Johnson, March 10, 1966, all Legislative Background Minimum Wage File, (2) Wirtz to Johnson, Feb. 12, 1966, Confidential File, all Johnson Library; Economic Report of the President, 1963, 86; Susan Kocin, “Basic Provisions of the 1966 FLSA Amendments,” Monthly Labor Review (March 1967): 2.
3. Saul Waldman, “OASDI Benefits, Prices, and Wages: 1966 Experience,” Social Security Bulletin (June 1967): 9–12; Wilbur J. Cohen and Robert M. Ball, “Social Security Amendments of 1967: Summary and Legislative History,” Social Security Bulletin (Feb. 1968): 3–19; Cohen on Johnson cited in Martha Derthick, Policymaking for Social Security (Washington: Brookings, 1979), 342. On July 11, 1966, Califano established a cabinet task force on income maintenance chaired by Gardner Ackley. On September 22 Califano instructed Ackley to add both Social Security and welfare to the subjects covered. The task force report recommended a broad restructuring of the Social Security system and limiting increased benefits to 10 percent. The HEW member, presumably Cohen, dissented sharply. For this reason and because the report was couched in general language, it seems to have had no impact on the legislation the administration proposed. But CEA continued to be concerned about the inflationary impact of the very high benefit increases proposed by HEW, but now Johnson ignored the inflation issue. Califano to Ackley, July 11, Sept. 22, 1966, Summary Report of the Task Force on Income Maintenance, n.d., Duesenberry to Califano, Dec. 7, (2) Revised Social Security Proposal, Cohen to Califano, Dec. 15, 1966, Legislative Background Social Security File, all Johnson Library; Public Papers, Johnson, 1967, I: 5, 33; Cohen to Cater, Jan. 12, 13, 1967, Cater Papers, Johnson Library.
4. Schultze to Johnson, March 28, 1967, Califano Papers, Levine to Califano et al., Aug. 11, Cohen to Johnson, Oct. 17, (2) Califano to Johnson, Dec. 11, (2) Manatos to Johnson, Dec. 13, Cohen to Cater et al., Dec. 19, 1967, EX LE WE File, all Johnson Library; CQ Almanac, 1967, 892–916; Frances Fox Pliven and Richard A. Cloward, Regulating the Poor (New York: Pantheon, 1971), 320–23. The personal material on Wilbur Cohen, including his letter to Elizabeth Wickenden, is from ch. 15 of the unpublished biography of Cohen by Edward Berkowitz, kindly supplied by the author. Califano, Johnson, 245–46; Public Papers, Johnson, 1968, I: 14–15.
Chapter 17. Lyndon Johnson, Patron of the Arts
1. Harry McPherson wrote, “He had no apparent interests outside government and politics—not the theater, nor books, music, sports, automobiles, handicrafts, stamp collecting, the study of history, anything that would connect with the curiosities and pastimes of private citizens. Breeding cattle did interest him, but that was arcanum to most people.” A Political Education (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972), 445.
2. William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen, Performing Arts—The Economic Dilemma (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1966), chs. 3, 4; Mayer quote from Bricks, Mortar, and the Performing Arts (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1970), 15, 58—63; National Directory of the Performing Arts and Civic Centers, 1975 ed.; Gary O. Larson, The Reluctant Patron (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), 132—36; Administrative History of the National Endowment for the Arts, I: 3—4; Becker to Campbell, Nov. 17, 1964, Dept. of the Interior, Solicitor to Secretary, Dec. 20, 1965, both Horsky Papers, all Johnson Library; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 729–38, quotes at 730–31; Public Papers, Kennedy, 1961, 170, 719–20, 1962, 846–47; Public Papers, Johnson, 1963–64, 1: 46–47, 218–19.
3. Larson, Reluctant Patron, 154–69; Schlesinger, Thousand Days, 733–38; August Heckscher, The Arts and the National Government, 88th Cong., 1st sess., Sen. Doc. No. 28 (May 28, 1963); Administrative Histories of the National Endowments for the Arts and for the Humanities, Johnson Library; Livingston Biddle, Our Government and the Arts (New York: American Council for the Arts, 1988), ch. 2; CQ Almanac, 1965, 621–27; Public Papers, Johnson, 1965, II: 1022–23.
4. Barry Hyams, Hirshhorn: Medici from Brooklyn (New York: Dutton, 1979), particularly chs. 6, 7; Sophy Burnham, “Sound the Hirshhorn!,” and Leroy Aaron, “The Collection,” POTOMAC, Washington Post, March 19, 1967; Abram Lerner, Introduction, The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (New York: Abr
ams, 1974), quotes at 15, 23, groundbreaking photo at 24; Johnson, Diary, 275–76, 307; Hirshhorn to Johnson, May 17, Ripley to Goodwin, July 25, Hirsh-horn to Johnson, Sept. 21, 1965, Ripley to Johnson, April 12, Agreement dated the 17th of May, McPherson to Johnson, Oct. 5, 1966, Ripley to Johnson, Oct. 10, 1967, GEN FG 999–20 File, McPherson to Johnson, April 14, July 18, 1966, Ripley to Johnson, Oct. 10, 1967, Pierson to Johnson, Oct. 23, McPherson to Schultze, Oct. 25, Hughes to McPherson, Nov. 1, Mahon to Ripley, Nov. 1, 1967, Ripley to McPherson, March 14, 1968, McPherson Papers, all Johnson Library.
5. Warren to Johnson, Oct. 26, Cater to Johnson, Oct. 30, 31, 1967, Cater Papers, Johnson Library; Public Papers, Johnson, 1967, II: 993–94; Hyams, Hirsh-horn, 198–99.
6. Irving Bernstein, The Economics of Television Film Production and Distribution (Hollywood: Screen Actors Guild, 1960), chs. 1, 2; John Walker Powell, Channels of Learning (Washington: Public Affairs, 1962); John W. Macy, Jr., To Irrigate a Wasteland (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1974), ch. 1; Carnegie Commission on Educational Television, Public Television: A Program for Action (New York: Bantam, 1967), 105–12; Ford Foundation Activities in Noncommercial Broadcasting, 1951—1976, 1—12.
7. Robert M. Pepper,, The Formation of the Public Broadcasting Service (New York: Arno, 1979), 48–51; Public Television: A Program for Action, ch. 3; Cater to Johnson, May 19, June 24, Pifer to Johnson, Oct. 28, 1965, Jennis to Meier, Jan. 30, Surrey to Cater, Feb. 7, Rommell to Cater, Feb. 7, Gardner to Cater, Feb. 10, Hughes to Califano and Cater, Feb. 25, Califano to Johnson, Feb. 27, Cater to Johnson, Feb. 28, 1967, Legislative Background Public Broadcasting File, Cater to Johnson, Jan. 25, 1967, Cater Papers, all Johnson Library; Public Papers, Johnson, 1967, I: 250–51.
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