41. T.R., Letters, Vol. II, p. 843. Also see Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 346.
42. T.R. to Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (June 15, 1898).
43. Owen Wister, The Virginian: A Horseman of the Plains (New York: Macmillan, 1902), p. 334.
44. Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Knopf, 2002), p. 173.
45. T.R., The Rough Riders (New York: Scribner, 1899), 1905 reprint, p. 73.
46. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, 2nd revision (London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1890), p. 54.
47. Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children, p. 16.
48. Nathaniel Lande, Dispatches From the Front: A History of the American War Correspondent (New York: Henry Holt, 1995), p. 151.
49. T.R., The Rough Riders, pp. 15–16.
50. Ibid., “Appendix A: Muster-Out Roll.”
51. Edward Marshall, The Story of the Rough Riders (New York: G. W. Dillingham, 1899), p. 127.
52. John Hay letter to T.R. (July 27, 1898), quoted in “Credit ‘Splendid Little War’ to John Hay,” New York Times (July 9, 1991), p. A18.
53. Davis, Badge of Courage, pp. 259–261.
54. T.R. to William Rufus Shafter (August 3, 1898).
55. Jeff Heatley (ed.), Bully! Colonel Roosevelt, the Rough Riders, and Camp Wikoff (Montauk, N.Y.: Montauk Historical Society, 1998), pp. 55–94.
56. Marshall, The Story of the Rough Riders, p. 23.
57. Cara Blessley Lowe, “Introducing Cougar,” in Marc Bekoff and Cara Blessley Lowe (eds.), Listening to Cougar (Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 2007), p. 5.
58. “The Rough Riders Land at Montauk,” New York Times (August 16, 1898), p. 1.
59. Marshall, The Story of the Rough Riders, p. 24.
60. T.R., The Rough Riders, p. 222.
61. T.R. to his children (June 6, 1898).
62. N. Scott Momaday, House Made of Dawn (New York: HarperCollins, 1968), pp. 14–20.
63. T.R., The Rough Riders, p. 222.
64. Robert C. V. Meyers, Theodore Roosevelt: Patriot and Statesman (Philadelphia, Pa.: Ziegler, 1902), p. 284.
65. Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children (New York: Scribner, 1919), pp. 15–16.
66. Author interview with James Stringer (July 15, 2008), Santa Fe, N.M. (Stringer is the great-grandson of Cuba’s later owner, Samuel Black.)
67. Heatley (ed.), Bully! p. 485.
68. T.R., The Rough Riders, pp. 221–223.
69. Albert Smith, Two Reels and a Crank (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1952), p. 57.
70. T.R. to Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (June 27, 1898).
71. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 643.
72. Stephen Crane, “Roosevelt’s Rough Riders, Loss Due to a Gallant Blunder,” New York World (June 26, 1898).
73. Virgil Carrington Jones, Roosevelt’s Rough Riders, (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1971), p. 6.
74. T.R. to Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (June 15, 1898).
75. T.R., The Rough Riders, p. 92.
76. Ibid., pp. 104–105.
77. Ibid.
78. T.R., “Kidd’s Social Evolution,” The North American Review (July 1895). Also included in The Works of Theodore Roosevelt (Nation Edition), Vol. XIII (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926), pp. 223–241.
79. Samuels and Samuels, Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan, p. 296. Also see John M. Blum, The National Experience (New York: Harcourt, Brace, World, 1963), p. 495.
80. T.R., The Winning of the West, Presidential Edition (New York: Putnam, 1889), p. vii.
81. Patrick Sharp, “The Darwinist Frontier,” in Savage Perils.
82. T.R., The Rough Riders, p. 15.
83. Robert Gearty, “Park Is Teddy Terrain; Renaming in Montauk for Roosevelt,” New York Daily News (January 4, 1998).
84. Michael Pollak, “Screen Grab; Remembering Rough Rider Who Was a President,” New York Times (February 1, 2001). I was one of fourteen historians who had written President Bill Clinton a letter on March 31, 1999 urging the president to award T.R. the medal he so richly deserved. Others included Stephen E. Ambrose, John A. Gable, Nathan Miller, Edmund and Sylvia Morris, William N. Tischin, and Geoffrey C. Ward. Also see “Medal of Honor Awarded to Theodore Roosevelt,” Theodore Roosevelt Administration Journal, Vol. XXIV, No. 2 (2001), pp. 3–9.
85. “An Exciting Night in Camp,” New York Times (September 15, 1898), p. 2.
86. James H. McClintock, Arizona: Prehistoric, Aboriginal, Pioneer, Modern, Vol. 2 (Chicago, Ill.: S. J. Clarke, 1916), p. 522.
87. “Rough Riders’ Mascot Dead,” Chicago Times Herald (June 13, 1899). Rough Riders Museum Archive, Las Vegas, N.M. Special thanks to Pat Romero for bringing this to my attention.
88. Author interview with James Stringer (July 15, 2008), Santa Fe, N.M. Mr. Stringer kindly read to me the Arizona Daily Sun’s obituary of Cuba the dog (n.d.).
89. T.R. to Francis Ellington Leupp (September 3, 1898).
90. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 670.
91. Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children, p. 17.
92. White, The Eastern Establishment and the Western Experience, p. 58.
93. Robert Hendrickson, Happy Trails: A Dictionary of Western Expressions (New York: Facts on File, 1994), p. 34.
94. T.R., The Rough Riders (Appendix D, Revised Edition), p. 320. Also see “Mens Gift to Roosevelt,” New York Times (September 14, 1898), p. 3.
95. White, The Eastern Establishment and the Western Experience, pp. 168–169.
96. Virgil Carrington Jones, Roosevelt’s Rough Riders, p. 277.
97. Leonard Wood, “Roosevelt: Soldier, Statesman, and Friend,” The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Memorial Edition, Vol. 13 (New York: Scribner, 1924), p. xiii.
98. T.R. to John Ellis Roosevelt (March 31, 1898).
99. John A. Correy, A Rough Ride to Albany: Teddy Runs for Governor (New York: Fordham University Press, 2006).
13: HIGHER POLITICAL PERCHES
1. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), p. 199.
2. “History of Executive Mansion,” New York State Historical Society, New York City.
3. T.R., New York (New York: Longmans, Green, 1891). Also see “Historic New York, New York, by Theodore Roosevelt,” New York Times (March 29, 1891), p. 19.
4. Donald M. Roper, “The Governorship in History,” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science Vol. 31, No. 3 (May 1973), pp. 16–30.
5. “Gov. Roosevelt Shut Out,” New York Times (January 3, 1899), p. 2.
6. Public Papers of Theodore Roosevelt, Governor, 1899 (Albany, N.Y.: Brandow Printing Company, 1899), p. 25.
7. G. Wallace Chessman, Governor Theodore Roosevelt: The Albany Apprenticeship, 1898–1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965), p. 5.
8. “Fish, Forests, and Politics,” Forest and Stream, Vol. 53 (December 9, 1899). Also see “Gov. Roosevelt Is Inaugurated,” New York Times (January 3, 1899), p. 1.
9. T.R., “The New York Fish Commission” Field and Stream (December 9, 1899).
10. Charles Earle Funk, What’s the Name, Please? (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1936), p. 129.
11. “James Wallace Pinchot,” Grey Towers National Historic Site, Archive, Milford, Pa. (Biography profile.) Special thanks to Richard Paterson.
12. Char Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism (Washington, D.C.: Island, 2001), p. 70.
13. Ibid.
14. “Gifford Pinchot Dies Here at 81,” New York Times (October 6, 1946), p. 56.
15. George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature (New York: Scribner, 1864), p. 44.
16. Owen Wister, Roosevelt: The Story of a Friendship (New York: Macmillan, 1930), p. 174.
17. T.R. to Gifford Pinchot (May 22, 1894), Gifford Pinchot Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
&n
bsp; 18. M. Nelson McGeary, Gifford Pinchot: Forester-Politician (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960), p. 53.
19. Gifford Pinchot, Just Fishing Talk (New York and Harrisburg, Pa.: Telegraph, 1936), pp. 72–74.
20. “A Clan Hangs,” Time (March 23, 1931).
21. Frank W. Carpenter, “Heins & La Farge,” New York Architecture (April 26, 1988).
22. Gifford Pinchot, Breaking New Ground (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1947), pp. 144–146.
23. Archie Butt, The Letters of Archie Butt (New York: Doubleday Page & Company, 1924), p. 147.
24. McGeary, Gifford Pinchot, p. 47.
25. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, p. 203.
26. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), p. 409.
27. “Roosevelt’s Annual Message,” New York Times (January 4, 1900), p. 6.
28. Sandra Weber, Mount Marcy: The High Peak of New York (Fleischmanns, N.Y.: Purple Mountain, 2001), p. 9.
29. Ibid., pp. 9–12.
30. C. Grant La Farge, “A Winter Ascent of Tahawus,” Outing, Vol. 36, No. 1 (April 1900).
31. Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, pp. 144–146.
32. Gifford Pinchot, Diary (1899). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Also see Sandra Weber, “Gifford Pinchot: Walrus of the Forest,” Highlights (August 2005), pp. 34–35.
33. Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making
of Modern Environmentalism, p. 148.
34. Ibid., p. 149.
35. T.R. to John Hay (February 7, 1899).
36. Richard O. Weber, “How T.R. Handled Being Governor,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. XXIV, No. 2 (2001), p. 17.
37. Clara Barrus (ed.), The Heart of Burroughs’s Journal (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), pp. 320–322.
38. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1995), p. 93.
39. “The Strenuous Life,” speech given by T.R. at the Hamilton Club (April 10, 1899). See “Gov. Roosevelt in Chicago,” New York Times (April 11, 1899), p. 3. Also T.R., “Speech before the Hamilton Club, Chicago, Illinois, April 10, 1899,” in The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Memorial Edition (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1925), Vol. 15, p. 281.
40. “Gov. Roosevelt in Chicago,” New York Times, April 11, 1899, p. 3.
41. Bederman, Manliness and Civilization, p. 174.
42. Richard O. Weber, “How T.R. Handled Being Governor,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. XXIV, No. 2 (2001), pp. 19–20.
43. T.R.’s letter of November 28 was published in T.R., “The New York Game Commission” and “The New York Game Protectors,” Forest and Stream (December 9, 1899).
44. T.R. to Tiffany and Company (February 2, 1899).
45. T.R. to Frank M. Chapman (February 16, 1899).
46. Ibid.
47. Chessman, Governor Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 242–243.
48. T.R. Chronology as New York Governor, T.R. Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Also see H. K. Bush-Brown, Letter to the Editor, “The Palisades Park Movement,” New York Times (January 30, 1900), p. 6.
49. Fuller quoted in Thomas R. Slicer, “Famous Visitors at Niagara Falls,” The Niagara Book, new rev. ed. (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1901), p. 290.
50. Ibid.
51. Russell D. Butcher, America’s National Wildlife Refuges (Lanham, Md.: Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 2003), p. 428.
52. Jack Demattos, Garrett and Roosevelt (College Station, Tex.: Early West, 1988), pp. 1–62.
53. T.R. to William Allen White (July 1, 1899).
54. Public Papers of Theodore Roosevelt, Governor, 1899 (Albany, N.Y.: Brandow, Department Printers, 1899), p. 323. Also see T.R., Campaigns and Controversies (New York: Scribner, 1926), Vol. 14, p. 319.
55. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 712.
56. David Magie, Life of Garret Augustus Hobart, Twenty-Fourth Vice President of the United States (New York: Putnam, 1910), p. 231.
57. Ibid.
58. T.R. to John Davis Long (December 2, 1899).
59. T.R. to Bradley Tyler Johnson (November 21, 1899)
60. Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, p. 158.
61. Philip C. Jessup, Elihu Root, Vol. 1 (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1938), p. 210.
62. “Governor Roosevelt’s Annual Message,” New York Times (January 4, 1900), p. 6.
63. Curt Meine, “Roosevelt, Conservation, and the Revival of Democracy,” Conservation Biology, Vol. 15, No. 4 (August 2001), pp. 829–831.
64. T.R., Annual Message of the Governor, Albany, N.Y. (January 3, 1900), Memorial Edition, Vol. 17, p. 63; and National Edition, Vol. 15, pp. 54–55. Also see “Roosevelt’s Annual Message,” New York Times (January 4, 1900), p. 6. (The newspaper printed the address in its entirety.)
65. “Gov. Roosevelt’s Annual Message,” New York Times (January 4, 1900), p. 6.
66. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, p. 2.
67. T.R. to Grant La Farge (February 9, 1900).
68. Audubon’s picture can be found in Richard Rhodes, John James Audubon: The Making of an American (New York: Knopf, 2004).
69. Jeff Wells, “What We Buy Hurts Birds We Watch,” Philadelphia Inquirer (October 29, 2007).
70. “Bird Protection Bill Signed,” New York Times (May 3, 1900), p. 6.
71. Ibid. Also see “Forest, Field and Streams,” Time (June 16, 1930).
72. “Plumage of Birds on Hats,” New York Times (May 4, 1900), p. 8.
73. Barrus (ed.), The Heart of Burroughs’s Journals, p. 321.
74. T.R. to Frank M. Chapman (May 8, 1900).
75. Fred J. Alsop III, Birds of North America: Eastern Region (New York: DK, 2001), pp. 6–21.
76. John Burroughs, Signs and Seasons (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1886), p. 246.
77. Alexander Wilson, American Ornithology; or, The Natural History of The Birds of the United States, Vol. 3 (London: Whittaker, Treacher, and Arnot, London; Edinburgh: Stirling and Kenney, 1832), p. 200.
78. Florida Audubon Society Files, Miami.
79. Leslie Poole, “The Women of the Early Florida Audubon Society,” Tampa Bay History Center (2007). (Pamphlet.)
80. “Origin of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Archive, Shepherdstown, W. Va. (2008 update.)
81. Summary of Federal Wildlife Laws Handbook with Related Laws (Government Institutions, 1998), New Mexico Center for Wildlife Law, University of New Mexico School of Law Archives.
82. Doug Stewart, “How Conservation Grew from a Whisper to a Roar,” National Wildlife (December–January 1909).
83. Report of the Secretary of Agriculture: Report of the Chiefs (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1919), p. 418.
84. Stewart, “How Conservation Grew from a Whisper to a Roar.”
85. Oliver H. Orr Jr., Saving American Birds: T. Gilbert Pearson and the Founding of the Audubon Movement (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1992), pp. 74–75.
14: THE ADVOCATE OF THE STRENUOUS LIFE
1. T.R. to John Burroughs (May 1, 1900).
2. Bryce quoted in Charles G. Washburn, Theodore Roosevelt: The Logic of His Career (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), p. 33.
3. Edward J. Renehan, Jr., John Burroughs: An American Naturalist (Post Mills, N.Y.: Chelsea Green, 1992), p. 182.
4. T.R. to John Burroughs (May 5, 1900).
5. John Burroughs, Far and Near (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1904).
6. Ibid., pp. 215–222.
7. T.R. to John Burroughs (May 21, 1900).
8. Edward Evans, “Ethical Relations between Man and Beast,” in Donald Worster (ed.), American Environmentalism: The Formative Period, 1860–1915 (New York: Wiley, 1973).
9. Clara Barrus, (ed.), The Heart of Burroughs’s Journals (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), pp. 97–98.
10. Renehan, John Burroughs, p. 201.
; 11. Clara Barrus, The Life and Letters of John Burroughs, Vol. 1 (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), p. 256.
12. John Burroughs, Under the Apple-Trees (Boston, Mass., and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), p. 265.
13. Perry D. Westbrook, John Burroughs (New York: Twayne, 1974), p. 106.
14. John Morton Blum, The Republican Roosevelt (New York: Atheneum, 1962), p. 25.
15. James Perrin Warren, John Burroughs and the Place of Nature (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006), pp. 150–193.
16. T.R. to Henry L. Sprague (January 26, 1900).
17. Barrus, The Heart of Burroughs’s Journals, pp. 297–298.
18. G. Wallace Chessman, Governor The-dore Roosevelt: The Albany Apprenticeship: 1898–1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965), p. 253.
19. T.R. to George McAneny (June 5, 1900).
20. Ibid.
21. Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Knopf, 2002), p. 190.
22. T.R. to William Henry Lewis (July 26, 1900).
23. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1979), p. 722.
24. David Henry Burton, Theodore Roosevelt, American Politician: An Assessment (Teaneck, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997), p. 88.
25. T.R. to William Adolph Baillie-Grohman (June 12, 1900).
26. T.R. to Senator Hanna (June 27, 1900), quoted in Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt and His Time Shown in His Own Letters Vol. 1 (New York: Scribner, 1919), p. 139.
27. T.R. to Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (February 19, 1904).
28. Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life, p. 101.
29. Don Russell, The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill (Norman: Oklahoma University Press, 1960), p. 419.
30. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (New York: William Morrow, 1992), p. 344.
31. Stefan Lorant, The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Doubleday, 1959), p. 335.
32. Robert B. Roosevelt to Charles Hallock (July 1900), R.B.R. Papers, TRA—Oyster Bay. (Thanks to the late John A. Gable for providing me a copy of this fascinating note.)
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