5 ‘How Old is the Red Lady?’, Current Archaeology, 215, January 2008, p. 4. See also: rcahmw.gov.uk/paviland-cave-and-the-ice-age-hunters/
6 Stephen Aldhouse-Green, Paviland Cave and the ‘Red Lady’: A Definitive Report (Western Academic and Specialist Press, Bristol, 2000). For a useful summary of the former: Stephen Aldhouse-Green, ‘Great Sites: Paviland Cave’, British Archaeology, 61, October 2001, pp. 20–4.
7 Richard Bradley, An Archaeology of Natural Places (Routledge, London, 2000).
8 Francis Pryor, The Making of the British Landscape, p. 3, with note (Penguin Books, London, 2010).
9 The earliest Mesolithic site in Ireland is still Mount Sandel, which has produced radiocarbon dates of 9750 BP (before present), or 7800 BC. See Peter Woodman, Ireland’s First Settlers: Time and the Mesolithic (Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2015), p. 183.
10 Marion Dowd, The Archaeology of Caves in Ireland (Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2015).
11 Ibid., p. 81.
12 P. Woodman, M. Dowd, L. Fibiger, R. F. Carden and J. O’Shaughnessy, ‘Archaeological Excavations at Killuragh Cave, Co. Limerick: A Persistent Place in the Landscape from the Early Mesolithic to the Late Bronze Age’, Journal of Irish Archaeology, Vol. 26, 2017, pp. 1–32.
13 Dowd, The Archaeology of Caves in Ireland, p. 131.
14 Ibid., pp. 85–6.
15 Marion Dowd (pers. comm.) tells me that recent trace element analysis of the bones suggests that the man ate a hunter-gatherer’s diet.
16 Francis Pryor, Seahenge: A Quest for Life and Death in Bronze Age Britain (HarperCollins, London, 2001).
17 David Robertson et al., ‘A Second Timber Circle, Trackways, and Coppicing at Holme-next-the-Sea Beach, Norfolk: Use of Salt- and Freshwater Marshes in the Bronze Age’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, vol. 82, 2016, pp. 227–58.
18 Dowd, The Archaeology of Caves in Ireland, pp. 143–5.
19 B. Quinn and D. Moore, 2007. mooregroup.wordpress.com/2007/10/08/the-archaeology-ireland-article/
Scene 3
1 www2.palomar.edu/anthro/hominid/australo_1.htm
2 Chris Scarre (ed.), The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies (Thames and Hudson, London, 2005), pp. 116–17.
3 I illustrate a glaciated valley in the Scottish Borders in The Making of the British Landscape (Penguin Books, London, 2010).
4 For a superb account of the period, see S. J. Mithen, After the Ice: A Global Human History 20,000–5000 BC (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2003), chapter 15.
5 See, for example, R. Tipping, R. Bradley, J. Sanders, R. McCulloch and R. Wilson, ‘Moments of Crisis: Climate Change in Scottish Prehistory’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. 142, 2012, pp. 9–25.
6 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ice_Age
7 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Hertford
8 jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-1999-theme=default
9 My account of Lake Flixton and the sites surrounding it is based on N. Milner, B. Taylor, C. Conneller and R. T. Schadla-Hall, Star Carr: Life in Britain after the Ice Age (Council for British Archaeology, York, 2013), chapter 3, and N. Milner, C. Conneller and B. Taylor, Star Carr Volume 1: A Persistent Place in a Changing World (White Rose University Press, York, 2018), chapter 4.
10 Today known as the Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society. Go to: www.sahs.org.uk/
11 I have discussed Star Carr in Paths to the Past: Encounters with Britain’s Hidden Landscapes (Penguin Books, London, 2018), pp. 13–18.
12 For continuing research in the Carrs area, go to: carrswetland.wordpress.com/
Scene 4
1 For the damage in the late 1980s, see Timothy Darvill, Ancient Monuments in the Countryside: An Archaeological Management Review (English Heritage, London, 1987).
2 Mike Parker Pearson, Stonehenge: Exploring the Greatest Stone Age Mystery (Simon and Schuster, London, 2012).
3 See, for example: lbi-archpro.org/cs/stonehenge/
4 O. G. S. Crawford and Alexander Keiller, Wessex from the Air (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1928).
5 I discuss the fissures in Stonehenge: The Story of a Sacred Landscape (Head of Zeus, London, 2016), pp. 37–8.
6 See, for example, the post alignment at Fiskerton, Lincolnshire, which I discuss in Britain BC (HarperCollins, London, 2003), p. 285, with refs.
7 D. Jacques, T. Phillips and T. Lyons, Blick Mead: Exploring the ‘First Place’ in the Stonehenge Landscape (Peter Lang Ltd., Oxford, 2018), p. 4.
8 Ibid., p. 113.
9 D. Jacques, T. Lyons and T. Phillips, ‘Blick Mead’: Exploring the ‘First Place’ in the Stonehenge Landscape’, Current Archaeology, No. 324, March 2017, pp. 18–23.
10 D. M. John, ‘The Cause and Significance of Crimson Flints in Springs Associated with the Mesolithic Settlement at Blick Mead’, in D. Jacques et al. Blick Mead, pp. 122–6.
11 Tim Dinsdale, Loch Ness Monster (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1961). The revised 2nd edition of 1972 was particularly influential. Recent research suggests the ‘monster’ might be a large eel: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-49495145
12 H. H. Thomas, ‘The Source of the Stones of Stonehenge’. Antiquaries Journal, vol. 3(3), 1923, pp. 239–60.
13 G. A. Kellaway, ‘Glaciation and the Stones of Stonehenge’, Nature, vol. 232, 1971, pp. 30–5.
14 R. S. Thorpe, O. Williams-Thorpe, D. G. Jenkins and J. S. Watson, ‘The Geological sources and Transport of the Bluestones of Stonehenge, Wiltshire, UK’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, vol 52 (pt. 2), 1991, pp. 103–58.
15 I describe grey wethers in The Making of the British Landscape (Penguin Books, London, 2010), pp. 38–9.
16 Parker Pearson, Stonehenge.
17 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_cross
18 ‘Moving Monoliths: New revelations from the Preseli bluestone quarries’, Current Archaeology, No. 345, December 2018, pp. 52–5.
Scene 5
1 A. Whittle, F. Healy and A. Bayliss, Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of Southern Britain and Ireland, vol. 2 (Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2011), pp. 833–46.
2 www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-0871-9
3 Francis Pryor, Etton: Excavations at a Neolithic Causewayed Enclosure near Maxey, Cambridgeshire, 1982–7 (English Heritage, London, 1998), fig. 5, p. 10.
4 I. F. Smith, Windmill Hill and Avebury: Excavations by Alexander Keiller 1925–1939 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1965), p. xxvii.
5 For a good example, see N. M. Sharples, Maiden Castle: Excavations and Field survey 1985–6 (English Heritage, London, 1991).
6 David Hall and John Coles, Fenland Survey: An Essay in Landscape and Persistence (English Heritage, London, 1994), chapter 4.
7 Aubrey Burl, The Stone Circles of the British Isles (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1976), pp. 160–90.
8 For a clear explanation of the spread of farming, see Chris Scarre (ed.), The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies (Thames and Hudson, London, 2005), pp. 397–401.
9 For more on their changing appearance, see L. Marchini, ‘Romancing the Stones: Clava Cairns, near Inverness’, Current Archaeology, No. 364, July 2020, pp. 16–17.
10 Bradley, The Moon and the Bonfire: An Investigation into Three Stone Circles in North-East Scotland (Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Edinburgh, 2005).
11 Perhaps not unsurprisingly given its status, Stonehenge acquired a sorry record for unpublished excavations, which I discuss in Stonehenge: The Story of a Sacred Landscape (Head of Zeus, London, 2016), pp. 160–7.
12 Tomnaverie is open to visitors. www.historicenvironment.scot/visit-a-place/places/tomnaverie-stone-circle
13 Bradley, The Moon and the Bonfire, chapter 2.
14 M. Brennand and M. Taylor, ‘The Survey and Excavation of a Bronze Age Timber Circle at Holme-next-the-Sea, Norfolk, 1998–9’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, vol. 69, 2003, pp. 16–17.
15 Bradley, The Moon
and the Bonfire, p. 33.
16 Francis Pryor, Paths to the Past: Encounters with Britain’s Hidden Landscapes (Penguin Books, London, 2018), pp. 41–2.
17 Bradley, The Moon and the Bonfire, p. 49.
Scene 6
1 Originally classed as Group VI. For a comprehensive review, see M. Pitts, ‘The Stone Axe in Neolithic Britain’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, vol. 62, 1996, pp. 311–72. Pitts shows the distribution under ‘fine-grained igneous axes’, in fig. 4, p. 323.
2 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry
3 For an excellent introduction, see M. Barber, D. Field and P. Topping, The Neolithic Flint Mines of England (English Heritage, Swindon, 1999).
4 J. M. Coles, ‘A Jade axe from the Somerset Levels’, Antiquity, vol. 48, no. 191, September 1974, pp. 216–20.
5 In Britain, the book that exemplified the New Archaeology was by D. L. Clarke, Analytical Archaeology (Methuen, London, 1968). The language used is almost incomprehensible and I would highly recommend the 2nd edition (Methuen, London, 1978), which was extensively revised by Bob Chapman.
6 K. Ray and J. Thomas, Neolithic Britain: The Transformation of Social Worlds (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018).
7 Mark Edmonds, ‘Polished Stone Axes and Associated Artefacts’, in Francis Pryor, Etton: Excavations at a Neolithic Causewayed Enclosure near Maxey, Cambridgeshire, 1982–7 (English Heritage, London, 1998), pp. 260–8.
8 Special places in prehistory, such as Langdale, have been beautifully discussed by Richard Bradley, An Archaeology of Natural Places (Routledge, London, 2000).
9 I discuss the importance of family life in British prehistory in Home: A Time Traveller’s Tales from Britain’s Prehistory (Penguin Books, London, 2014). For an excellent summary of Orkney, see Ray and Thomas, Neolithic Britain, pp. 227–42.
10 whc.unesco.org/en/list/514/
11 www.orkneyjar.com/history/maeshowe/maeshrunes.htm
12 The two larger buildings are Structures 2 and 8. See Colin Richards (ed.), Dwelling Among the Monuments: The Neolithic Village of Barnhouse, Maeshowe Passage Grave and Surrounding Monuments at Stenness, Orkney (McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, 2005).
13 www.nessofbrodgar.co.uk/
14 For useful summaries of the Ness of Brodgar, see Nick Card, ‘The Ness of Brodgar: Uncovering Orkney’s Neolithic heart’, Current Archaeology, No. 335, February 2018, pp. 20–8. Ray and Thomas, Neolithic Britain, pp. 237–40.
15 Card, ‘The Ness of Brogdar’, Structure 10.
Scene 7
1 Mike Parker Pearson, Stonehenge: Exploring the Greatest Stone Age Mystery (Simon and Schuster, London, 2012), pp. 123–6.
2 www.tchevalier.com/fallingangels/bckgrnd/mourning/
3 I’m particularly fond of Louis Armstrong’s lyrics (1911): genius.com/Louis-armstrong-oh-didnt-he-ramble-lyrics
4 The following account is based on Maisie Taylor’s research: Mark Brennand and Maisie Taylor, ‘The Survey and Excavation of a Bronze Age Timber Circle at Holme-next-the-Sea, Norfolk, 1998–9’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, vol. 69, 2003, pp. 1–84.
5 Ibid., p. 62.
6 This has been suggested, for example, for stone axes: Keith Ray and Julian Thomas, Neolithic Britain: The Transformation of Social Worlds (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018), pp. 126–7.
7 Parker Pearson, Stonehenge, chapter 2: ‘The Man from Madagascar’, pp. 9–26.
8 The modern Druid movement was born out of the emerging antiquarianism of the first half of the eighteenth century. For an excellent, detailed account, see Rosemary Sweet, Antiquaries: The Discovery of the Past in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Hambledon and London Publishers, London and New York, 2004), pp. 124–53.
9 Antler headdresses, worn by Mesolithic shamans around 9000 BC, have been found at Star Carr, Yorkshire. N. Milner, B. Taylor, C. Conneller and R. T. Schadla-Hall, Star Carr: Life in Britain After the Ice Age (Council for British Archaeology, York, 2013).
10 See Ray and Thomas, Neolithic Britain, chapter 5.
11 There is a press photograph of them in my book Seahenge: A Quest for Life and Death in Bronze Age Britain (HarperCollins, London, 2001), opposite p. 165.
12 In the account that follows, I draw extensively on my Stonehenge: The Story of a Sacred Landscape (Head of Zeus, London, 2016). It includes references.
13 Ibid., pp. 72–7.
14 Parker Pearson, Stonehenge, pp. 319–23.
15 Julian Richards, English Heritage Book of Stonehenge (B. T. Batsford and English Heritage, London, 1991), pp. 61–3. See also Andrew J. Lawson, and K. E Walker, ‘Prehistoric Carvings’, in R. M. J. Cleal, K. E. Walker and R. Montague (eds.), Stonehenge in its Landscape: Twentieth-century Excavations (English Heritage, London, 1995), pp. 30–3.
16 Usefully summarised in: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_scanning_at_Stonehenge
17 See, for example: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Axes_in_heraldry
Scene 8
1 Rosemary Sweet, Antiquaries: The Discovery of the Past in Eighteenth-century Britain (Hambledon and London Publishers, London and New York, 2004), pp. 93–4.
2 A. Fitzpatrick, ‘‘‘The Amesbury Archer”: A Well-furnished Early Bronze Age Burial in Southern England’, Antiquity, vol 76(293), 2002, pp. 629–30.
3 Keith Ray and Julian Thomas, Neolithic Britain (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018), pp. 276–84.
4 W. G. Hoskins, The Making of the English Landscape (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1970), pp. 242–7.
5 See my Paths to the Past (Penguin Books, London, 2018), chapter 15, pp. 84–7.
6 Ibid., chapter 16, pp. 88–90.
7 P. Gillingham, J. Stewart and H. Binney, The Historic Peat Record: Implications for the Restoration of Blanket Bog, Natural England Evidence Review NEER011 (18 March, 2016).
8 See my The Fens: Discovering England’s Ancient Depths (Head of Zeus, London, 2019), Epilogue, pp. 395–401.
9 John Coles, Field Archaeology in Britain (Methuen, London, 1972).
10 John Coles, Experimental Archaeology (Academic Press, London, 1979).
11 vivacity.org/heritage-venues/flag-fen/
12 I draw extensively on Bryony and John Coles, Sweet Track to Glastonbury: The Somerset Levels in Prehistory (Thames and Hudson, London, 1986). The Sweet Track was first brought to academic attention in 1973: J. M. Coles, F. A. Hibbert and B. J. Orme, ‘Prehistoric Roads and Tracks in Somerset: 3. The Sweet Track’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, vol. 39, 1973, pp. 220–93.
13 This account is based on J. M. Coles and B. J. Orme, ‘A Reconstruction of the Sweet Track’, Somerset Levels Papers, no. 10, 1984, pp. 107–9.
14 Ibid., p. 109.
15 www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/10739
16 Coles and Coles, Sweet Track to Glastonbury, 1986, pp. 46–7; plate 21.
17 See also Ray and Thomas, Neolithic Britain, pp. 292–5.
18 Coles and Coles, Sweet Track to Glastonbury, pp. 117–21.
Scene 9
1 I define the Domestic Revolution in Home: A Time Traveller’s Tales from Britain’s Prehistory (Penguin Books, London, 2014), pp. 168–71.
2 It has been said that Birmingham has more canals than Venice: canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-network/birmingham-canal-navigations
3 F. Pryor, Stonehenge: The Story of a Sacred Landscape (Head of Zeus, London, 2016), pp. 156–9.
4 The field systems on Dartmoor began around 1700–1600 BC. See A. Fleming, The Dartmoor Reaves: Investigating Prehistoric Land Divisions, 2nd ed. (Windgather Press, Oxford, 2008), p. 133.
5 The following account draws heavily on Peter Clark (ed.), The Dover Bronze Age Boat (English Heritage, Swindon, 2004).
6 Bayliss et al. in ibid., p. 254.
7 A. D. Mills, A Dictionary of English Place-names (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991), p. 108.
8 I discuss these ideas further in ‘Some Thoughts on Boats as Bronze Age Artefacts’, in Peter Clark (ed.), The Dov
er Bronze Age Boat in Context: Society and Water Transport in Prehistoric Europe (Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2004), pp. 31–4.
9 S. McGrail and E. Kentley (eds.), Sewn Plank Boats: Archaeological and Ethnographic Papers Based on Those Presented to a Conference at Greenwich in November, 1984 (British Archaeological Reports, International Series No. 276, Oxford, 1985).
10 The film was first shown on 7 September 2014. For more on Time Team documentaries go to: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Team_(specials)
11 D. G. Buckley and C. J. Ingle, ‘The Saddle Querns from Flag Fen’, in F. Pryor, The Flag Fen Basin (English Heritage, Swindon, 2001), pp. 322–9.
12 See my Paths to the Past: Encounters with Britain’s Hidden Landscapes (Penguin Books, London, 2018), chapter 7, pp. 43–7.
13 Keith Parfitt, ‘A Search for the Prehistoric Harbours of Kent’, in Clark (ed.), The Dover Bronze Age Boat in Context, chapter 11, pp. 99–105.
14 Clark (ed.), The Dover Bronze Age Boat, p. 10, with refs.
15 Chris Catling, ‘When Britannia Ruled the Waves’, Current Archaeology, 286, January 2014, p. 19.
16 We came across several when filming for Time Team on Bodmin Moor. See my Home: A Time Traveller’s Tales from Britain’s Prehistory (Penguin Books, London, 2014), p. 255.
17 See, for example, B. W. Cunliffe, Iron Age Communities in Britain, 4th ed. (Routledge, London, 2005), p. 557.
18 Indeed, I wrote a book about it: Home: A Time Traveller’s Tales from Britain’s Prehistory.
Scene 10
1 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_Yarg
2 www.vegetablefacts.net/vegetable-history/history-of-onions/
3 Jacqui Wood has written two excellent books about historical cooking, complete with recipes: Prehistoric Cooking (The History Press, Stroud, 2011) and Tasting the Past: Recipes from the Stone Age to the Present (The History Press, Stroud, 2009).
4 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPG_16
5 F. Pryor, Excavations at Fengate, Peterborough, England: The Third Report (Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, and Northamptonshire Archaeological Society, 1980), fig. 18, p. 27.
Scenes from Prehistoric Life Page 31
