Mel Gibson's Passion and Philosophy
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CYNTHIA A. FREELAND is Professor and Chair of the Department of Philosophy, University of Houston. She was formerly the director of the Women’s Studies Program at the University of Houston. Her publications include But Is It Art? (2001), “Penetrating Keanu,” in William Irwin, ed., The Matrix and Philosophy (2002), The Naked and the Undead: Evil and the Appeal of Horror (1999), Feminist Interpretations of Aristotle (1998), “The Sublime in Cinema,” in Carl Plantinga and Greg Smith, eds., Passionate Views (1999), and Philosophy and Film (1995), which she co-edited with Thomas E. Wartenberg.
JORGE J.E. GRACIA holds the Samuel P. Capen Chair in Philosophy and is State University of New York Distinguished Professor at the University at Buffalo. Among the thirty-five books he has published are A Theory of Textuality (1995), Texts (1996), Haw Can We Know What God Means? (2001), Old Wine in New Skins (2003), and (co-editor with Carolyn Korsmeyer and Rodolphe Gasché) Literary Philosophers: Borges, Calvino, Eco (2002).
WILLIAM IRWIN is Associate Professor of Philosophy at King’s College, Pennsylvania. He is the author of Intentionalist Interpretation (1999) and several articles in aesthetics, and editor of The Matrix and Philosophy (2002), The Simpsons and Philosophy (2001), and Seinfeld and Philosophy (2000). He is editor of the Open Court Philosophy and Popular Culture series.
PAUL KURTZ is Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at State University at Buffalo. He is Editor-in-Chief of Free Inquiry magazine and Chairman of the Center for Inquiry. Among the forty-five books that he has written or edited are Skepticism and Humanism: The New Paradigm (2001), Embracing the Power of Humanism (2000), and The Courage to Become (1997).
ANNA LÄNNSTRÖM is Assistant Professor of philosophy at Stonehill College. Her recent and forthcoming publications include: “Am I My Brother’s Keeper? An Aristotelian Take on Responsibility for Others,” Boston University Studies in Philosophy and Religion 26 (2005), “The Matrix and Vedanta: Journeying from the Unreal to the Real,” in William Irwin, ed., More Matrix and Philosophy (2005), and (as editor) The Stranger’s Religion: Fascination and Fear, Boston University Studies in Philosophy and Religion 25 (2004) and in Promise and Peril: The Paradox of Religion as Resource and Threat, in Boston University Studies in Philosophy and Religion 24 (2003).
JAMES LAWLER is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at the State University at Buffalo. He is the author of The Existentialist Marxism of Jean-Paul Sartre (1976), and IQ, Heritability, and Racism (1978), and the editor of Dialectics of the U.S. Constitution: Selected Writings of Mitchell Franklin (2000). He is currently writing a history of early modern philosophy, Matter and Spirit: the Battle of Metaphysics in Early Modern Philosophy before Kant. He primarily teaches courses about and writes on Kant, Hegel, and Marx.
GARETH B. MATTHEWS is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. He is the author of Thought’s Ego in Augustine and Descartes (1992), Socratic Perplexity and the Nature of Philosophy (1999), and Augustine (forthcoming).
RALPH MCINERNY is Michael P. Grace Professor of Medieval Studies at the University of Notre Dame. He is author of two dozen books and many articles of philosophy, as well as numerous works of fiction, including novels and short stories, and has authored or edited many other books, some dealing with religious topics. Among his books are Art and Prudence (1988), The Question of Christian Ethics (1993), The God of Philosophers (1994), Ethica Thomistica (1997), and What Went Wrong with Vatican II (1998).
PAUL K. MOSER is Professor and Chair of Philosophy at Loyola University of Chicago. He is the author of Philosophy after Objectivity (1993), Knowledge and Evidence (1989), and “Jesus and Philosophy,” in Faith and Philosophy (forthcoming). He is also co-editor of Divine Hiddenness (2002), and editor of The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology (2002) and Jesus and Philosophy: New Essays (forthcoming).
BRUCE R. REICHENBACH is Professor of Philosophy at Augsburg College. He has written over fifty articles and book chapters on diverse topics in philosophy of religion, ethics, theology, and religion. His most recent books are Introduction to Critical Thinking (2001), On Behalf of God: A Christian Ethic for Biology (1995), and Reason and Religious Belief (third edition, 2003), co-authored with Michael Peterson, William Hasker, and David Basinger.
JONATHAN J. SANFORD is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Franciscan University of Steubenville. His publications include Categories: Historical and Systematic Essays (as co-editor and co-contributor, 2004), and “Scheler versus Scheler: The Case for a Better Ontology of the Person,” American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly (forthcoming). He has contributed several articles to volumes in Open Court’s Popular Culture and Philosophy series.
CHARLES TALIAFERRO is Professor of Philosophy at St. Olaf College. He is the author of Consciousness and the Mind of God (1994) and Evidence and Faith (2005) and Contemporary Philosophy of Religion (1998). He is co-author of three other volumes, including the Blackwell Companion to Philosophy of Religion (1997).
JERRY L. WALLS is Professor of Philosophy at Asbury Theological Seminary. Among his books are Hell: The Logic of Damnation (1992), Heaven: The Logic of Eternal Joy (2002), and most recently, with Joe Dongell, Why I Am Not a Calvinist (2004).
THOMAS E. WARTENBERG is Chair of the Philosophy Department at Mount Holyoke College where he also teaches in the Film Studies Program. He is the author of Unlikely Couples: Movie Romance as Social Criticism (1999), editor of The Nature of Art (2001), co-editor (with Cynthia Freeland) of Philosophy and Film (1995), and co-editor (with Angela Curran) of The Philosophy of Film: Introductory Text and Readings (2005). He is the film editor of Philosophy Now.
DALLAS WILLARD is Professor at the School of Philosophy of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. His publications include translations of Edmund Husserl, and the following books in the philosophy of religion: Renovation of the Heart (2002), The Divine Conspiracy (1998), The Spirit of the Disciplines (1988), and Hearing God (1984, 1993, 1999). His Logic and the Objectivity of Knowledge (1984) is being revised for a second edition.
MARK A. WRATHALL is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Brigham Young University. He has edited Religion After Metaphysics (2003) and co-edited The Blackwell Companion to Heidegger (2004), Heidegger Re-examined (2002), Heidegger, Authenticity, and Modernity (2000), Heidegger, Coping, and Cognitive Science (2000), and Appropriating Heidegger (2000).
Index
Abelard, Peter. See Peter Abelard
Abraham, patriarch, 99, 207, 211
Achilles, 54
Adam, 28, 29, 30, 152, 221–25
Agreda, María de, 144
Albom, Mitch, 202, 203
Al-Gazali, 114
Allen, Woody, 112
Angelico, Fra. See Fra Angelico
Annas, 92
Anselm of Aosta, saint, 32, 201–03, 233
Anti-Semitism, x, xi, 2, 25, 42, 79–81, 83–85, 87–91, 93, 94, 101–03, 106, 108, 109
Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas
Aristotle, 51, 54–57, 60, 177, 229, 233, 235, 236, 243, 245
Asclepius, Greek god (Plato’s character), 180
Atonement. See Passion, meaning of the Criticism of 62–64, 67–75
Augustine of Hippo, saint, 31, 141, 195, 196, 233, 247
Aulén, Gustav, 49, 203
Avila, Teresa de, saint, 161
Bainton, Roland, H., 248, 258
Barabbas, Jesus, 33, 93, 104, 132, 147
Barney the Dinosaur, 53
Bassham, Gregory, xiii, 238
Baudrillard, Jean, 128, 135
Bazin, André, 86, 88
Begnini, Roberto, 53
Belief. See Reason/belief; Religious experience
Belluci, Monica, 15, 151, 153, 158
Benedict XV, pope, 200,
Bertocci, P., 42
Boethius, Severinus, 238, 245
Botticelli, Allessandro, 158
Bowne, B.P., 42
Brentano, Clemens, 3
Brickhouse, Thomas, 188
Brightman, Edgar Sheffield, 42, 49, 50
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Bronson, Eric, 57
Brown, Dan 158, 159, 162, 172
Brutus, Roman politician, 235
Buber, Martin, 42
Buddha. See Siddhartha Gautama
Buford, T.O., 49
Bultmann, Rudolf, 187, 188
Burke, Edmund, 55, 56, 60
Bynum, Caroline Walker, 162
Caiaphas, High Priest, 21, 92, 102, 103, 108, 119, 129, 176, 225, 227, 228, 235, 254
Caligula, Roman emperor, 235
Camus, Albert, 15, 23
Carew, Rod, 112
Carr, Wesley, 216
Cassius, Roman politician, 235
Catharsis (see also Emotional response), 54, 55, 85
Caviezel, Jim, 151, 153, 161
Celentano, Rosalinda, 152
Chilton Bruce, 123
Christianity (see also Theology; Interpretation); devotion/piety. See Religious experience; institution, 64, 68, 79, 97, 158; spirituality, ix, 17, 18, 21, 23, 33, 34, 37, 79, 83, 88, 112, 117, 118, 121, 122, 202, 248 revelation, xi, 66, 134, 135, 138, 139, 142, 143, 145, 147, 149, 175, 176; tradition 30, 68, 84, 95–98, 117–120, 122, 144–48, 152, 156, 171, 173, 174, 184, 185, 199, 201, 249, 251–53
Claudia (Pliate’s wife), 91, 122, 128, 134, 135, 141, 152, 198
Confucius, 207
Consequentialism. See Utilitarianism
Constantine I, Roman Emperor, 97
Coppola, Francis Ford, 138
Corinth, Lovis, 9, 14, 16
Corlett, J. Angelo, 110
Cormack, Margaret, 203
Costanza, George (Seinfield’s character), 131
Coward, Noel, 1
Cripps, Thomas, 88
Crito (Plato’s character), 180
Crossan, John Dominic, 99
Cullmann, Oscar, 185, 188
Cunningham, Phillip A., 144–45, 150
D’Onofrio, Sandro, xiii
Da Vinci, Leonardo, 159
Dalai Lama, 207
Daniel, Jewish hero, 117, 118, 121
Dante Alighieri, 235
Danto, Arthur C., 55, 60
David, king, 206, 242
Dead Sea Scrolls, 117
Death. See Human nature
Descartes, René, 68
Detmer, David, 135
Diocletian, Roman emperor, 2
Dobson, James, 90
Donn, Allegra, 15, 23
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 23, 24
Dracula (Stoker’s character), 138
Dreyfus, Hubert, 23
Droge, Arthur, 193
Dylan, Bob, 112
Eckhart, Meister (Johannes), 68, 69
Edwards, Jonathan, 239, 245
Eldred, Jody, 37
Eliezer, rabbi, 120
Elijah, prophet, 117, 118, 119, 207
Emmerich, Anne Catherine, 3, 5, 92, 93, 99, 100, 122, 144, 145
Emotional response/effect 10, 12, 14, 17, 19, 25, 27, 37, 42–44, 48, 51–59, 62, 67, 80–83, 85, 87, 88, 90, 93, 101–03, 109, 112, 167, 169, 209, 210
Epistemological theories 129–132
Ethics/morals (human) 41, 42, 44, 45, 49, 52, 56, 58, 101–109, 152–57, 162, 174–77, 182, 183, 186–88, 193, 194, 196, 197, 200–02, 206, 211–16, 224, 225, 235–37, 239–244, 247–258; God’s moral. See Evil
Eusebius, fourth-century church historian, 95
Eve, 28, 29, 152, 160, 221–25
Evil (see also Satan; Sin) 22, 23, 26, 28, 36, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, 57, 106–08, 152, 168–170, 174, 176, 194–96, 202, 210, 223, 227–29, 235–38, 244, 254, 255; God and evil 28, 29, 32, 33, 62, 107, 171, 174, 204, 207, 211, 215, 221–26, 230, 235–241
Experience. See Religious experience
Ezekiel, prophet, 118, 119
Faith. See Reason/belief; Christian revelation)
Faulconer, James, 23
Freeland, Cynthia, 56, 58–60, 61, 135
Feinberg, Joel, 109, 110
Feminism, 152, 154–56, 158, 160, 161
Ferapont, Father (Dostoevsky’s character), 23
Film language/technique, 19–22, 25, 31, 43, 53, 54, 56, 58, 62, 63, 67, 79, 80, 84–87, 107, 139–142, 167, 190, 193, 194, 197, 212
Firkes, rabbi, 121
Forgiveness. See Salvation
Fra Angelico, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16
Francis of Assisi, 47
Francis of Sales, 3
Frankfurt, Henry, 239, 245
Free will. See Predestination; Human nature/condition
Frodo (Tolkien’s character), 48
Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 134, 135
Gandalf (Tolkien’s character), 48
Gandhi, M.K. (Mahatma Gandhi), 43, 186
Gender role, 151–162
Gibson, Hutton (Mel Gibson’s father), 94
Gilligan, Carol C., 154, 155, 162
Gingrich, Newt, 90
Glover, Jonathan, 41, 42, 49, 178
God and evil. See Evil
Gorman, Michael J., 216
Gospels, 2, 4, 17, 95–97, 102, 103, 135, 137, 139, 146, 149, 129–131, 159; Apocrypha, 159
Gracia, Jorge J.E., 135, 150
Greene, Graham, 1
Gregory Nazianzenus, 196
Gregory of Nyssa, 31, 195, 196
Griffith, D.W., 86
Gunton, Colin, 27, 38
Hanson, N.R., 178
Haskins, Susan, 162
Hegel, G.W.F., 63–76
Heidegger, Martin, 16, 24, 134, 135, 191, 192, 199, 203
Helms, Randel, 99
Herod Antipas, king, 83, 227, 228
Hilton, Paris, 122
Hitler, Adolf, 101, 107, 109, 235, 245
Hobbes, Thomas, 70, 177
Hoffmann, R. Joseph, 100
Hölderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich, 64
Holy Spirit (see also Trinity), 73, 74, 116, 145, 212
Honi the Circle-Drawer, 118
Huff, Benjamin, 23
Human nature/condition, 167–69, 174, 175, 177, 183–87, 191–93, 197, 202, 203, 211–13, 215, 222, 224, 225, 230–32, 237, 241–44
Human virtue. See Ethics
Human/divine nature, 1, 2, 26, 27, 40, 43, 170, 171, 183, 184, 195, 197, 199, 201, 202, 204–08, 225–232, 256
Incarnation. See human/divine nature
Inspirational experience. See Religious experience
Interpretation/criticism (see also Passion, meaning of the) absurd/unreal, 29, 30, 35, 94, 131, 151; aesthetic, 4, 51, 52, 54–57, 60, 67, 91, 134, 158–161, 167, 190, 193, 194, 200; anti-spiritual, 79, 82, 83, 137; Biblical/apocryphal, xi, 79, 85, 91–99, 102, 111–121, 127, 130, 131, 134, 137–145, 149, 152, 153, 157–59, 172–74, 194–99, 205–212, 214, 223, 244, 246, 251, 252, 253; commercialistic, 84; Catholic, 146, 149, 156, 158, 199–201, 247, 248; deceitful and manipulative, 85–88, 90–94, 99, 102, 111, 137, 138, 141, 142; dialectic (Hegelian), 67, 74, 75; Gnostic, 159, 160; historical/unhistorical, xi, 54, 55, 79, 80, 91–99, 102–06, 112, 131, 142, 145–47, 158, 159, 187, 251; Lutheran, 64, 65, 145, 249, 250; Orthodox, 158; pessimist, 23, 30, 43, 55, 63; polemical, ix, 25–27, 35, 40, 51, 53, 59, 65, 66, 79–81, 83, 85, 137, 149, 150; political 90, 91, 97–99, 112, 113, 120, 137, 138, 242; Protestant, 156, 248; racist, 86, 87, 101–03, 109
Interpretative approaches (to revelation), 142–47
Irigaray, Lucy, 161, 162
Irwin, William, xiii, 135
Isaac, prophet, 211
Isaiah, prophet, 200, 201, 206
Jackson, Andrew, 109
Jacob, patriarch, 211
James, saint and apostle, 93
James, William, 114, 115, 123, 131, 132, 135
Jesus as Messiah, 2, 101, 148, 156, 206, 227, 242
Jesus’s identity (see also Theology; Christian: Trinity; Human/divine), 25, 26, 42, 43, 65, 68, 70, 71, 74, 95, 118, 119, 129, 133, 134, 204–08, 211, 216, 225
Jesus’s trial and death (see also Passion, meaning of the; Salvation; Suffering; Resurrection), 104–08, 179, 181, 184, 185
Jewish tradition, 95, 96, 98, 99, 101, 112, 115–122, 137, 138, 159, 160, 193, 207, 249�
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Joel, Billy, 128
Johannes Climacus, 1
John Paul II, pope, 94
John the Baptist, prophet, 118, 120
John, saint and evangelist, 95, 96, 153 159, 198, 241, 244
Johnson, Luke T., 216
Joseph, saint (Jesus’s father), 156
Joshua, rabbi, 120, 121
Judas Iscariot, 22, 46, 57, 83, 144, 168–170, 196, 213, 225, 227, 234–245
Julian the apostate, Roman emperor, 97
Julius Caesar, Roman ruler 235
Kant. Immanuel, 30, 36, 38, 51, 56, 58–60, 154, 241, 245, 257
Kazantzakis, Nikos, 172
Keats, John, 52
Kierkegaard, Søren, 1, 3, 4, 5
King, Karen, 153, 162
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 42, 186
Klassen, William, 235, 245
Knowledge/cognition (see also Reason/belief), 57, 58, 114, 115, 121, 122, 127–135, 139, 142–47, 173, 191, 204
Knudson, A.C., 49
Kohlberg, Lawrence, 154
Kolbe, saint Maximilian, 202
Krishna, 207
Küng, Hans, 248, 258
Kurtz, Paul, ix, xiii, 100
Lawler, James, 68, 75
Lazzeri, Antonella, 10, 24
Lewis, C.S., 47, 175, 178
Life, meaning of. See Human nature; Ethics
Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, 56, 60
Luke, saint and evangelist, 95, 96
Luther, Martin, 64, 145, 249, 258
Lyotard, Jean-François, 136
Macmurray, J., 49
Madonna, Louis Ciccione, 121
Maimonides, Moses, 114
Mainey, Linda, 216
Malchus, guardian of the Temple, 226
Malèna (Malèna’s character), 153–54
Mark, saint and evangelist, 95, 96
Markel (Dostoevsky’s character), 23
Martin, Aryn, 122
Mary Magdalene, 2, 32, 34, 67, 73, 91, 135, 141, 151, 153, 154, 156–59, 163, 198, 225, 252
Mary, Virgin, 9, 17, 18, 23, 32, 52, 67, 73, 91, 93, 103, 115, 135, 141, 144, 148, 149, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160, 194, 198, 199, 200, 221–23
Matthew, saint and evangelist, 95, 96, 207, 241, 244
McCarthy, Vincent, 75
Maccoby, Hyam, 245
Meditation (on Passion). See Religious experience
Merleau–Ponty, Maurice, 16, 19, 24