by Freddy Silva
*50. The village is today called Temple. Only the walls of the church remain. Excavations in 1989 revealed additional foundations surrounded by graves, many bearing the Templars’ maritime battle insignia, the skull and bones.
*51. Tomar to Sion is 2,488 miles, and Sion to Roslin is 2,485 miles, an error of just 0.12 percent.
†1. Also referred to as the Order of the Hospital.
†2. Today known as Santarém.
†3. Under the guardianship of Gilbert d’Assalit, the Knights Hospitallers planned an invasion of Egypt and requested assistance from the Knights Templar, who refused. “It (cont. from p. 170) appeared a hard matter to the Templars to wage war without cause, in defiance of treaties, and against all honour and conscience, upon a friendly nation, preserving faith with us, and relying on our own faith.” The chronicle goes on to state that the Hospitallers attempted to arm themselves as a great military society “in imitation of the Templars.” Supposedly, the senior Hospitallers reminded Gilbert that they were a religious, not a military order and that “the church had not put arms into their hands to make conquests.” Inevitably, they were swayed by the younger and more foolish within the Order, and money was procured from Florentine and Genoese merchants, who introduced mercenaries into the Order and organized the Hospitallers into a military unit. See William of Tyre, History of Deeds. The Knights Hospitaller would transform into the Order of Acre, the Order of Rhodes, and the Order of Malta.
†4. In 1188, when it changed its name to Priuré de Sion, or in English, the Priory of Sion.
†5. From the Latin anotare.
†6. The nickname of Athena.
†7. The original church having been destroyed by a Muslim army.
†8. Also spelled Sinclair and Sainteclaire.
‡1. Many Templar tombs depict knights with their feet similarly crossed below the calf.
‡2. Roslin’s was added later, in the sixteenth century, then destroyed, and only added again in the Victorian era.
ENDNOTES
CHAPTER 1. 1125. AN OAK TABLE IN A LARGE HALL INA SMALL COUNTY NAMED PORTUGALE . . .
1. Viterbo, Elucidario das palavras, 232.
2. Secco, Escrituras de Thomar; and Viterbo, Elucidario das palavras, 232.
3. Livro dos mestrados, 38, gaveta 7, maço 9.
4. da Costa, Bernardo, Historia da Militar Ordem de Nosso Senhor Jesus Christo, 1; and Viterbo, Elucidario das palavras, 233.
CHAPTER 2. 1095. NOVEMBER. IN THE AUVERGNE, A MOUNTAINOUS REGION IN CENTRAL FRANCE . . .
1. Urban II’s speech at the Council of Claremont, in Fulcher de Chartres, Fulcheri carnotensis historia hierosolymitana. There are five versions of the speech.
2. In Robert the Monk, Historia hierosolymitana.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Fulcher de Chartres, Fulcheri carnotensis historia hierosolymitana.
6. Ibid.
7. Addison, Knights Templars, 6–8.
8. Hagenmeyer, Le vrais et le faux, 518.
9. Guizot, France, 304.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., 306.
CHAPTER 3. 1096. AUGUST. CONSTANTINOPLE, CAPITAL OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE . . .
1. In William of Tyre, History of Deeds.
2. Guibert de Nogent, Deeds of God, 43–45.
CHAPTER 4. 1096. AUGUST. WITH THE NORTHERN ARMY, PREPARING TO DEPART . . .
1. Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln, Holy Blood, Holy Grail, 107.
CHAPTER 5. 1098. ON THE DESERT ROAD NEAR ANTIOCH . . .
1. William of Tyre, History of Deeds.
2. Tyerman, God’s War, 122.
CHAPTER 6. 140 BC. IN A LAND IN WESTERN IBERIA CALLED LUSITANIA . . .
1. Caesar, Incerti avctoris de bello Hispaniensi liber.
2. Diodorus the Sicilian, Historical Library of Diodorus.
3. Gordon, Prehistoric London.
4. Davies, Celtic Linguistics.
5. Igrejas, “Sobre a origem e significado”; and Markale, Templar Treasure at Gisors.
6. Marques, Historia de Portugal, 28.
7. Sousa, Manuel de Faria e, Europa Portugueza.
8. Brito, Primeira parte, and 1720 version by Pascoal da Sylva, vol. II, bk. VII, 387–89; and Sousa, Manuel de Faria e, Europa Portugueza, book 2, pt. 1, chap. 2, no. 10. p. 19; also cited Ferreira, Memorias e noticias historicas, 820.
9. Sousa, Manuel de Faria e, Europa Portugueza, book 3; and cited Ferreira, Memorias e noticias historicas, 798–99 (although his date is off by two years).
10. Also cited Ferreira, Memorias e noticias historicas, 820.
11. Brito, Primeira parte; and 1720 version by Pascoal da Sylva, pt. 1, book 5, chap. 3.
12. Zapater y Lopez, Cister militante en la campana, vol. 1, chaps. 1, 2, and 3.
13. Sousa, Manuel de Faria e, Europa Portugueza, book 3; and cited Ferreira, Memorias e noticias historicas, 820.
14. Herculano, Historia de Portugal, book 1, 201; and Ferreira, Memorias e noticias historicas, 800–12, 824–28.
15. Sousa, Manuel de Faria e, Europa Portugueza, book 3, pt. 1, cap. 2, no. 10, chap. 19; and cited Ferreira, Memorias e noticias historicas, 727–28.
16. Ferreira, Memorias e noticias historicas, 829; and document in the archives of the Monastery of Lorvão.
17. Sousa, Manuel de Faria e, Europa Portugueza, book 3; and cited Ferreira, Memorias e noticias historicas, 727–28.
CHAPTER 7. 1099. JUNE. OUTSIDE THE GATES OF JERUSALEM . . .
1. Konstam, Historical Atlas of the Crusades, 133.
2. Tyerman, God’s War, 153–57.
3. Ibid., 159.
4. Albert of Aachen, Historia hierosolymitana.
5. William of Tyre, History of Deeds, book 9, chap. 9.
6. Vogüé, Les eglises de la Terre Sainte, 326, citing Jacob Vitriac.
7. Paraschi, Historia dos Templarios em Portugal, 14.
8. Albert of Aachen, Historia hierosolymitana.
9. William of Tyre, History of Deeds.
10. Vogüé, Les eglises de la Terre Sainte, 326.
CHAPTER 8. THIRTY YEARS EARLIER. ORVAL. A TOWN DOWNRIVER FROM BOUILLON . . .
1. Tillière, Histoire de l’Abbaye d’Orval, 3 ff.
2. Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln, Holy Blood, Holy Grail, 473–75.
3. Tillière, Histoire de l’Abbaye d’Orval, 3 ff.
4. Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln, Holy Blood, Holy Grail, 107.
5. Jeantin, Les chroniques de l’Ardenne, 398.
6. Hagenmeyer, Le vrais et le faux, 518.
7. Hamblett, in Olsen, Templar Papers.
8. Paraschi, Historia dos Templarios em Portugal, 14.
9. Vincent, Histoire de l’anciene image miraculeuse, 92.
10. Vogüé, Les eglises de la Terre Sainte, 326.
11. Hebrews 12:22, Oxford King James Bible, 1769.
12. Book of Isaiah 28:16.
13. Wheeler, Moses in the Quran, 89–92.
14. Freund, Digging through the Bible, 141.
15. Bromiley, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, vol. 2.
16. Rabbi Heshy Grossman in the Weekly Parsha.
17. Vogüé, Les eglises de la Terre Sainte, 322; see also Pixner, “Jerusalem’s Essene Gateway,” 18–22.
18. Pinkerfield, Bishvili Omanut Yehudit.
19. Grousset, Histoire des Croisades, vol. III, xiv; and de Sede, cited in Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln, Holy Blood, Holy Grail, 112.
20. William of Tyre, History of Deeds.
21. Gardner, Bloodline of the Holy Grail, chap. 18, note 1.
22. In Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln, Holy Blood, Holy Grail, see notes on chap. 51.
23. Gardner, Bloodline of the Holy Grail; also discussed in Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln, Holy Blood, Holy Grail.
24. See Fredegar’s Chronicle, seventh century, cited in Gardner, Bloodline of the Holy Grail, 142.
25. Gardner, Bloodline of the Holy Grail, 146.
26. Pinkham, Guardians of the Holy Grail, 132–33.
27. Ibid
.; Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln, Holy Blood, Holy Grail, 245–49; and Gardner, Bloodline of the Holy Grail, 145–50.
28. William of Tyre, History of Deeds, 380.
29. Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln, Holy Blood, Holy Grail, 107.
30. Matthew of Edessa, Armenia and the Crusades.
31. Grousset, Histoire des Croisades, xiv.
32. Ibid.; and Sede, cited in Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln, Holy Blood, Holy Grail, 112.
33. Cited Vogüé, Les eglises de la Terre Sainte, 323. Dated July 19, 1116.
34. Röhricht, Regesta regni hierosolymitani, 19, no. 83.
CHAPTER 9. 1114. BRAGA. A VERY OLD CITY IN PORTUGALE . . .
1. Herculano, Historia de Portugal, book 1, 230.
2. Cunha, Historia ecclisiastica de Braga, pt. 1, chap. 1.
3. Cited in Freitas, Memorias de Braga, 88–89.
4. Gordon, Prehistoric London, 5.
5. Cited in Freitas, Memorias de Braga, 8.
6. i.e., Freitas, Memorias de Braga, 88.
7. This name comes from the Chaldean god Belinus and the Babylonian Oannes, later Janus of the Romans. See, for example, William Betham’s discussion in Fraser, Proceedings of the Numismatic Society.
8. Sulpicius Severus, Chronica II, 46.
9. McKenna, Paganism and Pagan Survivals.
10. Cited in Freitas, Memorias de Braga, 21.
11. Freitas, Memorias de Braga, 31–34. This occurred in 1103.
12. Ibid., 32.
13. Secco, Escrituras de Thomar, book 1, 5; and cited in Viterbo, Elucidario das palavras, 232.
14. Schaeffer, Histoire de Portugal, 37.
15. Vincent, Histoire de l’anciene image miraculeuse, 92.
16. Hamblett, in Olsen, Templar Papers, 39.
17. Latrie, Chronique d’Ernoul, 7–9.
18. Johann Starck, cited in Haagensen and Lincoln, Templars’ Secret Island.
19. Latrie, Chronique d’Ernoul.
20. Map, De nugis curialium, 1.18, 54–55; and cited Barber and Bate, Templars: Selected Sources, 29–30.
21. i.e., Viterbo, Elucidario das palavras.
22. See Figueiredo, Historia da Militaria Ordem de Malta, 15.
23. Ibid., 28.
24. Ibid., 61–62.
25. Ibid., 66. Made in October 1123, deed in Maço da Frequesia do Rio de Gallinhas, no. 7.
26. Ibid., 63. In 1144, the monastery of Freiras de Aguas Santas.
27. Viterbo, Elucidario das palavras, 234.
28. Figueiredo, Historia da Militaria Ordem de Malta, 107.
29. Herculano, Historia de Portugal, book 1, 230.
30. Cited Viterbo, Elucidario das palavras, 233. Quote by the fourth Templar Master in Portugal.
CHAPTER 10. 1100. JERUSALEM. IN THE PALACE OF THE NEW KING . . .
1. William of Tyre, History of Deeds.
2. Barber, New Knighthood.
3. Smail, Crusading Warfare, chap. 5.
4. Brownlow, Account of the Pilgrimage, 8–9; also cited Barber, Origins of the Order, 220.
5. Latrie, Chronique d’Ernoul.
CHAPTER 11. 1100. BRAGA. HEARING FOREIGN VOICES . . .
1. i.e., Reis, “O foral de Guimarães,” note 106.
2. A property deed by Dona Sancha Viegas, the buyer being “a Friar of the Temple” by the name of Petrus Arnaldo, dated 1185 era of Caesar, equivalent to AD 1147; also cited Paraschi, Historia dos Templarios em Portugal, 10.
3. Ferreira, Memorias e noticias historicas, 751–52, 840.
4. Viterbo, Elucidario das palavras.
5. Ferreira, Memorias e noticias historicas, 808.
6. See article on Geoffroy de la Roche by Didier, History of La Roche Vanneau, ref. 194.
7. Röhricht, Regesta regni hierosolymitani, 19, no. 83.
8. Ibid.
9. Ferreira, Memorias e noticias historicas, 720, 749.
10. Sousa, Manuel de Faria e, Europa Portugueza, book 3, pt. 4, chap. 8, no. 13.
11. Brito, Monarchia Lusytana, IX, 81.
12. The number of eleven original knights was also cited by Ward, Freemasonry and the Ancient Gods, 204.
CHAPTER 12. 1117. BETHLEHEM. AT A CEREMONY . . .
1. Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln, Holy Blood, Holy Grail, 116.
2. Fulcher de Chartres, Fulcheri carnotensis historia hierosolymitana.
3. Ibid.
4. Michael the Syrian, Chronique de Michel le Syrien.
5. Saint Bruno, Lettres des premiers Chartreux, 154–61.
6. Encyclopedia Brittanica, 591; also cited Hancock, Sign and the Seal, 93.
7. William of Tyre, History of Deeds, 12.7, 553–55.
8. Johann Starck, cited in Haagersen and Lincoln, Templars’ Secret Island; and Hamblett, in Olsen, Templar Papers, 28–29.
9. Latrie, Chronique d’Ernoul, 7–9; and cited in Barber and Bate, Templars: Selected Sources.
10. Charpentier, Secrets of Chartres Cathedral, 59.
11. d’Albon, Cartulaire général, 99, no. 141.
12. Wilson, cited in Knight and Lomas, Hiram Key, 29.
13. Delaforge, Templar Tradition.
14. Cited in Barber and Bate, Templars: Selected Sources, 30; and Hamblett, in Olsen, Templar Papers, 26.
15. Santos, José António, Monumentos das ordens militares, 1, quest. 2, 5, 6; and cited in Ferreira, Memorias e noticias historicas, pt. 1, p. 10.
16. Petel, La commanderie de Payns, x.
17. Bouquet, Recueil des historiens, 162, no. 245; and Jubainville, Histoire de Bar-sur-Aube, 113–14, no. 1.
18. Hopkins, Simmans, and Wallace-Murphy, Rex Deus, 114.
19. Lalore, C., Collection des principeaux cartularies, no. 3; and Capitulaire de l’Abbaye de Montiéramey, Paris, no. 18 (1890): 11–14, 23–25. The transactions were each witnessed by a Hugo de Peanz and a Hugo de Paeniciis. It was common in those days for a name to differ in writing according to dialect and the type of language used. Payns was written Péanz, Paens, Paence, Paenz, Paains, Paiens, and Payens in French, and its variants in Latin were Pagani, Paganus, Peancium, Paencia, and Paentium. See Socard, and Boutiot, Dictionnaire topographique de l’aube, 118–19.
20. Father Tamburino, cited in Ferreira, Memorias e noticias historicas, pt. 1, p. 13.
21. Gérard de Sède, cited in Baigent, Leigh and Lincoln, Holy Blood, Holy Grail, 111.
22. Hamblett, cited in Olsen, Templar Papers, 27.
23. Röhricht, Regesta regni hierosolymitani, 19, no. 83.
24. Ibid., 25, no. 105.
CHAPTER 13. 1117. GUIMARÃES. IN THE COURT OF COUNTESS TAREJA . . .
1. Figueiredo, Historia da Militaria Ordem de Malta, 109. A bill of sale for a property in Pega by Mayor Judia is made to “Dom Paayo de Leça”: two similar transactions state the same. His name appears again on a donation of Leça made “to the Hospital.”
2. Ibid., 107.
3. Freitas, Memorias de Braga, 141.
4. Ibid., 31–34.
5. By 1122.
6. Biggs, Diego Gelmirez, 43, 121–22.
7. Freitas, Memorias de Braga, 36; and Viterbo, Elucidario das palavras, 234.
8. Mann and Hollnsteiner, Lives of the Popes, 294.
9. Brandão, Monarchia Lusitana, 373.
10. Reilly, Kingdom of Leon-Castilla, 245.
11. i.e., Brandão, Monarchia Lusitana, 375, 377.
12. Secco, Escrituras de Thomar, 5; and Viterbo, Elucidario das palavras, vol. II, 581–83.
13. Figueiredo, Historia da Militaria Ordem de Malta, 107. Document in the registry of the monastery of Paço de Sousa dated 1145, in which they are referred to as Order of the Hospital.
14. Ibid., 106.
15. Herculano, Historia de Portugal, 278.
16. Ibid.
CHAPTER 14. 1126. CLAIRVAUX. A VERY, VERY, VERY MODEST ABBEY IN CHAMPAGNE . . .
1. Sucena, A epopeia Templaria e Portugal.
2. d’Albon, Cartulaire général, 1–2, no. 2.
3. Ibid, 1, no. 1; cited in Howarth, Knights Templar, 50.
> 4. Leclercq, “Un document,” 81–91. The letter is likely by Hugues de Payns circa 1128, while soliciting in Europe.
5. Ibid.
6. Roserot, Dictionnaire historique, 1096. Hugues’s family had at least seven land holdings, including one in Troyes.
7. Ferreira, Memorias e noticias historicas, pt. 1, 3.
8. According to Lobineau, Dossiers secrets, planche no. 4; and cited in Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln, Holy Blood, Holy Grail, 116.
9. Viterbo, Elucidario das palavras, 582–83; cited in Paraschi, Historia dos Templarios em Portugal, 20–22; and Lamy, Les Templiers.
10. Williams, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, 3.
11. Leclercq, “Un document,” 15.
12. Gardner, Bloodline of the Holy Grail, 212.
13. Jubainville, Histoire de Bar-sur-Aube, XXIII, and Jubainville, Histoire de ducs et comtes, 80–89.
14. Jubainville, Histoire de Bar-sur-Aube, 103.
15. Jubainville, Histoire de ducs et comtes, 87.
16. Hopkins, Simmans, and Wallace-Murphy, Rex Deus, 114.
17. Jubainville, Histoire de ducs et comtes, 110.
18. Auberger, L’Unanimite cistercienne primitive, 103–7.
19. Begg, Cult of the Black Virgin, 103.
20. Jolibois, Haute-Marne; also in Didier, History of La Roche Vanneau.
21. Guillerme de Saint-Thierry, Arnald de Bonneval, and Geoffrey de Auxerre, Vita prima sancti Bernardi, 185, 225–368; and cited in Bredero, Bernard of Clairvaux, 198.
22. Rudolph, Things of Greater Importance, 10.
23. Van Hecke, Le desir dans l’experience religieuse, 44–45.
24. Guillerme de Saint-Thierry, Arnald de Bonneval, and Geoffrey de Auxerre, Vita prima sancti Bernardi, book III, ch. iii, 6; Migne, Patrologia Latina tomus, 185, 306; and cited in Bredero, Bernard of Clairvaux, 14.
25. Webb and Walker, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, 45–46.
26. Epistola 64, c. 2. from Bernard’s sermon In septuagesimo.
27. Bredero, Bernard of Clairvaux, 263.
28. Röhricht, Regesta regni hierosolymitani, 25, no. 105. On this same document appears the name Raimund Bernard, who wears the title of Procurator for the Hospitallers.
29. Santa Catarina, Catalogo dos mestres, 21.
