52 See the description by Mary Somerville, in Somerville, Personal Recollections, p. 103.
53 Brewster to Babbage, April 26, 1824, BL 37,183, ff. 121–22.
54 Brewster to Brougham, March 14, 1829, in Morrell and Thackray, eds., Gentlemen of Science: Early Correspondence, p. 23.
55 Brewster to Babbage, February 21, 1831, BL Add. ms. 37,185, ff. 481–82.
56 Literary and Philosophical Societies (as they were often called) had been founded in Manchester in 1781, Derby in 1783, Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1793, Birmingham in 1800, Glasgow in 1802, Liverpool in 1812, Leeds in 1818, Cork in 1819, York, Sheffield, Whitby, and Hull in 1822, and Bristol in 1823. See Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, pp. 13–14.
57 Ibid., p. 40.
58 See Morrell and Thackray, eds., Gentlemen of Science: Early Correspondence, p. 34.
59 Babbage to Harcourt, August 31, 1831, in Morrell and Thackray, eds., Gentlemen of Science: Early Correspondence, pp. 50–51.
60 Brewster to Babbage, September 4, 1831, BL 37,186, ff. 74–75 and September 16, 1831, BL 37,186, ff. 86–87.
61 Whewell to Forbes, July 14, 1831, in Morrell and Thackray, eds., Gentlemen of Science: Early Correspondence, p. 42.
62 Brewster, “On the Decline of Science in England,” p. 327.
63 Whewell to Herschel, September 18, 1831, RS: HS 18.183.
64 Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, p. 132.
65 Ibid., pp. 70–76.
66 Ibid., p. 132.
67 James Johnston, “Account of the Scientific Meeting in York,” Edinburgh Journal of Science, 1832, quoted in Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, pp. 88–89.
68 York Courant, September 27, 1831, quoted in Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, p. 89.
69 Harcourt, “Address,” in Report of the First and Second Meetings, p. 28.
70 Ibid.
71 Herschel to Whewell, February 7, 1835, WP Add. ms. a. 207 f. 25.
72 Dickens, “Full Report of the Mudfog Association for the Advancement of Everything.”
73 Whewell to Harcourt, September 22, 1831, WP O.15.47 f. 97.
74 See Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, pp. 425–30.
75 After the meeting, Brewster told Harcourt that because of Milton’s comments, Babbage would probably refuse to join any committees. See Brewster to Harcourt, November 18, 1831, in Morrell and Thackray, eds., Gentlemen of Science: Early Correspondence, p. 102.
76 Harcourt to Milton [late November–early December 1831], in Morrell and Thackray, eds., Gentlemen of Science: Early Correspondence, p. 109.
77 Literary Gazette, 1836, quoted in Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, p. 513.
78 For example, in an article titled “On the Employment of Notation in Chemistry” (1831) and in a series of letters to Michael Faraday around this time.
79 Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, pp. 170–74.
80 Herschel to Sedgwick, August 3, 1833, RS: HS 15.422.
81 Jones to Babbage, July 3, 1833, BL 37,188, ff. 4–5.
82 See Whewell to Jones, December 2, 1832, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, p. 148.
83 Whewell to Jones, February 14, 1833, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, pp. 157–58.
84 Jones to Herschel, January 23, 1833, RS: HS 10.354. See also Jones to Babbage, February 21, 1833, BL 37,187, f. 428.
85 Jones, “Introductory Lecture,” in Literary Remains, pp. 570–71.
86 Ibid., p. 571.
87 Whewell to Jones, February 27, 1833, WP Add. ms. c. 51 f. 152.
88 Whewell to Jones, March 24, 1833, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, p. 161.
89 See Porter, The Rise of Statistical Thinking, pp. 6–7.
90 Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, p. 374.
91 See Porter, The Rise of Statistical Thinking, p. 52.
92 Phillips and Wetherell, “The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the Political Modernization of England.”
93 Sedgwick, “Speech of June 28, 1833,” pp. 90–92.
94 Whewell, “Address,” p. xxi.
95 Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, p. 296.
96 See Whewell to Jones, March 24, 1834, WP Add. ms. c. 51 f. 164.
97 Whewell to Quetelet, October 2, 1835, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, pp. 228–29.
98 See Porter, The Rise of Statistical Thinking, pp. 5–7.
99 Babbage to Charles Daubeny, April 28, 1832, in Morrell and Thackray, eds., Gentlemen of Science: Early Correspondence, p. 137.
100 See Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, p. 96.
101 Ibid., p. 130.
102 Yorkshire Gazette, October 1, 1831, quoted in Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, p. 150.
103 See Phillips to Harcourt, August 5, 1836, in Morrell and Thackray, eds., Gentlemen of Science: Early Correspondence, p. 233.
104 Murchison to Harcourt, September 18, 1837, in Morrell and Thackray, eds., Gentlemen of Science: Early Correspondence, p. 258., Sedgwick had a way with the ladies; even twenty years later Whewell would remark admiringly that Sedgwick had numerous “lady disciples” who “fill all the best places” at his lectures in Cambridge. See William Whewell to Cordelia Whewell, November 18, 1855, in Stair Douglas, Life and Selections, p. 429.
105 Jones to Whewell, January 28, 1833, WP Add. ms. c. 52 f. 57.
106 See Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, p. 155, quoting from Owen’s recollections. Not surprisingly, the British Association took the lead among the national scientific societies in admitting women as full members—they first did so in 1853. It took the Royal Society almost a century more: it admitted its first women fellows in 1945, around the same time as the American (1944), Soviet (1946), and Canadian (1946) counterparts. It would not be until 1979 that the Academy of Sciences in Paris would appoint its first woman member. For more on the issue of women in science, see Sheffield, Women and Science.
107 Murchison to Whewell, October 2, 1831, WP Add. ms. a. 209 f. 88.
108 See Hall, All Scientists Now, p. 79.
109 Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, pp. 96–97, 310.
110 See Crosland, Science Under Control, p. 30.
111 See Hall, All Scientists Now, pp. 39–40, and Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, p. 323.
112 Whewell to Herschel, July 25, 1841, RS: HS 18.196.
113 Murchison to Whewell, September 29, 1840, WP Add. ms. a. 209 f. 109.
114 See Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, pp. 313–24.
115 The Times, editorial, June 28, 1832, reported in Buckland to Harcourt, July 10, 1832, in Morrell and Thackray, eds., Gentlemen of Science: Early Correspondence, p. 147.
116 Quoted in Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Correspondence, p. 95.
117 Harcourt to Milton, September 1, 1831, reproduced in Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, Appendix I, p. 543.
118 Sedgwick to Mrs. Lyell, October 16, 1837, quoted in Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, p. 113.
119 Harcourt to Forbes, October 1, 1835, in Morrell and Thackray, eds., Gentlemen of Science: Early Correspondence, p. 218.
120 Brewster to Harcourt, April 28, 1832, in Morrell and Thackray, eds., Gentlemen of Science: Early Correspondence, pp. 140–41.
CHAPTER 7. MAPPING THE WORLD
1 See Herschel to James Calder Stewart, January 11, 1831, TXU H/L 0412, Reel 1055. Jones referred to this plan in a letter to Whewell in November (Jones to Whewell, November 3, 1831, WP Add. ms. c. 52 f. 42).
2 Whewell to Jones, June 1, 1827, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, p. 83.
3 See John Herschel to Mary Ann Fallows, [n.d.], RS: HS 7.164 (her reply is dated April 24, 1832).
4 Babbage to Herschel, March 12, 1832, RS: HS 2.273.
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5 Thomas Maclear to John Herschel, July 17, 1833, RS: HS 12.35.
6 Jones to Whewell, February 17, 1832, WP Add. ms. c. 52 f. 48.
7 Whewell to Hare, September 22, 1833, WP Add. ms. c. 215 f. 28.
8 John Herschel to Margaret Herschel, June 19, 1832, quoted in Buttmann, The Shadow of the Telescope, p. 73.
9 See Francis Baily to Herschel, April 22, 1832, RS: HS 3.109; Herschel to Baily, April 24, 1832, RS: HS 3.110; and Herschel to John Lubbock, May 16, 1833, RS: HS 21.136.
10 Thomas Maclear to Herschel, September 6, 1833, RS: HS 12.38, and September 22, 1833, RS: HS 12.39.
11 Whewell to Jones, October 21, 1833, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, p. 170.
12 Jones to Whewell, November 15, 1833, WP Add. ms. c. 52 f. 59.
13 Extract from a scientific notebook of John Herschel, reproduced in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p.22.
14 Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 29.
15 John Herschel, diary entry, January 15, 1834, in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 35.
16 See Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 40.
17 Cape of Good Hope Literary Gazette 4, no. 1 (January 1834), p. 15, quoted in Ruskin, John Herschel’s Cape Voyage, p. 89.
18 See Herschel to Whewell, January 28, 1834, WP Add. ms. a. 207 f. 23, and Herschel, diary entries, February 24 and 25, 1834, in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, pp. 49–50.
19 Herschel, diary entry, January 23, 1834, cited in Warner, Cape Landscapes, backmatter.
20 See Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 94n.
21 On the mutton chop, see Herschel, diary entry, December 12, 1837, in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 332.
22 Buttmann, The Shadow of the Telescope, p. 91.
23 Ibid., p. 92.
24 John Herschel to Caroline Herschel, June 6, 1834, quoted in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 72.
25 John Herschel, diary entry, June 8, 1834, in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 74.
26 See Herschel, Results of Astronomical Observations, p. xvi.
27 John Herschel, diary entry, February 5, 1835, in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 138.
28 See Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, pp. 223–24.
29 See John Herschel, diary entry, January 28, 1837, in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 279.
30 See William Henry Harvey to Herschel, October 24, 1837, RS: HS 9.242.
31 See Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 202.
32 Charles Darwin to E. C. Darwin, June 3, 1838, Darwin Correspondence Project, letter 302.
33 Keynes, ed., Charles Darwin’s Beagle Diary, p. 427.
34 See Schaaf, Out of the Shadows, p. 44.
35 See Hockney, Secret Knowledge.
36 See Schaaf, Out of the Shadows, p. 28.
37 Basil Hall, Forty Etchings, from Sketches Made with the Camera Lucida, in North America, in 1827 and 1828 (Edinburgh: Cadell and Co., 1829), quoted in Schaaf, Out of the Shadows, pp. 28–29.
38 Margaret Herschel to Caroline Herschel, September 29, 1834, in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 98.
39 Buttmann, The Shadow of the Telescope, p. 94.
40 Ibid., p. 95.
41 Herschel to Beaufort, February 3, 1836, Science Museum Archives, ms. 1130, quoted in Crowe et al., A Calendar of the Correspondence of Sir John Herschel, p. 165.
42 John Herschel to Caroline Herschel, undated (received October 1, 1836), in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 238.
43 Buttmann, The Shadow of the Telescope, p. 98.
44 A lovely image is found at http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080803.html.
45 See Clark, The Sun Kings, pp. 36–38 and 179–81.
46 See Schabas, The Natural Origins of Economics, p. 12.
47 Buttmann, The Shadow of the Telescope, p. 109.
48 See Herschel, Results of Astronomical Observations, p. 435n.
49 John Herschel to Caroline Herschel, January 10, 1837, in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 281.
50 See, for example, John Herschel, diary entry, August 27, 1837, and John Herschel to Caroline Herschel, letter received November 12, 1837, in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, pp. 313 and 315.
51 Herschel to James Stewart, September 1837, in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, pp. 317–18.
52 Herschel to James Stewart, November 25, 1835, in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 201.
53 Whewell to Jones, November 13, 1833, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, p. 172.
54 See Reidy, Tides of History, p. 3.
55 James Anderson, “Some Observations on the Peculiarity of the Tides Between Fairleigh and the North Foreland,” Philosophical Transactions 109 (1819): 217–33, 231n. Cited in Reidy, Tides of History, p. 5.
56 Anonymous, “Sailors Who Can’t Swim: Neglecting to Acquire an Accomplishment of Great Value to Them.”
57 See Reidy, Tides of History, p. 88.
58 See Ackroyd, Thames: The Biography, esp. ch. 44.
59 Reidy, Tides of History, p. 73.
60 Cartwright, Tides: A Scientific History, p. 1.
61 See Ducheyne, “Whewell’s Tidal Researches,” pp. 28–29.
62 See Cartwright, Tides: A Scientific History, pp. 35–40.
63 Ibid., p. 74.
64 Whewell to Lyell, March 5, 1835, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, pp. 206–9.
65 Ibid., p. 208.
66 Young, “A Theory of the Tides,” Nicholson’s Journal 35 (1813): 145–59 and 217–27. Cited in Cartwright, Tides: A Scientific History, p. 90.
67 See Reidy, Tides of History, 96–100.
68 Whewell to Lubbock, January 30, 1831, cited in Reidy, Tides of History, p. 131.
69 See Whewell to Charles Lyell, January 31, 1831; Whewell to Michael Faraday, April 25 and May 5, 1834; in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, pp. 111, 179–80, 182.
70 See Whewell to Lubbock, April 1, 1832, cited in Reidy, Tides of History, p. 132. Whewell had mentioned the idea of publishing on the tides to his sister Ann two weeks earlier (see Stair Douglas, Life and Selections, pp. 143–44). But he waited until Lubbock gave his consent to do so.
71 Wilkinson to Whewell, December 10, 1837, and Whewell to Quetelet, November 30, 1837, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 1, p. 88, and vol. 2, p. 264.
72 Morrell and Thrackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, pp. 513–14.
73 See Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 1, p. 87.
74 See Whewell to Ann Whewell, June 4, 1833, and December 1834, in Stair Douglas, Life and Selections, pp. 159, 162.
75 See Huler, Defining the Wind.
76 Francis Beaufort to John Herschel, July 5, 1834, RS: HS 3.338.
77 Whewell to Jones, June 12, 1834, WP Add. ms. c. 51 f. 169.
78 See Cartwright, Tides: A Scientific History, p. 114.
79 Whewell to Quetelet, February 3, 1835, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, p. 201.
80 Whewell, “Researches on the Tides—Sixth Series.”
81 See Whewell to Herschel, April 9, 1836, and June 10, 1836, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, pp. 235, 244. In both of these letters Whewell is discussing the observations made by Herschel “last June.”
82 Whewell to J. D. Forbes, October 23, 1856, cited in Reidy, Tides of History, p. 181.
83 Whewell to Herschel, June 10, 1836, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, p. 242.
84 Whewell to Lubbock, November 7, 1833, WP O.15.47 f. 208.
85 Whewell to Herschel, June 10, 1836, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, p. 242.
86 See Ducheyne, “Whewell’s Tidal Researches,” p. 32.
87 Whewell, “The Bakerian Lecture”; Ducheyne, “Whewell’s Tidal Researches,” pp. 38–39.
88 Airy, “Tides and Waves,” p. 370.
89 See Reidy, Tides of History, p. 232.
90 See Whewell, “On the Empirical Laws of the Tides in the Port of London,” pp. 17–18.
91 See Phillips, “Tides and Tide Prediction.”
93 See Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years, p. 515.
94 See Whewell to Herschel, January 14, 1833, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, pp. 152–53.
95 See letter of J. W. Heaviside (mathematical lecturer at Haileybury) to Whewell, October 20, 1858, WP Add. ms. 53 f. 48. Quoted in Reinhart, “The Life of Richard Jones,” p. 8.
96 Maria Edgeworth to Pakenham Edgeworth, March 1835, in Edgeworth, Life and Letters, vol. 2, p. 225.
97 Whewell to Jones, April 12, 1835, WP Add. ms. c. 51 f. 180.
98 See Johnson, Richard Jones Reconsidered, p. 3.
99 See Whewell, “Prefatory Notice,” Literary Remains of Richard Jones, p. xxvii.
100 Danvers et al., Memorials of Old Haileybury College, p. 175n.
101 Cited in Reinhart, “The Life of Richard Jones,” pp. 22–23.
102 John Herschel to James Stewart, November 25, 1835, in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 199.
103 Whewell to Jones, July 1, 1832, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, p. 142.
104 The subsequent information on the history of tithes is found in Evans, The Contentious Tithe.
105 Cited in ibid., p. 24.
106 The Poor Law Report of 1834, cited in ibid., p. 71.
107 See Rashid, “Anglican Clergymen and the Tithe Question in the Early 19th Century.”
108 Times, April 17, 1834, cited in Evans, The Contentious Tithe, p. 115.
109 Whewell to Jones, June 30, 1836, WP Add. ms. c. 51 f. 198.
110 Herschel to Jones, November 29, 1837, RS: HS 21.231.
111 See Margaret Herschel to Caroline Herschel, November 16, 1837, quoted in Evans et al., Herschel at the Cape, p. 326.
112 Whewell, “Prefatory Notice,” Literary Remains of Richard Jones, p. xxxii.
113 Whewell to Herschel, June 10, 1836, in Todhunter, William Whewell, vol. 2, p. 244.
114 Kain and Price, The Tithe Surveys of England and Wales, p. 76.
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