A Naval History of World War I
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4.Admiralty Memorandum of 17 January 1918 quoted in Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:135–36.
5.Beatty’s paper, “The Situation in the North Sea,” 29 December 1917, quoted in Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:133–34 nn. 10, 12.
6.Beatty to his wife, 5 February 1918, The Beatty Papers 1:508; Roskill, Beatty, 243–44; Chalmers, Beatty, 299–301; Chatfield, The Navy and Defence, 163–64; Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:124–26.
7.Rodman, Yarns of a Kentucky Admiral, 266–67.
8.Roskill, Beatty, 245–48; Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:128–31; Chalmers, Beatty, 305–8.
9.Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 4:322.
10.Submarine losses and use of the Strait are discussed in Grant, U-Boats Destroyed, 44–49, 74–79; Grant, U-Boat Intelligence, 79–81. See also Beesly, Room 40, 281–82.
11.Keyes, Naval Memoirs 2:115–19.
12.Keyes, Naval Memoirs 2:118–26, 135–47; Bacon, The Dover Patrol 2:401–13; Bacon, Concise Story of the Dover Patrol, 158–66; Bacon, From 1900 Onward, 260–62, 291–96. A number of documents on the subject are printed in Halpern, The Keyes Papers 1:416–39.
13.Full accounts of the controversy are in Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:178–83, 204; Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 4:315–22, 347–48. See also Lady Wemyss, Wemyss, 365–67.
14.Keyes to Beatty, 18 January 1918, The Keyes Papers 1:443–44. See also Chatterton, The Auxiliary Patrol, 194–97.
15.Grant, U-Boat Intelligence, 79–88; Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:41; Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:209–10.
16.Michelsen, Guerre sous-marine, 114; Grant, U-Boats Destroyed, 79–80, 83; Tarrant, The U-Boat Offensive, 61–62; Gayer, “German Submarine Operations,” 652–55.
17.Tables in Grant, U-Boat Intelligence, 85–86, 94, 95; see also Chatterton, The Auxiliary Patrol, 301.
18.Scheer, Germany’s High Sea Fleet, 314–15.
19.British accounts are Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:211–19; Keyes, Naval Memoirs 2:174–79; the standard German account is Gladisch, Krieg in der Nordsee 7:189–95; and Scheer, Germany’s High Sea Fleet, 315–18.
20.Keyes to Beatty, 19 February 1918, Halpern, The Keyes Papers 1:458.
21.Keyes, Naval Memoirs 2:176–81; Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:43–44.
22.Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:223–37; Keyes, Naval Memoirs 2:193–96; Gladisch, Krieg in der Nordsee 7:236–37; Thomazi, Guerre navale dans le Nord, 191–92.
23.For the bombardments of May and June 1917, see Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:36–41, 45–48. Bacon, not surprisingly, provides great detail in Bacon, The Dover Patrol, vol. 1, chap. 4.
24.Keyes to Beatty, 18 January 1918, Halpern, The Keyes Papers 1:447.
25.Keyes, Naval Memoirs 2:127–34; Keyes to Beatty, 5 December 1917, Halpern, The Keyes Papers 1:423; Patterson, Tyrwhitt, 181–83; a review of previous plans is in Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:241–43; for Bacon’s plans in detail, see Bacon, The Dover Patrol, vol. 1, chaps. 8 and 10.
26.Plan for Operation Z.O. and Remarks by Sea Lords printed in Halpern, The Keyes Papers 1:460–78. See also Keyes, Naval Memoirs, vol. 2, chaps. 17–19.
27.A good summary is in Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:244–51.
28.Keyes to Beatty, 10 February 1918, Halpern, The Keyes Papers 1:452.
29.Keyes, Naval Memoirs 1:249–56.
30.Gladisch, Krieg in der Nordsee 7:267.
31.Very detailed accounts in Keyes, Naval Memoirs, vol. 2, chaps. 22–26; Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:252–73.
32.Keyes, Naval Memoirs 2:337–39; Keyes to Beatty, 16 June 1918, Halpern, The Keyes Papers 2:500–501.
33.Viscount Cunningham, A Sailor’s Odyssey, 92–94.
34.Although the conclusions are wrong, an excellent account is Pitt, Zeebrugge; see also Carpenter, The Blocking of Zeebrugge.
35.Captain W. W. Fisher to Keyes, 23 April 1918, Halpern, The Keyes Papers 1:484.
36.Keyes, Naval Memoirs 2:319–20, 337; see also Roger Keyes, Amphibious Warfare and Combined Operations (Cambridge: At the University Press, 1943), 69–70. This view is reflected in Keyes’s biographer, Aspinall-Oglander, Keyes, 247; as well as Pitt, Zeebrugge, 206–10.
37.Gladisch, Krieg in der Nordsee 7:265–69; Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:59–65; Beesly, Room 40, 282–83.
38.Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:274–75.
39.Raleigh and Jones, The War in the Air 6:380–83.
40.Ibid., 385.
41.Admiralty to Air Ministry, 3 May, and Air Ministry to Admiralty, 16 May 1918, Roskill, Naval Air Service 1:666–67; Admiralty to Air Ministry, 22 May 1918, ibid., 672–73; Air Ministry to War Office and Admiralty, 22, 23 May, 1918, ibid., 673–75; Vice-Admiral Dover to Admiralty and Admiralty reply, 30 May 1918, ibid., 675.
42.Keyes, Naval Memoirs 2:341; Keyes reproduces extracts from his letter to the Admiralty of 28 May on the disadvantages resulting from the loss of the RNAS, ibid., 406–8, Appendix 4. See also Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:64–65.
43.Raleigh and Jones, The War in the Air 6:392. For full detail of air operations see ibid., 384–96.
44.On this point, see Hezlet, Aircraft and Sea Power, 98.
45.On Keyes’s later career, see Aspinall-Oglander, Keyes and Halpern, The Keyes Papers, vol. 2.
46.Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:275; Gladisch, Krieg in der Nordsee 7:265.
47.Grant, U-Boats Destroyed, 93–96.
48.The subject is discussed in Wemyss to Beatty, 28 January, 7 February, 30 March 1918, and Beatty to Wemyss, 1 April 1918, Ranft, The Beatty Papers 1:506–7, 508–9, 523–26.
49.Beatty to his wife, 7 April 1918, ibid., 527.
50.Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:144.
51.Technical History Section, TH 8. Scandinavian Convoy, 15; Fayle, Seaborne Trade 3:254. A succinct account is in Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:145–47.
52.Scheer, Germany’s High Sea Fleet, 318. See also Gladisch, Krieg in der Nordsee 7:217–18.
53.The question of Room 40 and wireless intelligence is examined in Beesly, Room 40, 285–89.
54.Beatty to Keyes, 28 April 1918, Halpern, The Keyes Papers 1:486.
55.The study was contained in a lecture given at the Staff College in 1931 by Commander John Creswell. Cited by Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:153.
56.The sortie may be followed in Gladisch, Krieg in der Nordsee 7:218–25; Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:230–39; Scheer, Germany’s High Sea Fleet, 318–23; and Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:148–56.
57.Campbell, Battle Cruisers, 25.
58.Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:239–40. The report of the operation by the U.S. battleships is in Rodman to Beatty, 20 April 1918, PRO, Adm 137/877, f. 67.
59.Beatty’s comment (in a letter to Wemyss, 26 April) and Admiral James’s postwar comments (1936) are cited in Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:155–56.
60.These points are discussed at length in Horn, German Naval Mutinies; for a summary discussion, see Herwig, “Luxury Fleet,” 230–35, 241–42.
61.Roskill, “The U-Boat Campaign.”
62.Full details in Rössler, The U-Boat, 80–81, 330.
63.Weizsäcker, Memoirs, 36. Scheer states his case in Scheer, Germany’s High Sea Fleet, 324–29. See also Herwig, “Luxury Fleet,” 245.
64.Exhaustive detail in Rössler, The U-Boat, 81–87; See also Scheer, Germany’s High Sea Fleet, 333–37, 341–44; Herwig, “Luxury Fleet,” 245; Weir, Building the Kaiser’s Navy, 172–78.
65.Figures from Spindler, Handelskrieg mit U-Booten 5:364–65. Data on British tonnage from Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:277. On the exchange rate, see Hezlet, The Submarine and Sea Power, 95–101.
66.Full details in Technical History Section, TH 8. Scandinavian Convoy, 16–18.
67.Waters, “Notes,” pars. 2.22–2.26.
68.Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:1
95–97.
69.Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:104; Waters, “Notes,” pt. 2, table 3, p. 72; Fayle, Seaborne Trade 3:251–52, 288–89, 309; see also Technical History Section, TH 39. Miscellaneous Convoys.
70.Historical Section, Defeat of the Enemy Attack, 1A:6–10. See also Hezlet, Aircraft and Sea Power, 90–92, 100–101; and Price, Aircraft versus Submarine, chap. 1. There is a mine of information centered on Great Yarmouth in Gamble, North Sea Air Station.
71.Extracts from U. S. Navy Planning Section Memorandum No. 12, 15 February 1918, reproduced in Roskill, Naval Air Service 1:624–32.
72.On U.S. naval aviation in World War I, see Turnbull and Lord, United States Naval Aviation, chaps. 11–13; Edwards, “The U.S. Naval Air Force”; Van Wyen et al., Naval Aviation in World War I, 84–87; Raleigh and Jones, The War in the Air 6:383–84; and Sims, The Victory at Sea, chap. 11.
73.Randier, La Royale 2:245–49; Thomazi, Guerre navale dans le Nord, 155–66, 220–21; Salaun, La Marine Française, 237–39, 262–63, 289–90.
74.Technical History Section, TH 4. Aircraft v. Submarine, 15.
75.Ibid., 19.
76.Historical Section, Defeat of the Enemy Attack, 1A:9; Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:91–95.
77.Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:278–81; ibid., vol. 5 (Maps), 25–27. Newbolt does not mention the loss of the Moldavia, possibly because it occurred in the Channel and not in the area of the U-boat concentration in the Western Approaches. Note on the Moldavia from Technical History Section, TH14. Atlantic Convoy System, 27.
78.Grant, U-Boat Intelligence, 46–49; Grant, U-Boats Destroyed, 116–18.
79.Grant, U-Boats Destroyed, 119; Grant, U-Boat Intelligence, 147–49.
80.Beesly, Room 40, 191–200; Grant, U-Boat Intelligence, 147–48; Spindler, Handelskrieg mit U-Booten 5:241–42.
81.Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:283–84; Spindler, Handelskrieg mit U-Booten 5:232–46; Gibson and Prendergast, German Submarine War, 296–98.
82.Sims, The Victory at Sea, 310–16; Klachko, Benson, 71, 107–11; Trask, Captains & Cabinets, 89–90. See also Allard, “Anglo-American Naval Differences,” 76–77.
83.See Breckel, “The Suicide Flotilla”; Rose, Brittany Patrol; and Paine, The “Corsair.”
84.Sims, The Victory at Sea, 349–50; Taussig, “Destroyer Experiences,” Proceedings, vol. 49, no. 3 (March 1923): 392–408.
85.Knox, United States Navy, 412, 414–15; Sims, The Victory at Sea, 215–28, 279–81; an account of operations at Plymouth is in Moffat, Maverick Navy; on the submarines at Berehaven, see Carroll Storrs Alden, “American Submarine Operations,” Proceedings, vol. 46, no. 7 (July 1920): 1013–48.
86.Herwig, Politics of Frustration, 142–45; Michelsen, Guerre sous-marine, 56, 90–91. See also Scheer, Germany’s High Sea Fleet, 331–32; and Görlitz, The Kaiser and His Court, 375–76.
87.Clark, When the U-Boats Came, 21–22, 63–65, 78–79. An extremely detailed official account is Navy Department, German Submarine Activities.
88.Spindler, Handelskrieg mit U-Booten 5:232–33, 251–53; Grant, U-Boat Intelligence, 151–53; U.151’s raid is recounted in detail in Clark, When the U-Boats Came, 315.
89.Clark, When the U-Boats Came, 94–97, 104–5.
90.Spindler, Handelskrieg mit U-Booten 5:258–60; Clark, When the U-Boats Came, chaps. 10–11, 13, 16, and p. 178; Grant, U-Boat Intelligence, 152–56. There are discrepancies in the total tonnage credited to the submarine, probably because many of the victims were small fishing craft and the submarine did not survive the cruise.
91.Spindler, Handelskrieg mit U-Booten 5:262–64; Clark, When the U-Boats Came, chap. 12; Grant, U-Boat Intelligence, 153–55.
92.These operations as well as the little-known American submarine patrol around the Azores are described in Alden, “American Submarine Operations,” Proceedings, vol. 41, no. 6 (June 1920): 811–50.
93.Details of the cruises from Spindler, Handelskrieg mit U-Booten 5:253–58, 261–62, 264–65; Clark, When the U-Boats Came, chaps. 14, 17–20, and pp. 294–95, 303–7; Grant, U-Boat Intelligence, 154–59; Clephane, Naval Overseas Transportation Service, 173–77.
94.Clark, When the U-Boats Came, 309–10, 320.
95.Navy Department, Annual Report, 1918, 16–17.
96.Sterling, “The Bridge,” 1669–77; and for great detail Gleaves, Transport Service; and Crowell and Wilson, Road to France, vol. 2, chap. 23, and pp. 410–12. Crowell was assistant secretary of war and director of munitions, 1917–20. The authors list 20 German passenger liners, but have included the Princess Alice (10,000 tons), interned in the Philippines, and the Austro-America’s Martha Washington (8,000 tons), wrongly identified as German.
97.Frothingham, Naval History 3:131–34, 200–3; Silverstone, U.S. Warships, 246, 261, 263.
98.Capt. Byron T. Long (Convoy Operations Section), Memorandum for Admiral Sims, 24 August 1918, NARS, RG 45, TT File, Box 565.
99.Navy Department, Annual Report, 1919, 206–7. Slightly different figures are shown on the chart in Frothingham, Naval History 3:205. A list of American convoys is printed in Crowell and Wilson, Road to France 2:603–20, Appendix G.
100.Technical History Section, TH 14. Atlantic Convoy System, 26–27, 116–17. The Admiralty figures do not always match those of the Americans, largely because they are based on troop movements to the British Isles rather than France and include Canadian and Australian troops as well as American.
101.Clephane, Naval Overseas Transportation Service, xix.
102.Sims to Admiralty, 10, 19 August 1918, PRO, Adm 137/1622, ff. 234–48. See also Frothingham, Naval History 3:245. Detailed plans in case of a raid are printed in Technical History Section, TH 14. Atlantic Convoy System, 59–61.
103.Summarized from Crowell and Wilson, Road to France, vol. 2, chap. 29.
104.Eady, “Experiences in a Mediterranean Convoy Sloop, 1917–1918,” 124, IWM, Eady MSS.
105.Sims, The Victory at Sea, 291; Trask, Captains & Cabinets, 88, 151, 153–56; Klachko, Benson, 92–93. The British official history creates the erroneous impression that the proposal was pushed by Jellicoe: Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:131–32.
106.Trask, Captains & Cabinets, 216–17.
107.Clephane, Naval Overseas Transportation Service, 120, a list of Lake ships in NOTS service is printed in ibid., 226–30.
108.The most detailed account, although from the American point of view, is Navy Department, The Northern Barrage. See also Belknap, “The Yankee Mining Squadron.” Shorter accounts are in Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:131–32, 229–30, 334–35; Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:66–67; and Sims, The Victory at Sea, chap. 9.
109.Allard, “Anglo-American Naval Differences,” 70; Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:229; Beatty to Wemyss, 10 August 1918, Wemyss to Beatty, 15 August 1918, Balfour [foreign secretary] to Robert Cecil [minister of blockade], 22 August 1918, in Ranft, The Beatty Papers 1:535–36, 538–40.
110.Trask, Captains & Cabinets, 217; Morison, Sims, 415–16.
111.Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:67–72; Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:348–49. The issues are discussed in Wemyss to Beatty 23, 30 August, 2 September 1918, Beatty to Wemyss 1 September 1918, and Balfour to Cecil, 22 August 1918, in Ranft, The Beatty Papers 1:540–49.
112.Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:339–42.
113.Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:339–44; Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:72.
114.Knox, United States Navy, 417–19; Morison, Sims, 415–16. The Navy Department study gives slightly different figures: 56,760 American and 16,300 British mines for a total of 73,060. Navy Department, The Northern Barrage, 121.
115.Grant, U-Boat Intelligence, 101–9. See also the discussion in Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:73; and Lundeberg, “Undersea Warfare,” vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 65–67.
116.Hezlet, Aircraft and Sea Power, 83–84.
117.On the Cuckoo and H.12 “Large America,”
see Thetford, British Naval Aircraft, 80–81, 310–11.
118.On Beatty’s plans, see Roskill, Beatty, 233–34; Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 4:237–40; Marder, Portrait of an Admiral, 268–69; extracts of the plan and the Admiralty’s reply are in Beatty to Admiralty, 11 September 1917, and Admiralty to Beatty, 25 September 1917, in Roskill, Naval Air Service 1:541–43, 549–54.
119.Short accounts are in Layman, Before the Aircraft Carrier, 58–71; Kemp, Fleet Air Arm, 86–92; for a most complete account, see Friedman, British Carrier Aviation, chap. 3.
120.Raleigh and Jones, The War in the Air 6:363–67; Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:347.
121.Friedman, British Carrier Aviation, 54; Raleigh and Jones, The War in the Air 6:372–73; Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:346–47; Robinson, The Zeppelin, 338–39.
122.The sources differ in detail: see Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:344–47; Patterson, Tyrwhitt, 201–4; Raleigh and Jones, The War in the Air 6:570–75; Gladisch, Krieg in der Nordsee 7:308–10. Gladisch identifies individual aircraft numbers and pilots, but does not identify type. The latter may be culled from Imrie, German Naval Air Service, which has a photograph of the action.
123.Gladisch, Krieg in der Nordsee 7:332–33; Tyrwhitt to Keyes, 1 October 1918, The Keyes Papers 1:509; Patterson, Tyrwhitt, 205–6; Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:362–63.
124.Scheer’s apologia is in Scheer, Germany’s High Sea Fleet, 348–55. See also the succinct account in Herwig, “Luxury Fleet,” 247–48.
125.Cited in Philbin, Hipper, 155. See also Horn, German Naval Mutinies, 204–5; and Gladisch, Krieg in der Nordsee 7:340–41.
126.Philbin, Hipper, 145–47, 154–57, 159–63.
127.The plan and German order of battle is printed in Gladisch, Krieg in der Nordsee 7:344–47; a short English summary is in Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:171.
128.Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow 5:171–72; Corbett and Newbolt, Naval Operations 5:369–70; Grant, U-Boat Intelligence, 160–65; Beesly, Room 40, 293–97. See also Beatty to Wemyss, 18 October 1918, Wemyss to Beatty, 19 October 1918, Fremantle (DCNS) to Beatty, 29 October 1918, all in Ranft, The Beatty Papers 1:556–59.