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GENERAL
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Winton, John. Below the Belt: Novelty, Subterfuge and Surprise in Naval Warfare. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1981.
INDEX
NOTE: Officers are cited with the rank held when first mentioned. Warships, including auxiliaries, raiders, and armed merchant cruisers, a
re listed under “warships”; steamers, including liners, hospital ships, freighters of all sorts, and tankers, are listed under “merchant ships.”
Abadan, island, 124
Abrolhos, rocks, 94, 98
Abruzzi, Vice Admiral Luigi Amedeo di Savoia, Duke of the: career of, 141–42; strategy of, 142, 145, 150, 151, 167, 171; operations of, 146, 147; and Lagosta, 147–49, 167; and relief of Serbia, 153, 155, 158; relinquishes command, 168; mentioned, 152
Ackermann, Kapitän zur See Richard, 232
Acton, Rear Admiral Alfredo, 163, 164, 165
Addison, Captain A. Percy, 164, 165
Admiralstab: prewar strategy of, 22–23; and Austrians, 54; and Spee, 80, 96, 97; and Baltic, 183, 193, 198, 207, 219, 222; and Black Sea, 241, 244; and submarine warfare, 293, 306, 308, 309, 357, 369, 434; and Flanders, 297; and submarine construction, 370; and Scheer, 376; and Mediterranean, 381, 383, 388, 396, 397; mentioned, 272, 306, 341, 368, 422
Admiralty: and mine warfare, 34, 344–45; discontent with, 34, 35; and Scarborough raid, 40–42; and Northern Patrol, 48, 49; and Goeben, 56, 57; plans for defense of trade, 69; and convoys, 69, 70, 86–87; and expeditions against German colonies, 69; and cruiser warfare, 76, 77; and west coast of North America, 80; and agreements with Japanese, 90–91; and pursuit of Spee, 73, 85, 89, 91–96, 100; and Zeebrugge, 105; and Alexandretta, 113, 122; and Dardanelles, 63, 64, 114, 117, 122; and Persian Gulf, 124; and Mesopotamia, 132; and Anatolian cattle raids, 133; and operations on Syrian coast, 133, 134; and supplies to North Russia, 134, 135; and assistance to Italians, 151; and Otranto, 160, 166; and Baltic, 188, 199, 200, 202, 206, 219–20; and Serbia, 266, 271; and Danube, 269, 270; and Q-ships, 301; and air operations, 311, 312, 441, 442; and German raids, 313; and Jutland, 315, 316, 325; and Grand Fleet, 331, 332, 404; and British submarines, 333; and defense against submarines, 342, 343; and Dover barrage, 346–47, 405–7; and convoy system, 351–55, 360–64, 366, 424, 427; and submarine hunting operations, 367–68; and threat from surface raiders, 371–73, 375; and Scandinavian convoy, 376, 379, 420; and Helgoland action (1917), 378; and Mediterranean, 386, 389, 391, 393–94, 397; and Aegean, 401; and Ostend, 414; and Air Ministry, 415; and large liners, 436; and Northern barrage, 439, 440; and German evacuation of Flanders, 444; and armistice with Germany, 446, 447
Adriatic: and French operations, 59–62; and French assistance to Italians, 139; geographic features of, 139, 140; submarines cause stalemate in, 151–52, 168; and assistance to Serbia, 153–54, 155, 157–58; and action of 29 December 1915, 156–57; and British drifters, 158, 159; and action of 15 May 1917, 162–65; and question of command, 166–67, 175; naval guerrilla war in, 168–69, 172–73; in American plans, 171–72; and action of 23 April 1918, 173; sinking of Szent István in, 174–75; and bombardment of Durazzo, 175–76; and situation after armistice, 177–78
Aegean: Greco-Turkish naval race in, 15, 16; and British operations, 59, 133; mining projects in, 399; reinforced by Allies, 401, 529n. 53
Agadir crisis (1911), 22
airships, British, 425
Åland Islands, 191, 221, 222
Albania, 153, 155, 159, 175. See also Durazzo; San Giovanni di Medua; Valona
Albion, Operation, 213–21, 421
Albrecht, Korvettenkapitän Conrad, 349
Alexandretta, 107, 113, 122, 123. See also Ayas Bay
Allenby, General Edmund H. H., 396
Allied Naval Council, 172, 395, 447, 448
Altham, Captain E., 137
Amedeo di Savoia, Duke of Aosta, 141
Ameland, island, 101, 102
Amery, Captain Leopold S., 269, 270
Amet, Vice Admiral Jean-François-Charles, 401
Anatolia, 132, 133
Ancona, 144, 172
Anglo-French Entente (1904), 4–6, 25, 70
Anglo-French-Italian Naval Convention (1915), 117, 143–44
Anglo-French Mediterranean Convention (1914), 58, 144
Anglo-German naval race, 2–7, 10–11
Anglo-Japanese Agreement (1902), 4
Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 124
Anglo-Russian Entente (1907), 5
Antivari, 153
Antwerp, 35
ANZAC. See Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
Apia (German Samoa), 83–85, 88, 92
Arbuthnot, Rear Admiral Sir Robert Keith, 42, 321
Archangel, 134–37
Argostoli, 146, 387
Armistice (11 November 1918), 447–48
Arnauld de la Perière, Kapitänleutnant Lothar von, 384, 386–88
Arz von Straussenberg, General Arthur Baron, 276, 278
Asquith, Herbert Henry, 83, 103, 117
Assmann, Korvettenkapitän Kurt, 349
Aston, Major General Sir George, 101
Augagneur, Victor, 57, 110, 202
Australia, 83–85, 88
Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), 85, 87, 111, 116
Australian Squadron, 84, 90, 96. See also Patey
Austria-Hungary, 385, 341, 401
Austria-Hungary, Armeeoberkommando (AOK): and Albania, 154, 159; and Haus, 168; and Donauflottille, 274, 275, 277, 285
Austria-Hungary, Army (units): First Army, 276, 278; Third Army, 152, 271, 272; VIII Corps, 272; XIX Corps, 157; Pioneer Corps, 262
Austria-Hungary, Navy: and decision to build dreadnoughts, 7, 11; personnel of, 14; strength of (1914), 14–15; and Danube, 52, 262, 275; and Constantinople, 53, 59; and Dardanelles campaign, 60, 61, 115; as “fleet-in-being,” 139, 159, 168; and operations against Italians, 144–45, 149, 150, 169, 170; and Serbian campaign, 154, 158–59; raids drifters, 161–66; and mutiny at Cattaro, 170–71; and rejuvenation of command, 171; and action of 23 April 1918, 173; nationality difficulties of, 173–74; dissolves, 177; in South Russian waters, 284–85; and submarine construction, 382–83; assists Germans, 390, 396, 400, 526n. 19. See also Donauflottille; Haus; Horthy de Nagybánya; Njegovan
Austria-Hungary, Navy (formations): Fifth Division, 157; First Torpedo Flotilla, 150; First Torpedo Division, 154; Twelfth Torpedo Division, 150; First Monitor Division, 277, 285; Second Monitor Division, 277; Flottenabteilung Wulff, 284
Auxiliary Patrol, British, 25–26
Averescu, General Alexandru, 279, 280, 281
Ayas Bay, 122, 123. See also Alexandretta
Babcock, Commander J. V., 358
Bachmann, Vice Admiral Gustav, 47, 288, 295, 299, 302
Bacon, Vice Admiral Sir Reginald H. S.: plans for Zeebrugge, 105, 350; lays barrage, 346; and German destroyer raids, 346–48; and Dover barrage, 406, 407; bombards Zeebrugge, 411
Baden, Prince Max von, 444, 445
Baghdad, 125–26, 128, 129, 131–32
Bakhirev, Rear Admiral M. K., 192, 194, 195, 215, 218, 219
Balescu, Rear Admiral C., 282
Balfour, Arthur James, 117, 121, 146, 268
Ballard, Rear Admiral George A., 24, 389
Ballin, Albert, 293
Baltic: and Russian navy, 17, 186–87; and German navy, 26, 183–85, 191–93, 195–96; and British naval operations, 102–4, 106; and British submarines, 102, 186–90, 192, 195, 200–203, 213, 218–19, 222; and Fisher, 120, 377; geographical characteristics of, 179–80; and situation at end of 1914, 187; in Wegener’s strategy, 289. See also Essen; Russia, Baltic Fleet; Russia, Navy
Barrett, Lieutenant General Sir Arthur, 125
Bartenbach, Korvettenkapitän Karl, 297, 332
Basra, 125, 128, 130
Battenberg, Admiral Prince Louis of, 35, 36, 58, 63, 92
battle cruiser, 5, 6, 7
Battle Cruiser Fleet, 46, 312, 313
Bauer, Korvettenkapitän Hermann, 291, 293, 296, 309, 368
Bauer, Colonel Max, 423
Bayly, Vice Admiral Sir Lewis: and Channel Fleet, 44; and Churchill’s projects, 101, 102; and Zeebrugge, 105, 411; as C-in-C coast of Ireland, 359, 366
Beatty, Vice Admiral Sir David: and Helgoland action, 30–32; on Fisher, 36; and Scarborough raid, 40–42;
and Dogger Bank action, 45–46; and Richmond’s proposals for Syrian coast operations, 133; and operations in North Sea, 311, 312, 314; and Jutland, 314–24, 326; and operations of 19 August 1916, 330–31; strategy of, 331–32, 403–4; and mine warfare, 344–45; and Scandinavian convoy, 353, 376, 378–79, 420; and submarine hunting operations, 366, 367; and design defects, 404; and U.S. battleships with Grand Fleet, 404–5; opposes diversion of battleships to Swin, 417; and Northern barrage, 439; plans air attack on German fleet, 441–42, 444; and possibility of Flottenvorstoss, 446; and internment of German fleet, 448, 449; mentioned, 356, 403, 409, 412
Behncke, Vice Admiral Paul, 217, 218, 320
Behring, Rear Admiral Ehler, 184, 187
Belene Canal, 275, 277–78, 281–83, 286
Belgium, 104, 105
Belgrade, 152, 262, 265, 266, 272–73
Belknap, Captain Reginald R., 439
Bellini, Rear Admiral Silvio, 156, 157
Belloy, Capitaine de vaisseau de, 282
Bennett, Captain Geoffrey, 100
Benson, Admiral William Shepherd: is suspicious of British, 357, 358; is skeptical of convoys, 361; and submarine chasers, 399; and protection of troop transports, 429; and Northern barrage, 438; and armistice terms, 447
Berardinelli, Tenente di vascello, 169
Berchtold, Leopold Graf von, 53
Berehaven, 430, 436
Berthelot, General Henri, 284
Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von: and submarine warfare, 295, 299, 305, 306; temporary victory of, over admirals, 302; accepts unrestricted submarine warfare, 338; mentioned, 290, 309, 337, 368
Bienaimé, Vice Admiral Amédée-Pierre-Léonard, 57
Bismarck archipelago, 83
Black Sea: and Russian aspirations, 17; Souchon initiates hostilities in, 63–64; and German submarines, 233, 235, 237–38, 241–45, 248–49, 252–54. See also Black Sea Fleet; Souchon
Black Sea Fleet: is attacked, 63; and Dardanelles campaign, 113, 229, 232; strength of, 223, 235; prewar plans of, 223–24; and blockade of Bosphorus, 223–24, 232, 235; and problem of Goeben, 224–25, 227, 232, 236; is initially on defensive, 226; and mining operations against Bosphorus, 226–28, 234, 247, 251–53; attacks Turkish coal traffic, 232–34, 238, 248, 254; and antisubmarine measures, 235; dreadnoughts enter service with, 236, 237; and operations against Bulgarian coast, 236–37, 247; and operations on Lazistan coast, 238–46; and operations against Turkish shipping, 245–46; and assistance to Romania, 247–49; effect of revolution on, 250–52; and air operations, 252; projected landing of, 254; fate of, after armistice with Germans, 255–59; as potential threat to Aegean, 401
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