time as double-agent comes to end 253
United States, visits post-war 249–50
Venezuela, post-war life in 260–1, 262–8, 269, 281
Pujol González, Jorge (son) 83, 116
Pujol González, Juan (son) 28, 31, 116
Pujol Pena, Juan (father) 43–5, 46–7, 55, 56, 57
Radio Security Service 195
RAF (Royal Air Force) 37, 78, 88, 93, 95–7, 124, 126, 127, 177, 193, 223, 232, 291
Reagan, Ronald 282
Real Madrid 22
Red Army 10, 122, 151, 229, 234, 287 see also under individual battle or area of conflict name
Robertson, Major Thomas Argyll (‘Tommy’ ‘Tar’) 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 78, 80, 99, 104, 117, 119, 142, 159, 160, 169, 171, 183, 210, 244, 253, 280, 281, 289
Rock, Margaret 10, 11
Rohleder, Joachim 23
Rome, Italy, fall of 166, 179
Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin 149, 150, 164–5, 166, 174–5, 185, 186, 202
Rönne, Colonel Alexis Baron von 177, 200, 201, 202, 203, 290
Rothschild, Victor 36
Rousseau Jr., Theodore 30, 31, 32, 68
Royal Navy 78, 100, 127, 281
Rumi 255
Rundstedt, Field Marshal Gerd von 126, 149, 150, 165, 175–6, 177, 185, 186, 202, 204
Salerno, Italy 132
Sardinia 37
Scheldt River, Belgium 165, 205
Schellenberg, Walter 199–200, 289
Schweppenburg, General Leo Freiherr Geyr von 149, 175
Scotland 88, 124, 138, 169, 170, 171, 220
Scotland Yard 15
Second World War, 1939–45 1–4 7–39, 56–253
birth of 56, 57
D-Day see D-Day, 6th June, 1944
Eastern Front 10, 71–4, 95, 109–13, 134, 151, 163, 166, 187, 205, 208, 225, 226, 229, 287
Normandy landings see Overlord, Operation and Normandy
North Africa 91–2, 97, 133, 144, 163, 164
Second Front 1, 3, 115, 122, 131, 163, 167, 171, 185, 192, 193, 249
see also under individual area, battle and operation name
Seetzen, Heinz 73
Seville, Spain 33, 47, 77
Shebbeare, Major Bill 224, 225, 227, 228
Shell 267
Sherman tank 133, 143, 147, 150, 220, 221, 222, 225, 226, 227, 233
Sicily 126, 132, 141
‘Snow’ (double-cross agent) 16, 137
Socorro Blanco 49, 50
SOE (Special Operations Executive) 33, 121
Souza, Jaime 60–1
Soviet Union 10, 25, 54, 71–4, 109–13, 122, 132, 133, 136, 138, 148, 151, 169, 224, 234, 258, 259, 265, 266, 270, 271, 272–3, 287
Spain 11, 12
Abwehr in 22–7
Civil War see Spanish Civil War
Franco and see Franco, General
German post-war spy network in 247–50
post-war years (La Posguerra) 22–7, 28, 55–6
Pujol’s life in see Pujol, Juan
Second World War and 22–7, 56–62, 67, 97, 145
Spanish Art Gallery, London 20, 33, 262, 264, 271
Spanish Blue Division 25
Spanish Civil War, 1936–9 12, 13, 22–3, 24, 28, 47–54, 55, 57, 58–9, 138, 146, 147, 233, 250, 263, 264, 267, 271, 277
Spanish Club, London 117
Spanish Embassy, Caracas 263
Spanish Embassy, London 117, 118, 210
Spanish Legión 145–6
Spanish Republic/Republicans 22, 23, 46, 47–53, 89, 114, 125, 146, 147, 182, 213, 214, 234, 235, 250, 267, 271, 277 see also Spanish Civil War
Special Branch 15
Speer, Albert 166
Spring, Operation, 1944 230–1
St Albans 12–15, 21, 75, 77
Stalin, Joseph 122, 133, 287
Stalingrad, battle of, 1942–3 95, 110, 112, 232
Stanbrook, HMS 146
Starkey, Operation, 1943 124–7
Stephens, ‘Tin-eye’ 16
‘Stichling’ (‘stickleback’) message 210–11
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) 142, 169, 191, 242, 289
Sword beach, Normandy 173, 174, 219
Tehran Conference, 1943 133
Thatcher, Margaret 282
Tiger tank 112, 133, 150, 193, 221, 222, 225, 227, 229, 274
Times, The 12, 54
Tindall, Operation, 1943 124
Titoff, Mrs 75, 77
Trevor-Roper, Hugh 11
‘Tricycle’ (double-cross agent) 16, 136–7, 158, 160, 209 see also Popov, Dusan Dusko’
Twain, Mark 107
Typhoon aircraft, RAF 193, 223, 232
U-boats 14, 24, 37, 66
UGT (socialist trade union) 50, 146
Ukraine 110, 151
United States 7, 10, 24, 30, 32, 56, 64, 67, 68, 122, 126, 131, 138, 152, 163, 177, 192, 244, 249–50, 275, 287
U.S. Army 138, 145, 147, 150, 151, 152, 171, 184–5, 219, 220, 231, 232, 233, 235, 237, 241, 244, 274, 282–3
1st Army 171, 173
1st Infantry Division 174
First US Army Group (FUSAG) (fictitious army group) 141, 168, 177, 194, 204, 212, 231, 233, 241, 242, 285
3rd Army 341
4th Infantry Division 168, 235, 237
6th Armored Division 195
16th Infantry Regiment 283
28th Division 195
82nd Airborne Division 173
101st Airborne Division 173
Army Service of Supply 138, 194
see also under individual battle and operation name
US Embassy, Lisbon 28–32, 68
USAAF 177, 225, 226
Utah beach, Normandy 168, 173, 174, 184, 219, 233
V weapons 163, 208, 209–16
Varela (fictitious Spanish policeman in Lisbon) 61
VE Day, May 8, 1945 248, 249
Venezuela 260–1, 262–8, 269, 281
Venlo Incident, The, 1939 121, 200
Vire, River, Normandy 184
Wadham, Operation, 1943 124
War Office, UK 139, 143, 157
Welsh nationalism, fictitious sub-agents and 16, 102, 124, 292
West, Nigel 258–61, 269, 270–1, 280, 281, 283
Wiesenthal, Simon 275
Wild, Noel 142
Wilde, Oscar 41
Williams, Gwilym (‘G.W.’) 16, 17
Wilson-Bareau, Juliet 263, 264, 271, 272, 273
Wilson, Peter 271
Wingate, Ronald 142, 206, 207
Wisch, General Theodor ‘Teddy’ 151, 187, 225–6
Wolf’s Lair (Hitler’s Eastern Front military headquarters) 166
Wolff, Werner 222–3
Zossen, Germany 200, 203, 207
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to Mavis Batey, Nigel West, Arne Molfenter and Juliet Wilson-Bareau for sharing their insights into this wonderful story with me.
Ana Domínguez Rama proved to be an excellent researcher and assistant when delving into the labyrinths of the Barcelona city archives. My thanks to the ever resourceful Enrique Murillo for facilitating things.
Nigel Jones and Roger Moorhouse gave useful background information and advice on Second World War matters, for which I am very grateful.
My father, John, leaped gleefully out of retirement to become my research assistant for much of the writing of the book. My thanks for his input and advice.
Thanks also to Lisa Abend, Sabine Kern, Francisco Centofanti, William Ryan, D.E. Meredith, Mike Ivey and Gijs van Hensbergen.
This book would probably not have been written without the support of Peter Ettedgui, who has shared my fascination with the Garbo story from the start. Many years have passed since our first conversation about it at a terrace café in the Plaça de Catalunya, and now, finally, here we are. Gràcies.
Everyone at Random House has been very helpful – and patient. Thanks to all there. Mary Chamberlain remains the best copy-editor one could wish for. And J
enny Uglow, as ever, gracefully helped guide things along.
My thanks to Peter Robinson, for his unwavering support and good advice.
And finally to Salud, por todo.
Select Bibliography
Primary sources
Arxiu Municipal de Barcelona (Barcelona city archive)
Harris, Tomás, Garbo, the Spy who Saved D-Day, with an introduction by Mark Seaman, 2000
Interviú (Spanish news magazine) Nos 435–440: interviews with Juan Pujol, 1984
The Guy Liddell Diaries (ed. Nigel West), two Volumes, 2005
The National Archives, Kew, files KV 2/39 to KV 2/42, and KV 2/63 to KV 2/71; KV 2/101 and KV 2/102
Pujol García, Juan and West, Nigel, Operation Garbo, 1985 (republished 2011)
TV3 (Catalan TV station): Encontres interview with Juan Pujol 1984
Other sources
Ambrose, Stephen E., Ike’s Spies: Eisenhower and the Espionage Establishment, 1981 (2012 edn)
Citizen Soldiers: From the Normandy Beaches to the Surrender of Germany, 1997 (2002 edn)
Andrew, Christopher, The Defence of the Realm: the authorised history of MI5, 2009
Bailey, Roderick, Forgotten Voices of D-Day, 2009
Batey, Mavis, Dilly, 2009
Beevor, Anthony, D-Day: the battle for Normandy, 2009
Paris after the Liberation (with Artemis Cooper), 1994 (2007 edn)
Bennet, Ralph, Ultra in the West, 1979 (2009 edn)
Blacker, Cecil, Monkey Business, 1993
Blunt, Anthony, introduction to Tomás Harris catalogue for art exhibition held at Courtauld Institute, 1975
Brenan, Gerald, The Literature of the Spanish People, 1951 (1976 edn)
Bristow, Desmond, A Game of Moles: deceptions of an MI6 officer, 1993
Burns, Jimmy, Papa Spy, 2009
Carter, Miranda, Anthony Blunt, 2001
Cave Brown, Anthony, Bodyguard of Lies: the extraordinary true story behind D-Day, 1975 (2002 edn)
Collins, Larry and Lapierre, Dominique, Is Paris Burning?, 1965 (1991 edn)
Cowley, Robert (ed.), What If?, 1999
Crowdy, Terry, Deceiving Hitler, 2008
Daglish, Ian, Goodwood, 2005
Delmer, Sefton, The Counterfeit Spy, 1973
d’Este, Carlo, Decision in Normandy, 1983 (2004 edn)
Elliott, Geoffrey, Gentleman Spymaster, 2011
Ford, Ken, Dieppe 1942: prelude to D-Day, 2003
Fraguas, Rafael, Espías en la transición, 2003
Giangreco and Moore (eds), Eyewitness D-Day, 2005
Gilbert, Martin (ed.), Churchill: the power of words, 2012
Handel, Michael (ed.), Strategic and Operational Deception in the Second World War, 1987 (2004 edn)
Hastings, Max, Overlord: D-Day and the battle for Normandy 1944, 1984 All Hell Let Loose, 2011
Haufler, Hervie, The Spies Who Never Were, 2006
Hesketh, Roger, Fortitude: the D-Day deception campaign, 1999
Holt, Thaddeus, The Deceivers: allied military deception in the Second World War, 2004
Howard, Michael, British Intelligence in the Second World War, Vol. 5 (Strategic Deception), 1990
Irving, David, Hitler’s War (online edn)
Jeffrey, Keith, MI6: the history of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909–1949, 2010
Jones, R.V., Most Secret War, 1978
Juárez, Javier, Juan Pujol, el espía que derrotó a Hitler, 2004
Kahn, David, Hitler’s Spies: German military intelligence in World War II, 1978 (2000 edn)
Keegan, John, Six Armies in Normandy, 1982 (1992 edn)
Knightley, Phillip, Philby: K.G.B. masterspy, 1988 (2003 edn)
Levine, Joshua, Operation Fortitude: the story of the spy operation that saved D-Day, 2011
Lewin, Ronald, Ultra Goes to War, 1978
Lochery, Neill, Lisbon: war in the shadows of the City of Light 1939–1945, 2011
Macintyre, Ben, Operation Mincemeat, 2010
Double Cross, 2012
Masterman, J.C. The Double-Cross System, 1972 (1995 edn)
On the Chariot Wheel: an autobiography, 1975
Mesquida, Evelyn, La Nueve, 2008
Miller, Russell, Codename Tricycle, 2004
Montagu, Ewen, Beyond Top Secret U, 1977
Philby, Kim, My Silent War, 1968 (2002 edn)
Pincher, Chapman, Too Secret Too Long, 1984
Poolton, Jack A., Destined to Survive, 1998
Prados, John, Normandy Crucible: the decisive battle that shaped World War II in Europe, 2011
Rankin, Nicholas, Churchill’s Wizards: the British genius for deception 1914–1945, 2008
Reynolds, Michael, Steel Inferno: I Panzer Corps in Normandy, 1997 (2009 edn)
The Devil’s Adjutant: Jochen Peiper, Panzer leader, 1995 (2009 edn)
Ripley, Tim, Steel Rain, 2001
RNE (Radio Nacional de España) documentary on Juan Pujol, December 2012
Ros Agudo, Manuel, La guerra secreta de Franco 1939–1945 (2002)
Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh, Enigma: the battle for the code, 2000
Smyth, Denis, Deathly Deception: the real story of Operation Mincemeat (2010)
Talty, Stephen, Agent Garbo: the brilliant, eccentric secret agent who tricked Hitler and saved D-Day, 2012
Trevor-Roper, Hugh, ‘Penetrating the Enemy Secret Service’, unpublished lecture delivered at Christ Church Oxford, 2002
van der Vat, Dan, D-Day, the Greatest Invasion: a people’s history, 2003
von Luck, Hans, Panzer Commander, 1989 (2002 edn)
West, Nigel and Tsarev, Oleg, The Crown Jewels: the British secrets at the heart of the KGB’s archives, 1998
Westemeier, Jens, Joachim Peiper: a biography of Himmler’s commander, 2007
Wheatley, Dennis, The Deception Planners: my secret war, 1980
Wingate, Ronald, Not in the Limelight, 1959
Zaloga, Steven J., Campaign 194: liberation of Paris 1944, 2008
This ebook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted inwriting by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly.
Epub ISBN: 9781448137886
Version 1.0
www.randomhouse.co.uk
Published by Chatto & Windus 2014
2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1
Copyright © 2014 by Jason Webster
Jason Webster has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work
First published in Great Britain in 2014 by
Chatto & Windus
Random House, 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road,
London SW1V 2SA
www.randomhouse.co.uk
Addresses for companies within The Random House Group Limited can be found at: www.randomhouse.co.uk/offices.htm
The Random House Group Limited Reg. No. 954009
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 9780701187743
The Spy with 29 Names Page 33
