by Ron Powers
10. As reported by the IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics.
11. Ed Silverman, “How Much?! Global Prescription Drug Sales Forecast to Reach $987B by 2020,” http://blogs.wsj.com/pharmalot/2015/06/16/how-much-global-prescription-drug-sales-forecast-to-reach-987b-by-2020/.
12. As reported by Julienne Roman in Tech Times, November 19, 2015, http://www.techtimes.com/articles/108119/20151119/drug-spending-worldwide-to-hit-1-4-trillion-in-2020-ims.htm.
13. “Risperdal Lawsuits,” Drugwatch, http://www.drugwatch.com/risperdal/lawsuits/.
14. “Risperdal Verdicts and Settlements,” Drugwatch, http://www.drugwatch.com/risperdal/settlements-verdicts/.
15. http://www.quitam-lawyer.com/sites/quitam-lawyer.com/files/11.3.09-%20Omnicare%20Settlement.pdf.
16. As described by Alex Berenson in the New York Times article “Merck Agrees to Settle Vioxx Suits for $4.85 Billion,” November 9, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/09/business/09merck.html.
17. “Two Johnson & Johnson Subsidiaries to Pay Over $81 Million to Resolve Allegations of Off-Label Promotion of Topamax,” United States Department of Justice, April 29, 2010, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/two-johnson-johnson-subsidiaries-pay-over-81-million-resolve-allegations-label-promotion.
18. “Avandia Heart Attack and Congestive Heart Failure,” Drugwatch, http://www.drugwatch.com/avandia/heart-attack-congestive-heart-failure/.
19. “Abbott Labs to Pay $1.5 Billion to Resolve Criminal and Civil Investigations of Off-Label Promotion of Depakote,” United States Department of Justice, May 7, 2012, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/abbott-labs-pay-15-billion-resolve-criminal-civil-investigations-label-promotion-depakote.
20. “Justice Department Recovers Over $3.5 Billion from False Claims Act Cases in Fiscal Year 2015,” United States Department of Justice. December 3, 2015, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-recovers-over-35-billion-false-claims-act-cases-fiscal-year-2015.
21. Erik Gordon, a pharmaceutical analyst and clinical assistant professor at the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan, in Duff Wilson, “Merck to Pay $950 Million Over Vioxx,” New York Times, November 22, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/business/merck-agrees-to-pay-950-million-in-vioxx-case.html?ref=topics.
22. Dr. McDougall’s Health & Medicine Center, https://www.drmcdougall.com/health/education/videos/advanced-study-weekend-experts/peter-gotzsche-03/.
Chapter 16: “Something Unexplainable”
1. P. Batel, “Addiction and Schizophrenia,” US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, March 2000, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10881208.
2. S. Potvin, E. Stip, and J. Y. Roy, “Schizophrenia and Addiction: An Evaluation of the Self-Medication Hypothesis,” PubMed, May–June 2003, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12876543.
3. Batel, “Addiction and Schizophrenia.”
4. Theresa H. M. Moore, Stanley Zammit et al., “Cannabis Use and Risk of Psychotic or Affective Mental Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review,” Lancet, July 28, 2007, http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(07)61162-3/abstract.
5. R. Radhakrishnan, S. T. Wilkinson, and D. C. D’Souza, “Gone to Pot: A Review of the Association Between Cannabis and Psychosis,” US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, May 2014, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904437.
6. Ibid.
7. Samuel T. Wilkinson, “Pot-Smoking and the Schizophrenia Connection: Medical Research Shows a Clear Link Between Marijuana Use and Mental Illness,” Wall Street Journal, July 21, 2013, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324637504578566094217815994.
8. As reported by Governing the States and Localities, retrieved from http://www.governing.com/gov-data/state-marijuana-laws-map-medical-recreational.html.
Chapter 17: “We Have Done Pitifully Little About Mental Illnesses”
1. R. Srinivasa Murthy and Rashmi Lakshminarayana, “Mental Health Consequences of War: A Brief Review of Research Findings,” World Psychiatry 5 (February 2006).
2. President Truman, November 19 message to Congress, http://www.trumanlibrary.org/anniversaries/healthprogram.htm.
3. David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992).
4. As reported by Jaap Kooijman in… And the Pursuit of National Health: The Incremental Strategy Toward National Health Insurance in the United States of America, a Google eBook, 1999, https://books.google.com/books?id=wCs3kKiL9UcC&dq=dr+ross+mcintire+there+is+no+way+of+appeasing+that+crowd&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
5. President Truman, November 19 message to Congress.
6. David Blumenthal and James A. Morone, The Heart of Power: Health and Politics in the Oval Office (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010).
7. Jill Lepore, “The Lie Factory: How Politics Became a Business,” The New Yorker, September 24, 2012, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/09/24/the-lie-factory.
8. Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
9. D. M. Giangreco, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, “The Soldier from Independence: Harry S. Truman and the Great War,” speech to the Society for Military History, the Frank Lloyd Wright Monona Terrace Convention Center, Madison, Wisconsin, April 7, 2002.
10. Robert Traynor, “Hearing Loss in the Trenches of World War I,” in Hearing International, April 1, 2014, http://hearinghealthmatters.org/hearinginternational/2014/hearing-loss-trenches-wwi/.
11. Cited in “Occupational Noise Exposure,” the Occupational Safety & Health Administration, https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/noisehearingconservation/.
12. The U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency’s Noise Hazard Evaluation, February 1975, //www.google.com/search?q=U.S.+Army+Environmental+Hygiene+Agency’s+Noise+Hazard+Evaluation%2C+February+1975&oq=U.S.+Army+Environmental+Hygiene+Agency’s+Noise+Hazard+Evaluation%2C+February+1975&aqs=chrome..69i57.4340j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8#q=U.S.+Army+Environmental+Hygiene+Agency%E2%80%99s+Noise+Hazard+Evaluation,+February+1975&nfpr=1.
13. Michael M. Phillips, “One Doctor’s Legacy: How one of the most divisive figures in American medical history, Walter Freeman, steered the VA on his view toward lobotomies; outrage over ice picks in the eye socket,” Wall Street Journal special report, part two, December 2013, http://projects.wsj.com/lobotomyfiles/?ch=two.
14. Ibid.
15. Quoted by Allen M. Hornblum, Judith L. Newman, and Gregory J. Dober in Against Their Will: The Secret History of Medical Experimentation on Children in Cold War America (New York: St. Martin’s, 2013).
16. Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1965).
17. Alex Beam, Gracefully Insane: Life and Death Inside America’s Premier Mental Hospital (New York: Perseus, 2001).
18. Stephen T. Paul, professor of psychology and social sciences, Robert Morris University, “[A] Very Brief History of Lobotomy,” http://www.drspeg.com/courses/00-general/lobotomy.html.
19. Karl Menninger, Whatever Became of Sin? (New York: Hawthorne, 1973).
20. This was Frederick Hacker, quoted by J. E. Carney in “The Freudians Come to Kansas: Menninger, Freud, and the Émigré Psychoanalysis,” published in Kansas History, summer 1993, https://www.kshs.org/publicat/history/1993summer_carney.pdf.
21. Kate Schechter, Illusions of a Future: Psychoanalysis and the Biopolitics of Desire (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014).
22. Jeremy Safran, “Who’s Afraid of Sigmund Freud?” Public Seminar 1, no. 1 (2013).
Chapter 21: Someone Cares About Crazy People
1. Alexandra Pollitt, Gavin Cochrane, Anne Kirtley, Joachim Krapels, Vincent Larivière, Catherine A. Lichten, Sarah Parks, and Steven Wooding, “Mapping the Global Mental Health Research Funding System,” Rand Health Quarterly 6, no. 1 (2016), http://www.rand.org/pubs/periodicals/health-quarterly/issues/v6/n1/11.html.
2. Ben Thomas, �
�Using Light to Monitor and Activate Specific Brain Cells,” Scientific American (January 22, 2015), http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/using-light-to-monitor-and-activate-specific-brain-cells/; also, Elise Walker, “Optogenetics: Lighting the Way for Neuroscience,” Helix, May 8, 2014, https://helix.northwestern.edu/blog/2014/05/optogenetics-lighting-way-neuroscience.
3. Harry M. Tracy, “The Neuro Funding Rollercoaster,” Cerebrum, June 1, 2016, http://www.dana.org/Cerebrum/2016/The_Neuro_Funding_Rollercoaster/.
4. Ron Honberg, Angela Kimball, Sita Diehl, Laura Usher, and Mike Fitzpatrick, “State Mental Health Cuts: The Continuing Crisis,” NAMI, 2011, http://www.motherjones.com/documents/681590-nami-state-mental-health-cuts.
5. “U.S.: Number of Mentally Ill in Prisons Quadrupled,” Human Rights Watch, September 5, 2006, https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/09/05/us-number-mentally-ill-prisons-quadrupled.
6. Eli Lehrer, “Responsible Prison Reform,” National Affairs (Summer 2016), http://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/responsible-prison-reform.
7. Crazy was published in 2006 by G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
8. Tim Murphy, congressman, Eighteenth District of Pennsylvania, “Detailed Summary of the Helping Families in Mental Health Crisis Act,” https://murphy.house.gov/uploads/Section%20By%20Section%20Detailed%20Summary%20of%20HR3717.pdf.
9. Courtenay Harding, “Beautiful Minds Can Be Recovered,” New York Times, March 10, 2002.
10. Patrick A. McGuire, “New Hope for People with Schizophrenia,” Monitor on Psychology, February 2000, http://www.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?archive_id=0&page_id=6915122515&page_url=//www.psychrights.org/Research/Digest/Effective/APAMonV31No2.htm&page_last_updated=2014-10-01T20:44:25&firstName=Courtenay&lastName=Harding.
11. M. J. DeSisto, Courtenay Harding et al., “The Maine and Vermont Three-Decade Studies of Serious Mental Illness. I. Matched Comparison of Cross-Sectional Outcome,” PubMed, September 1995, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7496641.
12. McGuire, “New Hope for People with Schizophrenia.”
* I later learned that Honoree independently shared this torture-dream with me.
* Audio from the digital device was played at the trial of Bryon Vassey and small portions were quoted in the region’s newspapers, but at this writing, the Boiling Springs police department has not released the recording.
* Records suggest that Kraepelin himself diagnosed it; and scientists have speculated that he allowed his new colleague to take the credit because he did not want to be seen as the only psychiatrist successfully on the trail of mental illnesses that had organic sources in the brain.
† These are acronyms for computerized axial tomography, positron emission tomography, electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetoencephalography.
* Just in case the reader is beginning to hope that these progressions are leading toward final enlightenment, a small monkey wrench of further ambiguity should be tossed here. In their paper “Schizophrenia: A Conceptual History,” published by the International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy in 2003, the psychiatric researchers German E. Berrios, Rogelio Luque, and José M. Villagrán write: “It would seem that no crucial experiment has ever been carried out to demonstrate that ‘latest means truest’ or that ‘high usage’ constitutes adequate evidence for validity. Indeed, the only support for the ‘recency’ assumption is the view that in this paper will be called the ‘continuity hypothesis.’ By the same token, peer and medico-legal pressures are a better explanation of ‘high usage’ than ‘truth-value.’ In fact, there is no ‘objective’ or ‘empirical’ way to decide which of the various definitions (referents) of ‘schizophrenia’ should be considered as the definitive RRUS.” Have a nice day.
* Torrey, the research psychiatrist who has covered nearly every aspect of mental illness in his books, is among those who believe that psychosis is on the rise and has been for more than three centuries. His 2001 book The Invisible Plague: The Rise of Mental Illness from 1750 to the Present, written with Judy Miller (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press), will be discussed later in some detail.
† Whitaker is a leading critic of the profusion of antipsychotic drugs, which, he points out, are highly profitable to the pharmaceutics industry. (In this and other arguments, he differs from Torrey.) His 2010 book Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness (New York: Random House) offers statistical evidence that instances of schizophrenia are on a dramatic rise, and speculates that “psychiatric drugs are… fueling the epidemic of disabling mental illness.” (See chapters 13 and 15 for further discussion.)
* Similar exchanges have been attributed to Albert Einstein and Marilyn Monroe, Monroe and Arthur Miller, George Bernard Shaw and Isadora Duncan, Winston Churchill and Lady Astor.
* “Indefatigable” in part because, as Spiro reports, Grant’s relatives destroyed all his personal papers after his death in 1937. Nearly all of the hundreds of thousands of letters he wrote to prominent people are missing. Grant himself remained aloof from reporters, rarely granting interviews. He rejected the idea of an autobiography; Spiro quotes him writing, in a 1927 letter, that “the things of real interest and importance would have to be omitted.”
* Associate justices who joined Holmes in the majority were such progressive eminences as former president William Howard Taft and the great Louis Brandeis, the “people’s lawyer” who had helped pioneer the principle enshrined in law as “the right to privacy.”
* Faust had its full part 1 premiere in Braunschweig in 1829. The wild and chaotic part 2, which brings the play’s onstage time to twenty-one hours, has never been produced in full.
* All three films are adaptations of the 1895 novel The Island of Dr. Moreau, by the literary science-fiction writer H. G. Wells.
* The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act was created in 1996 to protect the privacy of hospital patients and jail/prison inmates by withholding their medical records from anyone outside their institutional caretakers, such as private investigators and predatory insurance companies. Critics have charged that its unintended consequences include shutting family members off from knowing the condition of their loved ones in hospital or jail, and from allowing clergy access to their parishioners.
* Post-structuralism, among its many other applications, interrogates language for its inability to convey truth, and for its concealment of power hierarchies. Deconstructionism, actually conceived in the 1960s by Jacques Derrida but not influential in the United States until the 1980s, seeks to discover ideological biases in traditional language.
* One study appeared as an editorial in the American Journal of Psychiatry in November 2000. It was written by Jeffrey A. Lieberman, who is director of the New York State Psychiatric Institute among many other affiliations, and the late Wayne S. Fenton, who was an associate director of the National Institute for Mental Health, and a psychiatrist well known for his courage in dealing with severely psychotic and often dangerous patients. On September 3, 2006, Dr. Fenton, fifty-three, was found dead in his suburban Washington office, having been fatally beaten by a nineteen-year-old patient whom the doctor had been counseling to resume his antipsychotic medications.
Lieberman and Fenton’s study had drawn the following conclusions, among others: “If patients are treated promptly and effectively, good outcomes can be achieved. However, these same studies have revealed that throughout the world, individuals suffering a first episode of psychosis experience an alarming delay between the onset of psychotic symptoms and the initiation of treatment. More than 10 studies conducted on several continents have described typical durations of untreated psychosis that average 1–2 years.”
While acknowledging new studies that cast doubt upon a prevailing belief that prolonged untreated psychosis inevitably results in “measurable neurotoxicity and lifelong disability,” the authors continued:
Undiagnosed and untreated psychosis imposes a signific
ant burden of terror, suffering, and bewilderment on patients and their families. Impairments in functioning that accompany untreated psychosis wreak havoc on the normative processes of young adult development. The maturational tasks of establishing and maintaining a peer group, achieving independence from family, cultivating romantic interests, acquiring independent living skills, and preparing for productive work may all be disrupted at a most critical stage of development. These disruptions too often alter the trajectory of a young person’s life in a way that is not easily repaired. In addition, an untreated person with psychosis is at risk for episodes of behavioral dyscontrol, including violence, with the potential for long-lasting consequences for himself or herself and others.
* Dean had earlier confessed to me his regret that he probably would “never be an intellectual.” It was an insight into the damage done to his self-esteem.
* The boy’s name was Laird Stanard. In 2015 he was furloughed, with restrictions, from a Vermont correctional facility after serving fifteen years of a twenty-five-years-to-life sentence. As closely as I can determine, he was never given a psychiatric evaluation. His jailhouse tutor, the writer Theo Padnos, included Laird’s story in his underrated 2004 book about adolescent murderers, My Life Had Stood a Loaded Gun: Adolescents at the Apocalypse (Miramax). Laird told Padnos that he had developed a fantasy reinforced by the film American Beauty, which he had watched several times. The movie offered a vision of murder as a gift of transcendence, because a character who is killed—an adolescent’s tormented father—does not seem to really die: he narrates the film, commenting on the plot. He is serene, still sensate, hardly inconvenienced by his own demise.
* “Antipsychotics,” “psychotropics,” “psychoactives,” and similar terms are somewhat interchangeable, but with a few distinctions. “Psychoactives” and “psychotropics” both refer to any chemical mixture that reduces activity in the neuron-transmission process in the brain and spinal cord—the central nervous system. They produce tranquilizing effects and moderate thoughts and behavior. The same holds true for antipsychotics, the difference being that these compounds are far more potent than the others, designed as they are to control psychotic breaks.
