Lagrange, Joseph Louis, Comte (1736–1813), French mathematician and astronomer; author of Mécanique analytique (1788).
Landgravine Elizabeth, see Elizabeth of Hungary.
Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de (1749–1827), French mathematician and astronomer; author of Mécanique céleste (1799–1825).
Lawrence, Sir William (1783–1867), English surgeon and physiologist.
Lilis (or Lilith), Adam’s first wife, according to the Talmud.
Lingard, John (1771–1851), Roman Catholic historian of England.
Loretto-shrine, small Italian town containing the reputed house of the Virgin Mary, said to have been conveyed there from Nazareth by angels.
Luther, Martin (1483–1546), German religious reformer, who in 1520 publicly burned the papal bull by which he was excommunicated. His German translation of the Bible appeared in 1534.
Lycurgus, Spartan lawgiver of the ninth century BC.
Maesogothic Ulfila, see Ulfila. Magendie, François (1783–1855), French physiologist, noted for his research on the nervous system.
Maggiore, Lago, large lake in northern Italy.
Mahmoud, Sultan (1785–1839), Mahmoud II, Sultan of Turkey 1808–39.
Majendie, see Magendie.
Malines, Belgian town, famous for its lace.
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766–1834), English political economist and author of the Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), which advocates restraints on population growth through limiting the number of births.
Malzleins, Malzlein, a suburb of Vienna.
Marchfeld, plain near Vienna where Ottokar, King of Bohemia, was slain by Rudolph (’Rodolf’) of Hapsburg at the battle of Stillfried in 1278, and where Napoleon defeated Francis I (’Kaiser Franz’) of Austria in 1809.
Melchizedek, biblical priestking of mysterious origin.
Memnon, Ethiopian hero, son of Eos, or Aurora, the dawn. His statue at Thebes was supposed to emit a sound like that of a breaking chord when struck by the first rays of the sun.
Merrick, see Meyrick.
Meyrick, Samuel Rush (1783–1848), his Critical Inquiry into Ancient Armour was published in 1824.
Milo, athlete of Crotona during the sixth century BC. Said to have carried a 4-year-old bullock around the stadium at Olympia and afterwards to have eaten it all in a single day.
Minerva, Latin name for Athena, goddess of wisdom and war, who was said to have sprung, fully armed, from the head of Zeus.
Monmouth Street, noted in the eighteenth century for its old-clothes shops run largely by Jews.
Montesquieu, Charles Louis, Baron de (1689–1755), French philosopher and historian; his Esprit des Lois appeared in 1748.
Montgolfier, hot-air balloon, first raised in 1783, named after the French inventors Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier.
Nebuchadnezzar, biblical king of Babylon, who attempted to burn his foes in a fiery furnace.
New Holland, Australia.
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727), English mathematician and astronomer, who continued the work of Johann Kepler.
Novalis (1722–1801), pseudonym of Friedrich von Hardenberg, German poet and idealist.
Oken, Lorenz (1779–1851), German naturalist and philosopher, real name Ockenfuss, founded the controversial journal Isis in 1818.
Ormuz, Persian island, with a large, wealthy market in the late Middle Ages.
Otaheitean, Tahitian.
Otto, Kaiser, Otto I of Germany (912–73), who welcomed scholars to his court.
Palais Bourbon, Chamber of Deputies (French Parliament) in Paris.
Papin, Denis (1647–1712), French physicist and inventor of a ‘steam digester’ for raising the temperature of boiling water.
Paullini, Christian Franz (1643–1712), German compiler, author of Zeit-Kürzende erbauliche Lust (‘Time-Shortening Uplifting Pleasure’, 1695–1725).
Paullinus, see Paullini.
Philip, King, Philip II of Spain (1527–98), whose introduction of the Inquisition into the Netherlands was opposed by a group calling themselves the Gueux (beggars).
Pierre-Pertuis, ‘Pierced Rock’; a natural passage through a large rock in the Bernese Alps, Switzerland.
Pisgah, biblical mountain from which the Lord showed Moses the Promised Land.
Pius VII (1742–1823), Pope from 1800 to 1823.
Pyrrhus (318–272 BC), King of Epirus, who twice defeated but was finally conquered by the Romans.
Richter, Johann Paul Friedrich (1763–1825), German Romantic humorist, who wrote under the name ‘Jean Paul’.
Rosa, Salvator (1615–73), Italian painter of the Neapolitan school.
Rossbach, town in Saxony where Frederick the Great defeated the French in 1757.
Royer-Collard, Pierre (1763–1845), French philosopher.
Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri, Comte de (1760–1825), philosopher and founder of socialism in France.
St Sophia, Mosque of Holy Wisdom at Constantinople.
St Stephen’s, i.e. the House of Commons in Westminster.
Salamanca University, Spanish University, famous from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century.
Samarcand, town in Turkestan; an important seat of learning in the fifteenth century.
Sanconiathon, legendary Phoenician sage.
Saturn, Roman god of agriculture; mistakenly identified with the Greek gods Kronos and Chronos.
Schonbrünn, Imperial castle near Vienna, where important treaties were concluded during the Napoleonic Wars.
Schreckhorn, ‘peak of terror’; a principal summit of the Bernese Alps in Switzerland.
Schwartz, Berthold, German monk who discovered the process of granulating gunpowder early in the fourteenth century.
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (c. 4 BC-AD 65), Roman Stoic philosopher and dramatist.
Shinar, site of the tower of Babel.
Siloa (or Siloam), river and pool near Jerusalem.
Solon (c.638–559 BC), Athenian lawgiver.
Stewart, Dugald (1753–1828), Scottish philosopher and professor at the University of Edinburgh.
Sybaris, Greek city in Southern Italy, famous for its luxury (hence ‘sybarite’).
Tadmor (or Palmyra), Syrian city, destroyed in 273 but leaving splendid ruins.
Tarakwang, Emperor (1781–1850), Tao Kuang, Emperor of China 1820–50. The ‘White Water-roses’ or Water Lily faction was active during the early part of his reign.
Tattersall, London horse-market.
Teniers, David (1582–1649), Dutch painter, as was his son and namesake (1610–90).
Themistocles, Athenian statesman of the fifth century BC.
Tiber, river in Italy, by Rome.
Tombuctoo, Timbuctoo: a town on the edge of the Sahara desert, the subject of Tennyson’s poem Timbuctoo (1829).
Treisnitz, Triesnitz; a town near Jena, in Germany, where Schiller and Goethe sometimes met, beginning in 1789.
Trimberg, Hugo von (12601309), German author and Meistersinger.
Trismegistus, Hermes, ‘thrice-greatest’; name given by the Greeks to Thoth, Egyptian god of speech and letters.
Tubalcain, the first metalworker, according to Genesis.
Ude, Louis Eustache (1769–1846), famous French cook, chef to Louis XVI.
Ulfila (or Ulfilas) (c.311–83), Bishop of the Goths, who translated the Bible into Gothic; the oldest extant writing in the Germanic languages.
Vaucluse, French village near Avignon; home of Petrarch.
Wagram, village near Vienna, where Napoleon defeated the Austrians in 1809.
Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1750–1817), father of German geology.
Wesley, Charles (1708–88), brother of John Wesley; writer of well-known hymns.
Wesley, John (1703–91), founder of the Methodists.
William the Silent (1533–84), Prince of Orange and Count of Nassau, founder of the Dutch Republic; known for his diplomatic silences.
Winnipic, Lake, Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba.
Zeno,
Greek philosopher of the third century BC; founder of the Stoic school.
Zinzendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig, Count von (1700–60), German religious reformer; reviver of the Moravian Church.
A SELECTION OF OXFORD WORLD’S CLASSICS
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JANE AUSTEN
Catharine and Other Writings
Emma
Mansfield Park
Northanger Abbey, Lady Susan, The Watsons, and Sanditon
Persuasion
Pride and Prejudice
Sense and Sensibility
ANNE BRONTË
Agnes Grey
The Tenant of Wildfell Hall
CHARLOTTE BRONTË
Jane Eyre
The Professor
Shirley
Villette
EMILY BRONTË
Wuthering Heights
WILKIE COLLINS
The Moonstone
No Name
The Woman in White
CHARLES DARWIN
The Origin of Species
CHARLES DICKENS
The Adventures of Oliver Twist
Bleak House
David Copperfield
Great Expectations
Hard Times
Little Dorrit
Martin Chuzzlewit
Nicholas Nickleby
The Old Curiosity Shop
Our Mutual Friend
The Pickwick Papers
A Tale of Two Cities
GEORGE ELIOT
Adam Bede
Daniel Deronda
Middlemarch
The Mill on the Floss
Silas Marner
ELIZABETH GASKELL
Cranford
The Life of Charlotte Brontë
Mary Barton
North and South
Wives and Daughters
THOMAS HARDY
Far from the Madding Crowd
Jude the Obscure
The Mayor of Casterbridge
A Pair of Blue Eyes
The Return of the Native
Tess of the d’Urbervilles
The Woodlanders
WALTER SCOTT
Ivanhoe
Rob Roy
Waverley
MARY SHELLEY
Frankenstein
The Last Man
ROBERT LOUIS
Kidnapped and Catriona
STEVENSON
The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Weir of Hermiston
Treasure Island
BRAM STOKER
Dracula
WILLIAM MAKEPEACE
Barry Lyndon
THACKERAY
Vanity Fair
OSCAR WILDE
Complete Shorter Fiction
The Picture of Dorian Gray
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1 Life and Letters of T. H. Huxley (New York, 1900), i. 237.
2 Essays of George Eliot, ed. T. Pinney (London, 1963), 213–14.
3 A. J. La Valley, Carlyle and the Idea of the Modern (New Haven, 1968), 110.
4 Collected Letters of Thomas and Jane Welsh Carlyle, ed. C. R. Sanders et al. (Durham, North Carolina, 1970– ), i. 336.
5 Collected Letters, ii. 230.
6 Ibid. 434, 437.
7 Literary Criticism: French Writers; Other European Writers; The Prefaces to the New York Edition, ed. L. Edel (New York, 1984), 944.
8 Works of Thomas Carlyle, Centenary Edition, ed. H. D. Traill (London, 1896–9), xxviii. 45, 46, 47–8, 49, 51–2, 58, 54.
9 Collected Letters, vi. 446.
10 Ibid. v. 164, 175, 215; vi. 395. The name of the hero had been changed from Teufelsdreck to the less vulgar Teufelsdröckh (Devil’s excrement) by February 1833.
11 Ibid. vi. 395. ‘D.U.J.’ could be expanded to ‘Doctor of Universal Jurisprudence’.
12 Carlyle and German Thought: 1819–1834 (New York, 1934), 6; Carlyle, ‘Jean Paul Friedrich Richter’ (1827), in Works, xxvi. 17.
13 Ibid. 5, 9, 12.
14 Partial Magic: The Novel as a Self-Conscious Genre (Berkeley, 1975), ix, xi.
15 ‘Structure and Style in the Greater Romantic Lyric’, in his The Correspondent Breeze: Essays on English Romanticism (New York, 1984), 96.
16 Robert Jay Lifton and Eric Olson, Living and Dying (New York, 1974), 31.
17 The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, trans. W. Trask (New York, 1959), 13.
18 F. W. H. Myers, Essays Classical and Modern (London, 1921), 495.
19 Twilight of the Idols, in The Portable Nietzsche, ed. and trans. W. Kaufmann (New York, 1954), 515–16.
20 Ibid., 521.
21 Sartor Resartus, ed. C. F. Harrold (New York, 1937), xxx.
22 Daniel P. Deneau, ‘Relationship of Style and Device in Sartor Resartus’, Victorian Newsletter, xvii (1960), 18.
23 P. A. Dale, ‘Sartor Resartus and the Inverse Sublime: The Art of Humorous Deconstruction’, in Allegory, Myth and Symbol, ed. M. W. Bloomfield (Cambridge, Mass., 1981), 302.
24 The Correspondence of Emerson and Carlyle, ed. J. Slater (New York, 1964), 98; Appendix III, p. 232 below.
25 Collected Letters, vi. 448–9.
26 Critical and Historical Essays (London, 1854), i. 5–9.
27 See K. McSweeney, Tennyson and Swinburne as Romantic Naturalists (Toronto, 1981), 26–37.
28 ‘Sartor Resartus and the Balance of Fiction’, Victorian Studies, viii (1964), 153, 154.
29‘“Shadow Hunting”: Romantic Irony, Sartor Resartus, and Victorian Romanticism’, Studies in Romanticism, xvii (1978), 329, 319.
30 English Romantic Irony (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 131, 133.
31 Autobiography and Literary Essays, ed. J. M. Robson and J. Stillinger (Toronto, 1981), 183.
† With us even he still communicates in some sort of mask, or muffler; and, we have reason to think, under a feigned name!—O. Y.
† Gukguk is unhappily only an academical—Beer.
† Now last but one—ED.*
† Fraser’s (London) Magazine, 1833–4.
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