by Simon Ings
founds the Central Institute of Labour, 1
genes: nature of, 1, 2; dominant and recessive, 1, 2;
measurement of, 1
See also mutation
genetics, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; of behaviour, 1;
of populations, 1, 2;
of poultry, 1, 2, 3;
international character of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
and medicine, 1, 2;
denounced as fascist, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
Marxists defend, 1, 2, 3;
within the Academy of Sciences, 1;
Western campaigners defend, 1, 2, 3;
overseas contacts renewed after Second World War, 1;
extinguished, 1;
nuclear physics and, 1, 2;
cybernetics and, 1
See also epigenetics, International Genetics Congress
Genetics and Plant Breeding, 1929 Congress, 1, 2
Germany: scientific institutions in, 1; trade with Russia, 1, 2;
eugenics in, 1;
under National Socialism, 1;
invades Soviet Union, 1, 2, 3;
technology seized by allied forces, 1, 2
Golder, Frank Alfred (1877–1929), 1, 2
Gorbunov, Nikolai Petrovich (1892–1938), secretary to V. Lenin, 1; scientific patron, 1, 2;
commissar of agriculture; 1, 2, 3;
and N. Vavilov, 1
Gorky, Maxim (born Alexei Maximovich Peshkov, 1868–1936), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; and Lenin, 1;
as patron, 1;
founds TsEKUBU, 1;
leaves for Italy, 1;
support for N. Koltsov, 1, 2;
returns to Soviet Union, 1;
as propogandist, 1;
hatred of rural life, 1;
utopianism, 1;
and Stalin, 1;
isolated from leadership, 1;
controversy surrounding death of, 1
Gorshkov, Igor Sergeyevich (1896–1965), 1
grain, improved varieties, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
yields, 1, 2, 3, 4.
See also vernalisation
‘Great Break’ (velikiy perelom), 1, 2
Great Patriotic War see Second World War
Great Purge 1936–8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; astronomers in, 1;
geneticists in, 1;
physicists in, 1, 2
Greens (peasant anarchists), 1
Gulag (labour camp system), 1, 2. See also sharashki
Gurevich, Sergei. A. (?–?), 1
Haeckel, Ernst (1845–1919), 1
Haldane, John Burdon Sanderson (1892–1964), 1, 2, 3, 4
Harlan, Harry Vaughn (1882–1944), 1
Haven Brotherhood, 1
Hawkes, John Gregory (1915–2007), 1
Hessen, Boris Mikhailovich (1893–1936), 1, 2, 3; ‘The Socio-Economic Roots of Newton’s Principia’, 1
higher education: Tsarist attitudes to, 1; entitlement extended to entire adult population, 1;
government control over, 1;
student intake trebled, 1;
turned over to economic organs, 1
History of Science, 2nd International Congress, 1
Holodomor, see famine of 1932–3
honour courts, 1, 2
human genetics, see eugenics
hut labs, 1, 2
Huxley, Julian (1887–1975), 1, 2
Ignatiev, Semyon Denisovich (1904–?), 1
Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1
industrialisation, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
inheritance of acquired characteristics, see Lamarckism
Institute of Experimental Biology, 1, 2; genetics at, 1, 2, 3, 4;
independent status threatened, 1;
work disarranged by VARNITSO, 1;
assigned to Academy of Sciences, 1
Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1, 2
Institute of Genetics (formerly Laboratory of Genetics), 1, 2
Institute for Brain Research, Berlin-Buch: new buildings erected, 1, resists Nazi interference, 1, 2,
under Nazi directorship, 1;
war work, 1, 2
Institute of Neurosurgery, 1
Institute of Plant Breeding, Odessa, 1, 2, 3, 4
Institute for Physical Problems, 1
Institute of Red Professors, 1
intellectuals, expelled, 1, 2, 3
International Congress for the History of Science (London 1931), 1
international genetics congress, 5th (Berlin, 1927), 1; 6th (Ithaca, New York, 1932), 1, 2;
7th, planned for Moscow, 1937, 1, 2;
reports of cancellation, 1;
held in Edinburgh, 1939, 1, 2;
N. Vavilov elected president, 1
inventions, assessment of, 1, 2, 3, 4
Ioffe, Abram Fedorovich (1880–1960), 1, 2, 3, 4
Ipatiev, Vladimir Nikolayevich (1867–1952), 1
Iudin, Pavel Fedorovich (1899–1968), 1, 2, 3
Ivanov, Ilya Ivanovich (1870–1932), 1, 2n16
Jacobs, Jesse Marie, (1890–1954), 1, 2, 3
James, William (1842–1910), 1
John Innes Horticultural Institute, 1
Joliot-Curie, Frederic (1900–58), 1
justice system: 1, 2 See also honour courts
Kadets (Constitutional Democratic Party), 1, 2
Kaiser Wilhelm Society, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; institute of Genetics and Biophysics, 1.
See also Institute for Brain Research, Berlin-Buch
Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich (1875–1946), 1
Kamenev, Leo Borisovich (1883–1936), 1, 2, 3, 4
Kaminsky, Grigory Naumovich (1895–1938), 1
Kammerer, Paul (1880–1926), 1, 2; The Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (1924), 1
Kapitsa, Peter Leonidovich (1894–1984): at Cavendish Laboratories, Cambridge, 1;
abruptly repatriated, 1, 2n29;
directs Institute for Physical Problems, 1;
pleads for L. Landau’s freedom, 1;
letters to Soviet leadership, 1;
advises on uranium production, 1, 2;
and liquid oxygen production, 1, 2;
and atom bomb project, 1, 2, 3n29;
Karpechenko, Georgy Dmitrievich (1899–1942), 1
Karpinsky, Alexander Petrovich (1847–1936), 1
Keller, Boris Alexandrovich (1874–1945), 1
KEPS, 1
Kerkis, Julius, (?–?), 1
Khariton, Yulii Borisovich (1904–96), 1, 2, 3
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich (1894–1971), 1, 2, recollections concerning J. Stalin 1, 2;
made General Secretary, 1;
supports Lysenko 1;
projects to transform nature, 1
Khvat, Alexander Grigorievich (1907–?), 1
Kirov, Sergei Mironovich (1886–1934), 1, 2; death of, 1
Kliueva, Nina Georgievna (1898–1971), 1
Kogan, Boris Borisovich (1896–1968), 1
Kol, Alexander Karpovich (?–?), 1
Kolbanovsky, Vladimir Alexandrovich (?–?), 1, 2
Kolchak, Alexander Vasilyevich (1874–1920), 1
Kolman, Ernst (1892–1979): Life and Technology in the Future (1928), 1; and B. Hessen 1, 2;
edits Under the Banner of Marxism, 1, 2;
and cybernetics, 1
Koltsov, Nikolai Konstantinovich (1872–1940), 1, 2, 3, 4; criticises I. Pavlov’s work on the inheritance of acquired behaviours, 1
founds Institute of Experimental Biology, 1;
steers development of Soviet genetics, 1, 2;
arrested over Tactical Centre affair, 1;
and eugenics, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;
‘Betterment of the Human Race’ (1922), 1, 2, 3;
official hostility towards, 1, 2, 3, 4;
and collectivisation, 1;
defends genetics at 4th session of the Lenin Academy, 1, 2;
nominated as member of the Academy of Sciences, 1;
work investigated by Academy of Sciences, 1
See also Institute of Experimental Biology
Koltushi (Institute of Genetics of Higher Nervous Activity), 1, 2, 3, 4
Komarov, Vladimir Leontyevich (1869–1945), 1, 2
Kornilov, Konstantin Nikolaevich (1879–1957), 1, 2, 3
Korogodin, Vladimir Ivanovich (1929–2005), 1
Korolev, Sergei Pavlovich (1907–66), 1, 2, 3
Koshtoyants, Khachatur Sedrakovich (1900–61), 1
Kostov, Doncho Stoianov (1897–1949), 1
KR affair, 1, 2
Krasin, Leonid Borisovich (1870–1926), 1
Krasnoselska-Maksimova, Tatiana Abramovna (?–?), 1
Kronstadt rebellion, 1
Kropotkin, Petr Alekseevich (1842–1921), 1, 2, 3
Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinovna (‘Nadya’) (1869–1939), 1, 2, 3, 4
Krylenko, Nikolai Vasilyevich (1885–1938), 1
Krylov, Alexei Nikolaevich (1863–1945), 1
kulaks, 1
Kurchatov, Igor Vasilyevich (1903–60), 1, 2, 3; constructs first Soviet nuclear reactor, 1, 2, 3n20;
develops atomic
weapons, 1, 2
Kuznetstroi (coal fields), 1
Kyshtym (nuclear waste dump), 1
Laboratory No. 1, 2, 3
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1744–1829), 1
Lamarckism, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; eugenic implications of, 1;
experimental support
for, 1, 2, 3;
and Marxism, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7;
and medicine, 1;
objections to, 1, 2n2;
Stalin’s support for, 1, 2, 3.
See also Kammerer, P., Studentsov, N.
Landau, Leo Davidovich (1908–68), 1, 2, 3
Lebedev, Sergey Alexeyevich (1902–74), 1
Lekhnovich, Vadim Stepanovich (1902–?) 1, 2
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (born Ulyanov, 1870–1924), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19;
and ‘scientific government’, 1;
and Bogdanov, 1, 2, 3, 4;
and materialism, 1, 2;
theory of reflection 1, 2;
Materialism and Empiriocriticism (1908), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6n16;
and J. Stalin, 1, 2;
and Academy of Sciences, 1;
in civil war, 1, 2;
and bourgeois specialists, 1, 2;
and Gorky, 1, 2;
exiles bourgeois philosophers, 1;
and Taylorism, 1;
and I. Pavlov, 1;
incapacitated by stroke, 1, 2, 3;
genius established post mortem, 1.
See also NEP
Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; Fourth Session, December 1936, 1, 2, 3;
split between Morganists and Mendelists, 1, 2, 3;
elections needed to save, 1, 2;
nomenklatura changed in T. Lysenko’s favour, 1;
‘August session’ (1948), 1, 2, 3
Leningrad: purged, 1, 2, 3; siege of, 1, 2
Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute; 1, 2, 3, 4
Leontiev, Alexei Nikolaevich (1903–79), 1
Lepeshinskaya, Olga Borisovna (1871–1963), 1, 2, 3
Lerner, Isador Michael (1910–77), 1
Levit, Solomon Grigorievich (1894–1938), 1, 2, 3; and chromosomal genetics, 1, 2;
and eugenics, 1, 2;
expelled from Communist Party, 1;
arrested, 1
Liapunov, Alexey Andreevich (1911–73), 1, 2
Liberation of Labour, 1
Life in Bloom, see Dovzhenko, A.
linguistics, 1, 2
Literary Gazette, 1
Littlepage, John (1894–?), 1
Litvinov Psychiatric Hospital, 1
Lobanov, Pavel Pavlovich (1902–?), 1
longevity, 1. See also blood transfusion
Luchnik, Nikolai Viktorovich (1922–93), 1, 2
Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilievich (1875–1933), 1, 2, 3, 4; and Academy of Sciences, 1, 2;
and P. Kammerer, 1, 2, 3;
and A. Bodganov, 1, 2, 3
Luria, Alexander Romanovich (1902–77), 1, 2; at Moscow Institute of Psychology, 1;
and psychoanalysis, 1, 2;
collaborates with L. Vygotsky, 1, 2;
at the White Nursery 1, 2;
retrains in medicine, 1;
pioneer of neuropsychology, 1;
The Man With a Shattered World (1972), 1
Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich (1898–1976), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15; profiled in Pravda, 1;
and vernalisation, 1, 2, 3;
and I. Prezent, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11;
and Y. Yakovlev, 1, 2, 3;
and N. Vavilov, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;
Western responses to, 1, 2, 3, 4;
responds to famine of 1932–3, 1;
opposes chromosomal genetics, 1, 2, 3;
denies the existence of the gene, 1;
experiments with wheat hybridisation, 1, 2, 3;
‘Vernalisation Means Millions of Pounds of Additional Harvest’ (1935), 1;
at 4th session of Lenin Academy, 1, 2, 3;
conspires against Bureau of Applied Botany, 1;
president of the Lenin Academy, 1, 2, 3;
elected to Academy of Sciences, 1;
Heredity and Its Variability (1943), 1, 2n6;
and Michurinism, 1, 2, 3;
denies the existence of competition within species, 1, 2n6;
criticised by Y. Zhdanov, 1;
at August 1948 session of Lenin Academy, 1, 2;
visits Academy of Medical Sciences, 1, 2, 3;
theories of species formation, 1, 2;
advises on forestry, 1, 2n6;
and N. Khrushchev, 1;
and dairy farming, 1
Lysenko, Pavel (?–?), 1, 2n12.
Mach, Ernst (1838–1916), 1, 2
Magnitostroi (steel plant), 1, 2
Main Shelterbelt Administration, 1
maize, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Maksimov, Alexander Alexandrovich (1891–1976), 1
Maksimov, Nikolai Alexandrovich (1880–1952), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Malenkov, Georgy Maximilianovich (1902–88), 1, 2, 3
Malthus, Thomas (1766–1834), 1
Mandelstam, Leonid Isaakovich (1879–1944), 1
Manevich, Eleanor D. (1915–?), 1
Marr, Nikolai Yakovlevich (1865–1934), 1
Marx, Karl (1818–83), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Marxism, 1, 2; as a science, 1, 2, 3;
and Lamarckism, 1, 2, 3, 4;
‘partyness’ in, 1, 2.
See also science, Soviet, dialectical materialism
materialism, see dialectical materialism
Medical–Biological Institute (later Maxim Gorky Medical–Genetic Institute), 1, 2, 3, 4
Meister, Georgy Karlovich, (1873–1938), 1; criticises Lysenko’s press strategy, 1;
at 4th session of Lenin Academy, 1, 2;
arrested and imprisoned, 1, 2
Mendel, Gregor (1822–84), 1
Mendelism, see genetics
Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich (1834–1907), 1
Mensheviks, 1, 2
Menzhinsky, Vyacheslav Rudolfovich (1873–1934), 1
MESM (computer), 1
Michurin (film), see Dovzhenko, A.
Michurin, Ivan Vladimirovich (1855–1935), 1, 2, 3
Michurinism, 1: role in patriotic campaign 1;
role in ‘August session’ of the Lenin Academy, 1, 2;
expands throughout sciences, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6n15, 7n2.
See also ‘founding fathers’ campaign
Military Medical Academy, 1, 2, 3
mineralogy, see Vernadsky, V.
Miterev, Georgy Andreevich (1900–77), 1
Mitin, Mark Borisovich (1901–87): nihilist philosopher, 1; elected to Academy of Sciences, 1;
chairs 1949 conference on genetics, 1, 2, 3;
smears opponents of
T. Lysenko in Literary Gazette 1, 2;
overhears Y. Zhdanov’s attack on T. Lysenko, 1
Mohr, Otto (1886–1967), 1
Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich (1890–1986), 1, 2, 3, 4n9; encourages scientific links with the West, 1, 2, 3
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 1
Morgan, Thomas Hunt (1866–1945), 1, 2, 3, 4; The Physical Basis of Heredity (1919), 1, 2
Moscow Institute for Brain Research, 1, 2, 3
Moscow City People’s University, see Shaniavsky University
Moscow Women’s University, 1
Moscow Institute of Psychology, 1, 2
Moscow University, 1, 2, 3, 4; genetics returns to, 1, 2
Moscow Zootechnical Institute, 1, 2
Muller, Hermann Joseph (1890–1967): with T. Morgan at Columbia University, 1, 2, 3n20; first visit to Moscow, 1, 2;
communist sympathies, 1;
at University of Texas, 1, 2, 3;
mutation studies, 1;
and eugenics, 1, 2, 3;
in Berlin-Buch, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
moves to Soviet Union, 1, 2;
Out of the Night: a Biologist’s View of the Future (1935), 1, 2;
sends eugenics proposal to Stalin, 1, 2;
organises 7th International Genetics Conference in Moscow, 1, 2, 3;
causes controversy at 4th session of Lenin Academy, 1 2;
and N. Timofeev-Ressovsky, 1, 2;
leaves Soviet Union, 1, 2;
in Spanish civil war, 1n21;
at Edinburgh University, 1, 2;
returns to America, 1n4;
argues publicly against Lysenko, 1, 2
