Decaen, General Charles Mathieu Isidore, 334–5
Decrès, Admiral Denis, 330, 363, 374, 465, 608, 619, 621–2
Dego, 114
Delmas, General Antoine Guillaume, 149
Dembiński, Lieutenant Henryk, 532
Denmark: in League of Neutrals, 300; and Treaty of Tilsit, 416; Britain captures fleet, 421; see also Copenhagen
Denon, Vivant, 206–7
d’Erlon, General Jean Baptiste Drouet, 616
Desaix, General Louis, 161, 190, 196, 197, 275–8, 280, 376, 399
Descartes, René, 212
Desgenettes, Dr René, 189, 201, 204
Desmarest, Pierre, 344
Destaing, General Jacques-Zacharie, 204
Diavolo, Fra (Michele Pezza), 432
Directors, Directory (Paris): in Luxembourg Palace, 2–3; and Talleyrand’s presentation of N, 4, 7; N’s reports to, 117, 139, 141, 143, 148, 152, 203; orders N to march on Rome with reduced forces, 121; and N’s independent acts, 126; commissioners, 145–6; supports N in Italian campaign, 149–50; right-wing plot against, 158; interest in settlements in Egypt and Africa, 162; suppresses opposition and recovers majority, 163; and N’s concluding Treaty of Campo Formio, 167; summons N to Paris, 168, 169–72; and proposed invasion of England, 172; and N’s bid for shared power, 176; and N’s expedition to Egypt, 177; and N’s return from Egypt, 214–15; dissolved in Brumaire coup, 221, 226, 229–30, 236; administrative reforms, 322
Divova, Elizaveta Petrovna, 326
Djezzar Pasha (Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar), 196, 199–201
Dnieper, river, 523
Dolgoruky, Prince, 381
Dolomieu, Déodat, 179
Dominica, 329
Dommartin, Lieut. Colonel Elzéar Auguste Cousin de, 68
Doppet, General François, 70–1
Doris, HMS, 338
Drake, Francis, 343
Dresden, 546, 557, 562, 564–5, 578; battle of (1813), 567
Drouot, General Antoine, 596, 600
Dubois, Dr Antoine, 487–8
Duchâtel, Adèle, 304
Ducis, Jean-François, 175
Ducos, Roger: and Brumaire coup, 219–20, 222, 226–7; nominated consul, 234, 236–7
Dugommier, General Jacques, 71–3, 256
Dugua, General Charles, 204
Dumas, General Alexandre, 139, 185
Dumas, General Mathieu, 250, 431, 435, 465, 569
Dumerbion, General Pierre, 77, 80, 81
Dumouriez, General Charles François, 61, 159, 344
Dupont, General Pierre-Antoine, 429, 434–5, 509, 595
Duroc, General Christophe: familiarity with N, 257, 394; accompanies N to Italy, 274; on N’s appointment as emperor, 352; made grand marshal of the palace, 262, 357–8; and Maria Walewska, 410–11, 466; receives grand chamberlain’s key from Talleyrand, 448; and N’s grief at Lannes’ death, 452; in Russian campaign, 522; in retreat from Moscow, 541; accompanies N back to Paris, 543; killed at Bautzen, 560, 568
du Teil, General Jean-Pierre, 38, 47, 65, 71, 256
Eckmühl, battle of (1809), 450
École Militaire, Paris, 26–31
Edgeworth, Maria, 326
education: reformed, 316, 390–1
Egypt: Ottoman oppression in, 159; French aim to colonise, 160, 164; Talleyrand proposes invasion, 173–4; French expedition to, 174–5; scientists and scholars accompany expedition, 175–6; French arrive in, 181–2; conditions, 183–5; N’s administration and researches in, 188–95, 203; N leaves, 206–8, 269; impending French collapse in, 269; French continue occupation, 300; British land forces in and French occupation ends, 301–2
Elba (island): ceded to France, 298, 334; N exiled to, 588, 593, 599–600; N’s life and administration in, 600–1
Elders, Council of: and Brumaire coup, 225–6, 228–30, 232–4; members draft new constitution, 239
Elliott, Sir Gilbert, 81
Elphinstone, Clementine see Malcolm, Lady
émigrés: N grants amnesty to, 315–16
Enghien, Louis Antoine Henri Condé, duc d’: suggested as successor to N, 279; arrested and shot, 344–7, 374
Épervier, l’ (French brig), 623
Erfurt: N’s meeting with Tsar (1808), 437–43
Ermenonville, 283
Essling, 452
Estates General (France): Louis XVI calls, 40; Corsican deputies attend, 43; transforms into National Assembly, 44
Etruria, 297, 426
Europe: and balance of power, 298; N reorganises, 387–8, 422–3
Eylau, battle of (1807), 311–12
Fabvier, Colonel Charles, 527, 588
Fain, Agathon, 321, 391, 393–4, 399, 497, 510–11, 543, 563, 594
Faipoult, Guillaume, 121
Fantin des Odoards, Colonel Louis Florimond, 616
Farington, Joseph, 326
Faucheur, Sergeant Narcisse, 569
Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Louis Antoine de see Bourrienne, Louis Antoine de Fauvelet de
fédérés, 65, 67–8
Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria: commands Austrian army, 376–7, 449, 457; N favours as successor to Francis I, 468
Ferdinand IV, King of Naples, 373, 395–6, 401
Ferdinand VII, King of Spain (earlier Prince of the Asturias), 424–5, 427, 429–33, 435, 573
Fère Champenoise, La, 584
Fère, La (regiment), 31–3; retitled as First, 48
Ferrières, General, 534
Fesch, Cardinal Joseph (Giuseppe): accompanies Letizia out of Ajaccio, 19; letters from N, 25, 39, 47, 55; cares for dying Carlo, 29; falsifies Joseph’s age, 45; flees Corsica for France, 62–3; as quartermaster in Chauvet, 64; sets up business in Basel, 85; N finds jobs for, 91, 98; meets Josephine in Parma, 133; visits N in Milan, 155; buys land around Ajaccio, 207; made Archbishop of Lyon and primate of France, 315; as grand almoner, 357; conducts secret religious marriage for N and Josephine, 368; celebrates mass in Lyon, 372; and N’s marriage to Marie-Louise, 474–6; and N’s religious scepticism, 485; baptises N’s son, 489; exiled, 502; swears allegiance to Pope, 502; joins N in Paris after return from Elba, 609; and N’s preparations for flight to America, 621; Bertrand appeals to from St Helena, 641
Fiévée, Joseph, 548
Finckenstein, Treaty of (1807), 413
Fiszerowa, Wiridianna, 326
Five Hundred, Council of the: resists Brumaire coup, 226–9, 231–4; members draft new constitution, 239
Flaxman, John, 325
Florence, 130
Fontaine, Pierre, 128, 260, 303, 326, 427, 481, 574
Fontainebleau, 336, 359, 367, 372, 437, 464, 468, 473, 485, 502, 554, 582, 586, 590, 592–3, 595, 597–8, 607
Fontainebleau, Treaty of (1807), 424
Fontainebleau, Treaty of (1814), 593, 601, 604
Fontanes, Louis-Marcelin de, 259
Fouché, Joseph: relations with N, 217, 221; urges N to ally with Barras, 219; police reports, 220; and Brumaire coup, 228, 234; on N’s reaction to Sièyes’ draft constitution, 240; independence, 245; and censorship of press and theatre, 246–7; network of informers, 246, 321; profits from rumours, 279; and scheming over successor to N, 279; and plots to kill N, 283–4, 295; opposes restoring status of Church, 291; N gives seat in Senate, 318; uncovers military plots against N, 318; and proposed extension of N’s consulship, 319; supports Josephine, 319; and royalist conspiracy, 345; claims to oppose execution of Enghien, 348; reinstated as minister of police, 348; on government after succession to N, 350; urges granting supreme authority to N, 350; on granting of hereditary titles, 398; made Duke of Otranto, 398; administration during N’s absence, 419; on N’s reaction to British seizure of Danish fleet, 421; persuades Josephine to request divorce, 437; letter from N in Spain, 445; conspires with Talleyrand, 447; N leaves unpenalised, 448; on Lannes’ closeness to N, 452; counters British landing at Walcheren, 467; N rebukes, 468; and N’s remarriage, 473; favours peace with Britain, 477; sacked by N, 477, 482; policing style, 482; N appoints governor of Illyr
ia, 562; sent to Naples, 578; plans elimination of N, 593; reappointed minister of police on N’s return from Elba, 608, 612; self-protective plot, 612–13; plots against N after Waterloo defeat, 619–21; frustrates N’s flight to America, 622–3; and Louis XVIII’s return to throne, 624
Foureau de Beauregard, Dr Louis, 596
Fourès, Lieutenant, 192–3
Fourth Regiment: N posted to, 48
Fox, Charles James, 325, 396
France (and French Empire): declares war on Britain and the Netherlands (1793), 60; revolts and risings against Convention, 65; under threat from coalition of nations, 67, 103, 205, 211, 268, 299; peace with Spain (1795), 93; royalist resurgence, 93–5; constitutions, 94, 239–42, 322, 323, 357; interests in Middle East and Mediterranean, 160–1; loses colonies to British, 160; navy damaged by revolutionaries, 172; N arrives in from Egypt, 207–8, 209; critical condition (1799), 211; under consulate, 236–8; monarchists in, 239, 293–4; royalist forces capitulate, 249; administrative structure and local government, 264–6; economic and financial reforms, 266–7, 285; royalist opposition declines, 283; legal code, 285–7, 418; sinking fund established, 285; peace treaty with Austria (1801), 297–8; and balance of power, 298; extends borders, 299; makes peace treaties, 300; hostility towards Britain, 301; peace with Britain and Turkey (1802), 312–13; commercial rivalry with Britain, 327; N rebuilds economic and political power in peace period, 327–8; colonial empire, 328–31; expansion and population, 337; Britain declares war on (1803), 338; royalists arrested and condemned to death, 342–7; fear of royalist return, 349; declared an empire, 351–2; popular reaction to N as emperor, 353; offices, titles, ceremonies and symbols, 358; plebiscite on change to imperial regime, 358–9; revolutionary ceremonies and symbols phased out, 358; and hereditary nature of monarchy, 359; financial crisis (1805–6), 380, 386–8; imperial status, 397; peace negotiations with Britain and Russia (1806), 401; retains established military equipment, 464; penal and policing system under Savary, 482–3; condition of navy, 490–1; Empire expands on Continent and declines overseas, 490; industry and agriculture, 490; roads and communications developed, 490; economic problems, 491–3; trade with Britain, 493; vulnerability, 499; Prussia declares war on (1813), 552; discontent under Bourbon restoration, 604; see also French Revolution
Francis I, Emperor of Austria (Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor), 130, 277; title, 353; letter from N on Joseph’s accession to throne of Italy, 371; N warns, 374; declines N’s peace offer, 379; abandons coalition after Austerlitz, 384; loses territory under Treaty of Pressburg, 385; delays recognising Joseph as King of Spain, 436; prepares for war against N, 444; and Treaty of Vienna, 468; and impending war between Russia and France, 497; N hopes for support from, 552; N suggests making separate peace, 579, 581; readiness to support accession of N’s son, 592; letter from N on return from Elba, 612; cares for grandson Napoleon II, 629
François, Captain Charles, 540
Frankfurt proposals and Declaration (1813), 576–7
Franklin, Benjamin: as ‘man of genius’, 212
Frederick Augustus, King of Saxony, 416, 439, 510, 513, 546, 557, 569, 571
Frederick I, King (earlier Elector) of Württemberg, 377, 384–6, 403, 458, 468–9, 489, 510, 629
Frederick William II, King of Prussia: supports Louis XVI, 298; congratulates N on becoming emperor, 353; undecided allegiance, 380; and peace negotiations (1806), 401–3, 405; at Auerstadt, 404; signs Convention of Bartenstein (1807), 413; Alexander supports, 414; at Tilsit, 415–16; N disdains, 416; letter to N unanswered, 419; meets N at Dresden, 516; joins allies in war against France, 551–2; invades Saxony with Russians, 556; sense of honour, 556; wary of invading France, 576
Frederik VI, King of Denmark, 547
Freemasonry, 322
French Revolution (1789): conduct of, 1–2, 263; outbreak, 41–2; changed values and rejection of Christianity, 123; and mission civilatrice, 159; ideals, 264; and overthrow of feudalism in ancien régime, 293; symbols and commemorations end, 358; anti-clericalism, 433
Frénilly, François Auguste de, baron, 369
Fréron, Stanislas, 70, 72–3, 83, 96, 98, 105
Friedland, battle of (1807), 413–14
Frochot, Nicolas, 549
Frotté, Louis de, 249
Fructidor coup (1797), 163–4
Fuseli, Henry, 325
Gallo, Marzio Mastrilli, Marchese de, 158, 164–6
Ganteaume, Rear-Admiral Honoré, 206–7
Gardanne, General Gaspard Amédée, 235, 437
Garrau, Pierre-Anselme, 145, 149
Gasparin, Thomas, 67, 70, 72
Gassendi, Jean-Jacques, 70, 79
Gaudin, Martin, 237, 245, 267, 285, 460, 608
Gaza, 198
Gendarmerie, 321
Geneva: N visits, 167, 272–3
Genoa, 274–5, 373
Gentz, Friedrich von, 353
George III, King of Great Britain, 81, 268, 312, 340, 350, 371, 442
George, Marguerite Josephine, 341, 563
Gérard, François, 527, 532
Germany: boundary changes, 426; and Austria’s war with N, 449, 456; emancipation hopes, 457; N’s policy in, 457, 459; hostility to N, 552; see also Confederation of the Rhine
Ghilini, Christine, 468
Girardin, Stanislas, 283
Girodet, Anne-Louis, 128
Girondins, 64–5
Giubega, Lorenzo, 16, 41
Globbo Patriotico (Patriotic Club of Ajaccio), 46
Godoy, Manuel, 413, 424, 429–30
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 124, 440, 488, 642
Gohier, Louis-Jérôme, 214–15, 218, 220, 225–6
Golfe Juan, 606
Gossec, François-Joseph, 3
Gourgaud, General Gaspard, baron, 626, 628, 630–1, 639
Gouvion Saint-Cyr, General Laurent, 317, 514, 567, 569
Grande Armée, La: formed from Army of England, 375–6; marches against Austria, 377; behaviour, 378–9; foreign contingents, 465, 505; in war against Russia, 505, 508; strength in Russian campaign, 514; and difficult conditions during advance into Russia, 517, 519–22; in retreat from Moscow, 535–43; casualties and losses in Russian campaign, 547–8
Grassini, Giuseppina, 125, 274, 278, 279, 304, 475
Great Powers (Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria), 583
Greathead, Bertie, 326
Grégoire, Henri, abbé, 307, 319, 350
Grenoble, 607
Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron, 268–9, 396
Gribeauval, General Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de, 33
Gros, Antoine, 154, 356, 444
Grossbeeren, battle of (1813), 567–8
Grouchy, Marshal Emmanuel, marquis de: in Russian campaign, 520; overcomes Angoulême at Lyon, 609; at Waterloo, 616–18
Guadeloupe, 328, 330–1
Gudin, Charles-Étienne de, 22
Guibert, General Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, comte de, 33
Guides, 162
Guingené, Pierre Louis, 613
Hanover: N orders invasion of, 339; annexed by Prussia, 385, 401
Hanseatic ports: N annexes, 497
Hardenberg, Karl August, Baron (later Prince) von, 401, 552, 560, 568
Hatzfeld, Prince Franz Ludwig von, 404, 548, 552
Haugwitz, Count Christian von, 381
Hawkesbury, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Baron see Liverpool, 2nd Earl of
Heilsberg, battle of (1807), 464
Heine, Heinrich, 502, 643
Heliopolis, 269
Helvetic Republic and Confederation, 297, 334, 573; see also Switzerland
Hesse-Darmstadt, Ludwig I, Grand Duke of, 510
Hobart, Robert, Baron, 334
Hoche, General Lazare, 83, 93, 99–101, 143, 150, 157, 159; death, 164, 167
Hofer, Andreas, 449
Hohenlinden, battle of (1800), 294
Hohenlohe, Prince Louis Aloysius, 404
Holland: France invades, 211; kingdom created with Louis as king, 396–8, 477; e
conomy, 477, 478; Louis gives up throne, 478; N closes frontiers with France and imposes demands, 478; N incorporates into France, 479
Holland, Elizabeth, Lady, 636
Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3rd Baron, 636, 639
Holy Roman Empire: reorganised, 297, 333, 342, 353
Homer: Odyssey, 178
Hompesch, Ferdinand von, 179–80
Hood, Admiral Samuel, 1st Viscount, 65, 67, 72
Hope (London banking house), 388
Hoppner, John, 325
Hostages, Law of: N repeals, 239
Hubert (N’s valet), 593–4
Hulot, Madame (Moreau’s mother), 294
Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 3
‘Hundred Days, the’, 624
Hyde de Neuville, Jean-Guillaume, baron, 248, 267, 283, 295
Iberian Peninsula: cost of war, 491
Ibrahim Pasha, 188
Ideologues, 218, 239, 306
Ilari, Camilla Carbon, 17, 364
Illyria, 572
Inconstant (French brig), 605–6
India: French interests in, 160, 330, 334–5; N proposes joint offensive with Russia against, 437
Institute of Arts and Sciences, 171, 239, 248, 360
Ionian Islands, 416
Ireland: Act of Union with Britain (1801), 301; N plans invasion of, 364
Isabey, Jean-Baptiste, 304
Italy: campaign in, 103–4, 111, 121–2, 128–9, 134–5; effect of N’s administration in, 126–8; plundered by French, 128; N’s plans for northern republic, 159; N offers throne to brothers, 364–5, 371–2; N crowned King, 372–3; N extends Civil Code to, 426; and N’s strategic policy, 462
Jabłonowski, Władysław, 27
Jackson, Francis James, 353
Jacob, Georges, 214
Jacobin Club: N closes down, 97
Jacobins: hostility to N, 8, 219; and Corsican Globbo Patriotico, 46; terrorise Toulon, 64; reaction against, 65; and Paris riots, 83; hopes for N’s restoring Republic, 218; and Brumaire coup, 227, 229, 235; consuls’ policy on, 238–9; N regards as threat, 283, 295
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