by Susan Bordo
61. From Sharon Jansen’s introduction to France 2004, 8.
62. France 2004, 51.
63. Vives 2000, 127.
64. Ibid., 105.
65. Ibid., 55, 57.
66. Ibid., 131.
67. Ibid, 132.
68. Ibid., 178–9.
69. Ibid., 245, 255.
70. Castiglione 1903, 176–77.
71. Ibid., 177.
72. Ibid., 179.
73. Ibid., 180.
74. Ibid., 179.
75. This was important not just to fulfill ideals of feminine conduct, but because her official function was to serve as a lady-in-waiting to a princess or queen.
76. A. Jones 1987, 45.
77. Cavendish 1905, 35.
78. Tyndale 2000, 184.
79. Lorenzo Campeggio wrote Rome that Henry knew more about the Bible than a great theologian, and the French ambassador Guillaume du Bellay reported to France that the king needed no lawyer since he understood the case so well. Henry more than once tried to persuade Thomas More, pointing out the key texts in the Bible from which he had concluded that his marriage to Katherine was unlawful.
80. Starkey 2004, 285.
81. Ibid., 285–86.
3. In Love (or Something Like It)
1. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/5194183/Love-letter-from-Henry-VIII-to-Anne-Boleyn-on-display-for-first-time.html.
2. Letter 16, Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn, in Norton 2011, 45.
3. Letter 5, Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn, in Norton 2011, 42.
4. Ibid.
5. Hirst 2007, 304.
6. Ibid., 307.
7. Ibid., 199.
8. Weir 1991, 173–74.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 174.
11. Letter 5, Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn, in Norton 2011, 42.
12. Letter 14, Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn, in Norton 2011, 45.
13. Michael Hirst, interview with author, telephone, Lexington, KY, April 28, 2011.
14. Letter 16, Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn, in Norton 2011, 45.
15. It’s not known just how rapacious Henry was. Kelly Hart’s recent The Mistresses of Henry VIII says we can be certain of Lady Anne Stafford, Bessie Blount (who provided Henry with a son), Mary Boleyn, and Mary Shelton, and we “can confidently add” Jane Popincourt, Elizabeth Carew, Etiennette de la Baume, Elizabeth Amandas, and Mary Skipforth, and “there were undoubtedly many, many more” (199). Other historians argue that we can only really be sure of Bessie Blount and Mary Boleyn, and that Henry’s sexual antics never approached those of Francis I.
16. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: April 1533, 11–20,” Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 6: 1533, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=77546.
17. Ibid.
18. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: April 1536, 1–20,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87958.
19. Stone 1979, 78.
20. From Henry VIII: Mind of a Tyrant (2009), directed by David Sington.
21. Hutchinson 2011, 133–34.
22. Bordo 1987, 49–53, from Stephen Toulmin, “The Inwardness of Mental Life,” Critical Inquiry 6: 1–16.
23. Ibid., 53, from Owen Barfield, Saving the Appearances: A Study in Idolatry (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1965).
24. Smith 1971, 57.
25. Letter 1, Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn, in Norton 2011, 41.
26. Even in his letters to Anne, Henry frequently cuts it short, claiming it’s “for lack of time,” “for fear of tiring you,” “for want of room,” etc.
27. Mattingly 1960, 121.
28. Wilson 2003, 71.
29. Rawdon Brown (editor), “Venice: July 1517,” Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 2: 1509–1519, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=94239.
30. Castiglione 1903, 217.
31. Capellanus 1960, 185–6.
32. Malory 2001, 458.
33. Wyatt 1858, 174–5.
34. “Circa Regna Tonat,” in Norton 2011, 237.
35. Letter 4, Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn in Norton 2011, 42.
36. Henry VIII to Ferdinand of Aragon, July 26, 1509, in Byrne 1968, 11.
37. Ridley 1985, 176.
38. Letter 10, Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn, in Norton 2011, 44.
39. Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Wolsey, in Norton 2011, 47–8.
40. Henry VIII to Cardinal Wolsey, in Norton 2011, 48.
41. Weir 1991, 207.
42. David Loades, breaking with the Anne-blaming posture of most histories, writes: “Anne had no incentive to undermine Wolsey’s position with the King as long as he seemed to be the most likely person to secure the annulment of Henry’s marriage. Once he had demonstrated his inability to deliver that prize, the King’s indignation scarcely needed stimulation . . . The idea that [Anne] was masterminding a powerful anti-Wolsey coalition, including the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, seems to have originated in the fertile mind of Inigo de Mendoza, the imperial ambassador, although Cavendish also believed it many years later.” (Loades 2009, 51.)
43. Henry VIII to Cardinal Wolsey, in Norton 2011, 48.
4. A Perfect Storm
1. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: October 1532, 1–10,” Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 5: 1531–1532, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=77494.
2. Ives 2005, 159–60.
3. Ibid., 160.
4. Weir 1991, 151. According to Weir, Francis wrote of Anne: “Venus était blonde, on m’a dit:/L’on voit bien, qu’elle est brunette.” I have not been able to substantiate this quote, however.
5. Massie 2008, 68.
6. Ibid.
7. Ives 2005, 160. The Manner of the Triumph at Calais and Boulogne was printed by Wynkyn de Worde.
8. Ibid., 182.
9. Ibid., 183.
10. Fraser 1993, 220.
11. Weir 1991, 303.
12. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: September 1533, 1–10,” Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 6: 1533, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=77567.
13. Rival 1971, 116.
14. Lofts 1963, 279.
15. Gregory 2007, 487.
16. Fraser 1993, 199.
17. Starkey 2004, 508.
18. Ives 2005, 184.
19. Borman 2009, 21.
20. Loades 2009, 66.
21. Borman 2009, 25.
22. Perry 1999, 5.
23. Ibid.
24. Starkey 2004, 511.
25. Ibid.
26. Strickland and Strickland 1864, 652.
27. Leti 2010, 97.
28. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: September 1533, 1–10,” Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 6: 1533, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=77567.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Wilson 2003, 384.
32. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: December 1533, 16–25,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 4, Part 2: 1531–1533, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87796.
33. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: September 1534, 1–30,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 1: 1534–1535, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87904.
34. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: October 1534, 1–15,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 1: 1534–1535, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87905.
35. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: October 1534, 16–20,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 1: 1534–1535, British History Online, http://www.b
ritish-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87906.
36. Ives 2005, 194.
37. Weir 2010, 230.
38. Ives 2005, 196.
39. Starkey 2008, 330.
40. Stjerna 2009, 152.
41. Carley 2004, 8.
42. Freeman 1995, 819.
43. Bordo 1987, 128–29.
44. Knecht 2008, 231.
45. Jansen 2002, 1.
46. Jansen 2008, 15.
47. For more on this famous stance taken by Elizabeth I, see Levine 1994.
48. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: April 1536, 1–20,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87958.
49. Froude 1891, 384.
50. Loades 2009, 69.
51. Weir 2010, 230.
52. Jordan 1990, 122.
53. Ibid., 123.
54. Weir 2010, 230.
55. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: October 1534, 21–31,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 1: 1534–1535, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87907.
56. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: October 1534, 21–31,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 1: 1534–1535, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87907.
57. de Carles 1927, 234; Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: October 1534, 21–31,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 1: 1534–1535, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87907.
58. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: October 1534, 21–31,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 1: 1534–1535, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87907.
59. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: June 1535, 1–15,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 1: 1534–1535, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87920.
60. Fraser 1993, 219.
61. Hutchinson 2007, 42.
62. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: June 1535, 1–15,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 1: 1534–1535, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87920.
63. Wilson 2003, 386.
64. Ibid., 385.
65. Ives 2005, 295.
66. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: January 1536, 21–31,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87953.
67. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: April 1536, 1–20,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87958.
68. Ibid.
69. Ives 2005, 298.
70. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: February 1536, 21–29,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87956.
71. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: February 1536, 16–20,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87955.
72. Ives 2005, 302.
73. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: April 1536, 1–20,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87958.
74. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: December 1533, 16–25,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 4, Part 2: 1531–1533, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87796.
75. Weir 1991, 309.
76. Ives 2005, 312.
77. Ibid., 315.
78. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: April 1536, 21–25,” Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75427.
79. Weir 2010, 95.
80. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: May 1536, 1–15,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87960.
81. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: May 1536, 1–15,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87960.
82. Weir 2010, 123.
5. The Tower and the Scaffold
1. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: May 1536, 1–15,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87960.
2. Ibid.
3. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: May 1536, 1–10,” Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75429.
4. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: May 1536, 26–31,” Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75433.
5. Ibid.
6. William Kingston to Lord Cromwell, in Norton 2011, 245.
7. Ibid., 246. Modern spelling applied.
8. Ibid. Modern spelling applied.
9. Wilson 2003, 375.
10. Sir William Kingston to Lord Cromwell, in Norton 2011, 246.
11. Lindsey 1995, 122.
12. Lipscomb 2009, 82.
13. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: May 1536, 11–15,” Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75430.
14. Weir 2010, 235.
15. Wyatt 1817, 446.
16. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: June 1536, 1–5,” Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75435.
17. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: May 1536, 1–10,” Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75429.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Norton 2011, 34.
21. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: May 1536, 11–15,” Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75430.
22. Weir 2010, 203.
23. Contributed by Natalie Sweet, “May 12, 1536,” http://thecreationofanneboleyn.wordpress.com/2011/06/27/may-12-1536-the-trial-of-mark-smeaton-henry-norris-francis-weston-and-william-brereton/ (accessed June 27, 2011).
24. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: May 1536, 16–20,” Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75431.
25. Ibid.
26. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: May 1536, 16–31,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87961.
27. Lipscomb 2009, 88–89.
28. Ibid., 89.
29. Weir 2010, 212.
30. Ibid., 219.
31. Ibid., 121.
32. Sir William Kingston to Lord Cromwell, in Norton 2011, 246. Modern spelling applied.
33. Ibid. Modern spelling applied.
34. Weir 2010, 223. Note that John Guy, in his review of Weir’s book (The Lady in the Tower: The Fall of Anne Boleyn, November 1, 2009, http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/culture/books/non_fiction/article188852.ece), claims that de Milherve and Lancelot de Carles have been shown by French
scholars to be the same person.
35. Ibid.
36. Weir 2010, 225. Weir is quoting here from Jane Dunn, Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens, London: HarperCollins, 2003.
37. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: May 1536, 16–20,” Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75431.
38. Weir 2010, 230.
39. Sir William Kingston to Lord Cromwell, in Norton 2011, 246. Modern spelling applied.
40. Ibid.
41. Norton 2011, 256–7.
42. Ives 2005, 58.
43. Ibid.
44. Ellis 1824, 53.
45. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: May 1536, 16–31,” Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87961.
46. Sir William Kingston to Lord Cromwell, in Norton 2011, 248. Modern spelling applied.
47. Ibid. Modern spelling applied.
48. Ibid. Modern spelling applied.
49. Ibid. Modern spelling applied.
50. Ibid., 249. Modern spelling applied.
51. Weir 2010, 267.
52. Norton 2011, 225.
53. D’Aubigné 1869, 193.
54. Norton 2011, 267.
55. Norton 2011, 261. Modern spelling applied.
56. Ibid., 265.
57. Weir 2010, 285.
58. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: June 1536, 1–5,” Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75435.
59. Thomas 1995, 105.
60. Ibid.
61. Dostoevsky 2008.
6. Henry: How Could He Do It?
1. Weir, 2010, 121.
2. Elton 1977, 71.
3. Lipscomb 2009, 87.
4. “Henry VIII and Miscarriage” 2011. Note that all but the first pregnancy between a Kell positive man and a Kell negative woman—which Anne Boleyn and Katherine of Aragon might have been—are vulnerable to miscarriages.
