Historical Survey of the County Of Cornwall, 1817
In the month of March 1761, some tinners being employed on a new mine, in the neighbourhood of
Tregoney, one of them struck his pick-axe on a large stone coffin, on the lid of which were some
characters, but so much defaced, as to be unintelligible. On opening it was found the skeleton of a man
of gigantic size, but on being touched, the whole of it mouldered into dust, except one tooth, which
remained entire. This tooth measured two inches and an half in length, and was thick in proportion.
The length of this coffin was eleven feet three inches, and the depth three feet nine inches.
Early 19th
century excavation of a burial mound in England. From Historical Survey of the County Of Cornwall, 1817 A Description of Caerarvinshire by Edmund Hyde Hall 1952
About a mile and a half from the church, close upon the road to Nefyn, stands a small tumulus
surmounted with a stone of memorial of stele, called Pen y Maen Carnedd. The evidence, coupled with
tradition, in favour of this place is supposed to rest upon the discovery of the bones of a large sized
man in a grave said to be still dimly visible.
A Description of Caerarvinshire , 1952
Upon Mynnyd yr Ystym, a secondary hill above the house of Bodwrda, is a British post with a
double agger and ditch. The diameter of the outer circle is about three hundred yards, and that of the
smaller or inner about one hundred and eighty. The gates or gangways open towards the east and west,
and near the last stands a stone memorial. A little below the spot towards the west is seen a heap of
stones known by the name of the Giants Grave, in which, if I am not misinformed, were found upon
opening it some time ago a congeries of human bones.
The History of Galloway, 1851
Nature seems to have been peculiarly profuse in its bounties to the Celtic nations. Their persons
were large, robust, and well-formed; and they excelled in running, wrestling, climbing, and swimming.
Both history and tradition assert these facts; and from the writings of Tacitus they receive extensive
corroboration. Strabo mentions the Britons as taller in stature than the Gauls, and as differing a little
from them in the colour of their hair. "For proof of their tallness," he says, "I myself saw very youths
taller, by half a foot, than the tallest men." Besides, in some of the sepulcher remains of the earliest
inhabitants of North Britain, have been discovered human bones of a large size. In a cairn about a mile
from Ardoch, in Perthshire, there was found a stone coffin, containing a human skeleton about seven
feet long. Some years ago, upon opening a barrow in the parish of Kirkmabreck, in the Stewarty of
Kirkcudbright, a stone coffin presented itself, in which was a human skeleton, much above the ordinary
size. A sepulchral tumulis was opened at Elie, in Fifeshire, which exhibited some very large human
bones. In the parish of Logie, in Forfarshire, two tumuli were opened, in which, was a skeleton of
extraordinary dimensions; the bones were of a dark yellow colour, and very brittle: The other tumulus
presented four skeletons possessing exceedingly large bones: a black ring was found near them,
apparently made for the very thick wrist.
The Britons, and consequently the primitive inhabitants of Galloway, wore little, or no clothing.
According to the testimony of Julius Ceaser, they painted themselves with woad, which imparted a
bluish colour to the skin, and a hideous appearance to their persons. Herosain says, they dyed their
skins in such a mannner as to represent the figures of beasts, and wore no clothes. Ovid calls them
"virides Britannos:" Martial, "Pictos Britannos:" and Lucan, when speaking of them, uses the words
"flavis Britannis."
History of the County of Fife , 1815
The mode of sepulture adopted by these aborigines, is also worthy of observation. During the
existence of paganism they were in the practice of burning their dead; but after their conversion to
Christianity, they appear to have relinquished this mode, and to have adopted inhumation. Evidence of
both of these methods still reamains in different parts of Scotland, though the progress of agricultural
improvement has recently rendered the appearance of this much less frequent than it formerly was.
The Barrows, Cairns, Cistvaens, and Urns, which have been so often the subject of antiquarian
examination and research, are the sepulchral remains of these early Celtic tribes. These remains have
been found if Fife as in other parts of North Britain; though in all probability its early advance in
agriculture removed many of them, previous to the time when they became objects of attention. In the
parish of Cupar, a barrow was opened some years ago, in which were found several heads of battleaxes, formed ov very hard white colered stone, neatly shaped, carved and polished. In the parish of
Kettle, on a hill called the Knock of Cleish, a cistvaen was also found containing human bones and
trinkets, with the brass head of a spear. Near Elie there was a sepulchral tumulus which when opened
was found to contain several human bones of large size.
Woodland Daily Democrat (Woodland California) March 13, 1890
A Gigantic Skeleton The following paragraph from the Dublin Freeman’s Journal of August 1812 seems to show that men of gigantic stature were not unknown in Ireland in prehistoric times. It is not a little surprising, considering our veneration for Irish antiquities, that no notice should be taken of the skeleton recently disinterred at Leixlip. This extraordinary monument of a gigantic human stature was found by two laborers in Leixlip churchyard on Friday, the [...] when making a kind of sewer, near Salmon leap, for conveying water, by Mr. Haigh’s orders. It appears to have belonged to a man of not less than ten feet in height. It is believed to be the same mentioned by Keating-Phelim O’Tool, buried in Leixlip churchyard, near the Salmon leap, 1,272 years ago. In the same place was found to be a large finger ring of pure gold. There was no inscription of characters of any kind upon it, a circumstance to be lamented, as it might throw a clear light upon this interesting subject. Our correspondent saw one of the teeth, which was as large as an ordinary forefinger.
The History of Ireland, Commencing with its Earliest Period, 1843 The ruinous remains of a circular temple near Dundalk, formed a part, it is supposed of a great work like that of Stonehenge, being open, as we are told to the east, and composed of similar circles of stone within. One of the old English traditions respecting Stonehenge is, that the stones were transported thither from Ireland, having been brought to the latter country by giants from the extremities of Africa; and in the time of Giraldus Cambrensis there was still to be seen, as he tells, on the plain of Kildare, an immense monument of stones corresponding exactly in appearance and construction with that of Stonehenge.
Cymmroder Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1888
Exploration of another class of ancient tombs has brought to light the remains of an equally defined
race of widely different physical characteristics, which settled in remote antiquity upon the coast of
west and north-west Europe, and penetrated into our isles at long subsequent period. It came here as a
conqueror, and afterwards mixing with the people I have described. It was a tall race, large boned, and
presumably of great muscular strength; with a round skull, beetling eyebrows, promininant cheekbones
and massive jaws. Its affinities are a matter on which anthropologist are not agreed, and it is bur a bare
surmise which identifies it with the material of the earlier C
eltic or Goidelic immigration.
Portrait of The Isle of Man, 1958
The Clovin Stones or Giants Grave, Baldrin, Lonan, have always been a puzzle. The site is now
surrounded by houses and bungalows, so all that can be written about it must be taken from past
records. In the Swarbreck MS (1815) in Manx Museum it is recorded " Mr. Millburne informed us that
about seven years since, he with two or three miners opened the mound to the depth of five feet, and
discovered a human skull and some thigh bones, which from their uncommon size must have belonged
to a person of gigantic stature. When surveyed in 1865 a plan was drawn, showing it to be an almost
circular barrow, with two compartment gallery grave. On the N.E. edge of the barrow there are two
pillars 6 to 7 feet high, which presumably formed the entrance approach to the chambers. The taller
stone is split from top to bottom along a cleavage line of the stone apparently while it was in situ. But
the split has given rise to many traditions, the one most often told being that on this stone King Orry
tried the strength of his sword, and presumably the strength of his arm, for he split it at a single blow.
The History of Powys Fadog, 1885
The oblong tumuli or long barrows that are found in almost all parts of the kingdom are the burial
places of those inhabitants of this island who lived in the Neolithic age. The bones found in these
tumuli were those of a short dolichocephalic race- that is, a race whose skulls were long and narrowand the implements buried with them were either of stone or flint. The skeletons resemble in all
respects those found in the graves of Gibralter, an account of which has been given in a work entitled
"Cave Hunting", by Professor Boyd Dawkins, who states that these remains are those of the ancient
Iberians, who in ancient times crossed over from Spain and occupied Britain. From the sepulcher
discoveries, it appears that the Neolithic tribes occupied the whole of Britain themselves for perhaps
many ages. All the short and dark races, such as Silurians, whether long headed or round-skulls, are
treated as descendants of a primitive non-Aryan stock including "broad-headed Welshman, and the
broad-headed dark Frenchman, and connected by blood not only with the modern Basque, but with the
ancient and little known Ligurian and Etruscan races.
Subsequently, however, the Neolithic tribes were invaded by men of a different race, whose remains
we find buried in round barrows. From these remains we find that the invaders were a tall race of men,
with short, round, or brachycephalic skulls, and that all their weapons were made of bronze. These
bronze weapons are always found buried with them, whether we find them buried with the Neolithic
race, or separately in their round tumuli.
The Scottish Gael, 1876
The strong and robust bodies of the Celtae, their comeliness and great strength, have been remarked
by all ancient authors who have had occasion to notice them. These qualifications must have been
produced by a sufficient supply of food, by their temperance, and by the freedom and activity of their
lives: hunting, pasturage, agriculture, and athletic amusements, being almost their sole occupation,
when not engaged in warfare.
Both Celts and Germans were remarkably tall. They surpassed all other men in stature; and the
largest, who were called Barenses, inhabited the extreme and most cold parts. The lowest of the
Germans were taller than the tallest Romans. Hieronymus says, Gaul always abounded in great and
strong men, who were wont to ridicule other people on their diminutive size. The Senones were
particularly remarkable, being terrible for their astonishing bigness and vast arms. The Insubres are
described as more than human. The Britons appear to have exceeded even the Gauls in height. Tacitus
remarks the large limbs of the Caledonians; and some prisoners that Caesar carried to Rome, were
exhibited as curiosities for their prodigious size. Strabo indeed says, that he had seen British young
men at Rome, who stood half-afoot above the tallest men; The Celts were, however generally admired
for their fine figures, as we learn from Polybius, Arrian, and other. Tacitus notices the advantage,
which this height gave the enemy on occasion of crossing a river: while the Romans were in risk of
being swept away, the Germans could keep themselves easily above the water. These people were
celebrated for their strength, their stature, and their sinewy bodies, the Romans being certainly of
inferior size compared with the barbarians...
Tall as the Celtae generally were, the princes and chief men usually exceeded the common people,
both in stature and strength; for beauty and stateliness of person were generally characteristics of
nobility in early society, and naturally proceeded from the constitution of a rude community, where
superior strength and warlike accomplishments are the only recommendations in a chief or leader, and
as they intermarry with families enjoying similar advantages, the race does not degenerate.
Prehistoric Mining in North America
Extensive ancient mines have been discovered in the Great Lakes region that have never been
recognized as the works of the later Europeans. The ruins are a testament of the great effort that was
employed to extract copper, lead and oil. Historical accounts of canals extending many miles, are the
remnants of a once busseling commerce in North America.
The most extensive mines are found in the Lake Superior region of Isles St. Royal. Massive amounts
of copper was removed from this region, with no evidence of its final destination. Copper artifacts are
found the extent of the Great Lakes region associated with the Copper People. The artifacts date from
2700 B.C – 1500 B.C., which corresponds to the Megalithic and subsequent Beaker Culture influence
in the British Isles and northern Europe and also with the Early to Late Bronze Age. Tanged and
socketed daggers and spears were manufactured by the Copper people, but the amount of artifacts
found doesn't come close to accounting for all of the copper removed from Isle St. Royal.
The weapons found that are associated with the Copper Culture are identical to what was being
manufactured for the Hittite and Egyptian armies. The earliest of these weapons were the tanged
daggers, that were made of copper before transitioning to bronze. There have been a few historians
that have reported finding bronze weapons, but this is a rarity, most were of copper. An explanation of
why bronze weapons were not found in greater numbers would be consistent with Phoenician/Amorites
foreign trade policy that required the latest in weapons technology would not be shared in areas where
mineral resources were being exploited.
This is an implement sequence from the Middle to Late Archaic Periods from Archaeology of the Northeastern United States, MacNeish, 1952. The tanged and socketed daggers and spear heads shown were made from copper. How did weapons technology go instantaneously from Stone Age to Bronze Age?
Wisconsin surface find of a copper “tanged dagger” with a pronounced mid-rib for additional strength. It is more typical for a civilization or people to first produce metals into ornaments before making tools or weapons. Looking at these weapons in a global perspective in order to date when they were manufactured; the copper tanged dagger and spearheads were developed around 2,700 B.C in the Mid-East. By 2,000 B.C. the mid-rib becomes prevalent dagger and spear type. From The Wisconsin Archaeologists, Vol. 48
Spearheads from Wisconsin with a socket for hafting to a shaft. The socket was a revolutionary invention, not only for battle, but also for farming. The socket was in use in the Middle East around 1500 B.C. At about the same time mining ceased in the Lake Superior region. The Wisconsin Archaeologists, Vol. 48
An improvement on the socketed spear heads was the addition of rivit holes for reinforcing the attachment to the spear. These spear heads were found in Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Archaeologists, Vol. 48
The Copper Culture is within the Lake Forest Tradition, that also includes another sub group or
“phase” called the Brewerton. Their remains have been dated from 3,000-2,500B.C. William Ritchie
formulated the Brewerton Phase of the Lake Forest Tradition in the 1930s. According to Ritchie, the
distribution was chiefly in New York and southern Ontario. Associated with the Brewerton are winged
bannerstones, polished gouges, adzes, celts, slate arrows and spears, plummets, bone awls gouges,
mullers and shallow mortars. Many times, copper weapons are found within their burials.
The slate arrows, bone awls and plummets are similar to those associated with the Maritime Archaic.
There is some evidence that the Brewerton may represent early Allegewi. Their head types
(brachycephalic) are the same, as is their gigantic stature. A Brewerton point was found in the
Allegewi, Daines mound in Athens County, Ohio.
Skeletal reamains of the Brewerton are slight, however one of these burials was discovered in New
York that has similarities with the later Allegewi. These similarities being large skeletons that were
extended, and in a spoked position within the burial vault. The copper weapons from the burial would
date them much earlier than the accepted beginning of the Allegewi mounds in the Ohio valley, that
date around 1000 B.C. History of New York, from "Prehistoric Man," 1877
In 1856, Dr. Thomas Reynolds of Brockville exhibited to the Canadian Institute a collection of
The Nephilim Chronicles: Fallen Angels in the Ohio Valley Page 20
