by Todd Gordon
peasant, 6, 14, 28, 70, 107, 130, 159, 202, 213, 272
communities 10, 179, 185, 190–1, 193, 201, 214, 218–20
cooperatives, 40
dispossessed, 10–11, 39–40, 90, 109, 144, 150, 153–6, 161,172, 175, 181, 188, 282, 285
militancy, 35, 62–3, 115, 120, 151, 203, 222
mobilization, 12, 35, 60, 157–8, 163, 194
movement, 37, 42–3, 61, 188, 201
murders, 48, 59, 109–10, 152, 161, 189
organizations, 37, 43, 46, 88, 92
Pellegrini, Mayte, 142
Pérez, Gregoria, 114
Pérez–Balladares, Ernesto, 140
Pérez Molina, Otto, 92, 94, 104, 107, 110, 254
periphery, 7
Perla Jr., Héctor, 125
Peru, 6, 25–32, 148, 164, 180–207, 210, 212, 218, 240, 268, 270–1, 274–5, 286
PeruCan, 205–6
Petaquilla Minerals, 141–2
Petare, 244
PetroCanada, 245
PetroCaribe, 246
Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA), 164–5
petroleum, 150, 180, 251
Petrominerales Ltd., 164, 166
petro-state, 250
Physicians for Human Rights, 98
Pierina gold mine, 196–7, 202
Piura, 193–5
Placer Dome, 131, 245
Plan Colombia, 32, 151, 179
Plan Panamex, 143–4
Plan Puebla Panamá, 97,
plantations, 33, 35, 42–3, 91
PLN, see Partido Liberación Nacional—PLN
Plurinational Parliament, 215
PNC, see Policía Nacional Civil
Policía Nacional Civil (National Civil Police), 120
Policy Potential Index (PPI), 193
political economy, 29, 34, 39, 64, 86, 91, 107, 129, 152, 186, 192, 246, 282–3
pollution, 28, 70, 126–7, 166, 185
Polochic Valley, 109–10
polyarchy, 91, 261
Poole, Deborah, 189
poor,
Popular Tribunal Against Extractive Policies in Colombia, 166–7
Port-au-Prince, 246–7
Portillo, Alfonso, 92, 109
Portugal, 6
poverty, see also poor, 10–11, 25, 39, 41, 45–6, 50–1, 83–4, 91–2, 97–8, 107, 113, 135, 143, 150, 153–4, 159, 182–3, 198, 207, 216, 247–8, 251, 257, 282
PPI, see Policy Potential Index
PRE, see Pacific Rubiales Energy
Precautionary Measure, 100–2
Préval, René, 246–7
prison, 44, 109–10, 215
privatization, 9, 15, 39, 43, 46, 63, 78, 108–9, 120–1, 129, 131, 151, 190, 214, 280
Privy Council Office, 132–3, 247
Procuraduría para la Defensa de Derecho Humanos (Attorney General for the Defence of Human Rights–El Salvador), 127
profit, 3, 5, 8–11, 17, 19, 21, 59, 149, 177, 191, 204, 210, 232, 234, 239, 242, 271 279, 284–5
Programa Venezolano de Educacion-Accion en Derechos Humanos (PROVEA), 265
proletariat, 11, 14, 39, 107, 243
lumpen-, 43
PRONICARAGUA, see Agencia de Promoción de Inversiones de Nicaragua
property, 6, 12–15, 20–1, 24, 33, 71, 75–6, 87, 104, 114, 122, 131, 153, 161–2, 168, 173, 176–7, 190–1, 224, 245, 284
Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC), 19, 97, 102, 128, 137, 175, 230, 235–6
PROVEA, see Programa Venezolano de Educacion-Accion en Derechos Humanos
Proyecto de Asistencia Técnica para la Gestión Ambiental (Project for Technical Assistance in Environmental Management, Peru), 217
Proyecto para el Desarrollo Minero y Control Ambiental (Project for Mining Development and Environmental Control, Peru), 217
Public Safety Canada, 281
Pueblo Viejo mine, 281–2
Puerto Gaitán, 166–7
Puno region, 199
PUSC, see Partido Unidad Social Cristiana
Quechua, 203
Quiché, 107
Quichua, 213–15
Quimsacocha, 238
Quintanilla, Father Luis, 123
Quiport, 234–5
race, 186–9, 219,
racism, 9–11, 89–90, 117, 186–9, 208, 215, 284
Radio Victoria, 123
Radius Gold, 105–6
Ramírez Cuellar, Francisco, 180
Rancho Grande, 138–9
rape, 85, 113–15, 130, 176, 189, 208, 250
RBC, see banks, Royal Bank of Canada
RCMP, see Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Reagan, Ronald, 36, 135
recession, 12, 15, 64, 83
Red Latinoamericana y del Caribe para la Democracia (Latin American and Caribbean Network for Democracy), 261
Red de Mujeres de Matagalpa (Network of Women of Matagalpa), 138
Red Muqui, 203
Red Sinti Techán (Sinti Techán Network), 121
red tape, 11, 190
Reeder, Neil, 51–60, 67–8, 76–8, 102, 132
redistribution, 35, 42–3, 75, 209, 211, 252
referendum, 47, 57, 117, 130, 163, 194–5, 203, 208–9, 213, 264
Regalado, María Luisa, 72–3
Regional Council of Indigenous Authorities of the Western Highlands, 112,
Reglamento General Sustitutivo del Reglamento General de la Ley de Minería (Replacement General Regulation of the Mining Law, Peru), 217
regulation, 10–11, 13, 26, 32, 45, 65, 67, 98–9, 129, 174, 179, 193, 206, 217, 232, 234, 279
Reina, Roberto, 39, 44
Reinel Restrepo, Father José, 169
relocation, 71–3, 117, 172, 193–4
Remedios, 170
Rénique, Gerardo, 188–90
Reporters Without Borders, 48
repression, 10, 25, 42, 47, 49–61, 64, 81, 86, 88–9, 96, 104–6, 112–15, 124–5, 138, 141, 157–61, 168, 176–7, 181, 188–9, 197–8, 215, 226, 233, 242, 251, 254, 257, 280, 284–5
Responsible Mining Council, 229
restitution, 178
revolt, 36, 141, 212–13
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), 151–2, 155–7, 165, 172–3, 253, 273
Reyes Romero, Antonio, 106
Rice, Condoleeza, 264–5
Richani, Nazih, 153–4
Rights and Democracy (NGO), 262
Ríos, Sergio, 137
Ríos Montt, Efraín (Gen.), 109
risk, 3, 99, 112, 165, 169, 172, 179, 201, 219, 221, 238, 264
Rivera, Marcelo, 123
Rivera, Ramiro, 123
Rivero, Jacobo, 243
RMM, see Red de Mujeres de Matagalpa
Robinson, William I., 91, 261
Rodríguez Aguilar, Amadeo de Jesus, 111
Rodríguez Becerra, Manuel, 170
Rodríguez Echeverría, Miguel, 129
Rogge, Malcom, 230–1
rondas campesinas, 201–4
Rosa Chávez, Herman, 125–6
Rosales, Manuel, 250
Ross, Oakland, 257
Rotonda, Alberto, 110–11
Roux, Rhina, 14–15
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), 21, 143, 280–1
royalties, 17, 93–4, 99, 103, 121–2, 136, 154, 179–80, 187, 191, 198, 205, 211, 232, 237–8
Rudas, Guillermo, 180
Rural Vigilance Cooperatives (Convivirs), 156
Sabaneta, 248
sabotage, 214–6
Saca, Antonio, 121, 125
Saca González, Elías, 123–4
Sacmuj (indigenous), 114
&n
bsp; San Albino-Murra, 139
San Andres, 71–2
San Agustín, 244
Sánchez, Álvaro, 112
Sánchez Anchochea, Diego, 129–30
Sandinistas, see Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN)
Sandoval, Ernesto, 44
San Félix, 141
San Francisco, 122
San Isidro, 122–3
San José del Golfo, 105–6
San Juan (Argentina), 279
San Juan de Kañaris, 203
San Lorenzo valley, 194
San Marcos (Guatemala), 97–8
San Marcos (Peru), 193, 201
San Martin, 65–6, 70–1
San Miguel Ixtahuacán, 100, 114
San Pedro Ayampuc, 105
San Pedro Sula, 39, 72
San Rafael Las Flores, 105, 110–11, 118
San Sebastián, 126–7
Santa Rosa de Copán, 72
Santander (department–Colombia), 170–2
Santi, Marlon, 215
Santos, Juan Carlos, 169
Santos, Juan Manuel, 152, 154, 156–8, 163, 171, 176, 254, 274
Santos, Samuel, 139–40
Santurbán, 170–1
Páramo, 171
San Xavier mine, 280
SAPs, see structural adjustment
Saudi Arabia, 37
SCFAID, see Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development
Schellenberger, Gary, 255
Schnoor, Steven, 115
schools, 26, 45, 92, 220, 249
School of the Americas, 36
scorched earth campaign, 89–90, 104
Scotiabank, see banks, Bank of Nova Scotia
Segovia, 169–70
Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), 188–91
Servicio Geológico Colombiano (Colombian Geological Service / Ingeominas), 174
SFU, see Simon Fraser University
Shaikh, Anwar, 11
shareholders, 4, 105, 111, 133
Sharma, Rafael, 148
Shisko, Andrew, 237, 239–40, 267, 270
shootings, 106, 114, 123–4, 198
Shuar (indigenous), 218–19, 235
Silvera, Omayra, 141
Simon Fraser University (SFU), 26
Sindicato de Trabajadores Mineros de Segovia y Remedios (Union of Mining Workers of Segovia and Remedios), 169–70
Singapore, 140–1
Sipakense, 98, 113–14, 117
Siria Valley, 70–1, 114
Siria Valley Defense Committee, 70–1
Skye Resources, 104–5, 115–16
slavery, 5, 186, 243
SNC Lavalin, 234
Snowden, Edward, 136, 211
social cleansing, 38, 44, 47, 120, 219
social movements, 28, 44, 60–1, 69, 111–12, 125–6, 143, 152, 212, 220, 225, 254, 260, 268, 271, 285
social spending, 83–4
socialism, 85, 136, 209, 246, 248–9
twenty-first century, 208–9, 246
soldiers, 36–7, 48, 82, 109, 113, 115, 173, 239, 266
Solway Group, 104–5
Somos Defensores (We Are Defenders), 178
Somozas, 135–6
Sosa, Milagros, 186
South Korea, 141
Spain, 265
speculators, 153, 226
standard of living, 7–8, 11, 17, 24–5, 59–60, 142–3, 180–1
Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development (SCFAID), 23, 50, 53, 73, 103, 247, 255, 263–5, 279
Stebbings, Rupert, 165
Stewart, Veronika, 25–7
Strategic Environmental Assessment, 126
strike, 35, 86, 92, 108, 130, 136–7, 157–8, 163, 165–7, 178, 192, 194–5, 201, 280
structural adjustment (SAPs), 7, 39–40, 90, 129, 183
students, 35, 37, 46, 52, 61, 89, 115, 189
Suárez, Luis, 222–3
Suazo Córdova, Rafaél, 36
subjugation, 6, 89
subsidies, 12, 26, 46, 70, 113, 122, 131, 218, 246, 249, 251
Sumak Kawsay, 213–14
Súmate, 264
Summit of the Americas, 143, 249
supply chains, 148
Supreme Court, 47, 57, 60, 66, 82, 133–5, 139, 141
Syria, 22
Tahltan Nation, 95, 225
Tahoe Resources, 105, 110–11, 115, 118
tailings, 98–9, 186
Taiwan, 37
takeover, 16, 131, 161
Talisman, 149, 168–9, 202
Tamayo, Padre, 44
Tambogrande, 193–200,
Tambogrande Defence Front, 194–5
Tanimuca, 173–4
Tauramena, 168
taxes, 8, 12, 17, 39, 69, 74, 121, 136–7, 154, 162, 180, 184, 191, 193, 196, 198, 205, 211, 231–4, 237–8, 279, 282
Taylor, Lewis, 201–2
TCA, see Administrative Disputes Tribunal
technology, 21, 95, 107, 148, 157, 172, 174–5, 226, 244, 261, 275
Tegucigalpa, 32–5, 39, 42, 44, 51–62, 66, 70, 76–7, 81, 83
Tegucigalpa–San José Accord, 33, 51–5, 57, 76, 81
telecommunications, 46, 56, 121, 130, 134, 136, 148, 151
Telfer, Ian, 103
Telus, 121–2
Tenesaca, Delfín, 216
terrorism, 28, 37, 111, 154–5, 168, 189–90, 215–16, 253, 271, 285
corporate, 116, 123–4, 150, 195
counter-, 22, 38, 189, 271–2
state, 38, 48, 89–90, 152, 155, 164, 272
textiles, 33, 65, 77
Tintaya-Marquiri, 193
Toledo, Alejandro, 192, 200–1, 205
Tongling Non-Ferrous Metals, 238
Toronto, 17, 97, 116, 137, 161, 164, 230, 234
Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE), 165–6, 221, 245
Totonicapán, 108
Toumani Touré, Amadou, 81
tourism, 33–4, 39–40, 46, 58, 60, 64–5, 74–6, 80, 91, 129, 144, 153
trade,
agreements, 19, 23, 34, 46, 59–60, 64, 76–82, 105, 114, 121–2, 129, 131, 136, 140, 149, 152, 175–8, 184, 197–8, 237, 246–7, 255, 273, 279, 281
free, 7, 19, 23, 34, 39, 46, 58–60, 64, 78, 80–2, 121–2, 131, 136, 140, 149, 152, 175, 178, 181, 184, 197, 240, 247, 255, 273, 279, 281
Transat Holiday, 76
transition, 34, 36, 38, 86, 91, 107, 118, 120, 135, 151
transnationals, see corporations, transnational
TRC, see Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Tremblay, Marianick, 127,
Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo (Administrative Disputes Tribunal—TCA), 132–5
Trinidad mine, 280
Trojan Horse, 179–81
Trudeau, Justin, 20, 142
Trujillo (Honduras), 64–5, 74–6
Trujillo, Rafael, 257
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC),
Honduras, 56–8
Peru, 189
TSE, see Toronto Stock Exchange
Tufts University, 99
UBC, see University of British Columbia
UES, see Unidad Ecológica Salvadoreña
UFC, see United Fruit Company
UN, see United Nations
Unda, Mario, 214
UNDP, see United Nations Development Program
Unete, see National Union of Workers
Unidad Ecológica Salvadoreña (Salvadoran Ecological Unity), 124, 127
Unidad Plurinacional de las Izquierdas (Plurinational Unity of the Lefts, UPI), 216
Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guat
emalteca (Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity), 89
Unifor, 166–7
Unión Nacional Opositora (United National Opposition) 135
Unión Patriótica (Patriotic Union—UP, Colombia), 151
unions, 35, 37, 40, 46, 52, 56, 61–2, 65, 71–3, 82, 86, 89, 116, 130, 135, 151–3, 160–2, 166–70, 177–80, 189, 214, 254, 281
United Nations Forestry Forum, 170
United Fruit Company (UFC), 34–5, 87
United Left coalition (Peru), 189
United Nations (U.N.), 33, 41, 48, 58, 75, 134, 235
U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 199–200
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 41
United Nations Human Development Index (HDI), 41
United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 41
United Nations University for Peace 134
United States (U.S.), 3, 5, 9, 11–12, 16, 21, 30, 33, 35–7, 39–40, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 83, 86–7, 90–2, 97, 105, 107–9, 122, 129–30, 133, 136–7, 139, 144, 149, 152, 188, 198, 204, 211, 214, 249–52, 256, 258, 261, 263–5, 268, 271–3, 279
Universidad de Azuay, 236
Universidad de Cuenca, 236
University of British Columbia (UBC), 26, 236
UP, see Unión Patriótica—UP, Colombia)
UPI, see Unidad Plurinacional de las Izquierdas
Uribe, Álvaro, 28, 152, 154–8, 160–2, 176–8, 254, 273
Uribe, Juan Gabriel, 174
Urkidi, Leire, 113–14
Uruguay, 87, 107, 157, 168, 203, 214
U.S., see United States
U.S.–CAFTA, SEE U.S.-Central American Free Trade Agreement
U.S.-Central American Free Trade Agreement (U.S.–CAFTA), 121–2, 124, 130–1, 136
Van Kesteren, Dave, 50–1, 103, 247, 255
Van Loan, Peter, 101
Vannessa Ventures, 131–2, 245
Vásquez Velásquez, Romeo Orlando (General), 47, 56
Vaupés (department), 173–4
Veladero Mine, 279
Velásquez, Teresa, 227
Venezuela, 2, 20, 29, 46, 49–50, 100, 103, 136, 156, 164–5, 168, 209–12, 243–75
National Assembly, 263–4
Venturo, Pablo, 137
Via Campesina, 42–3
Vicco, 193
Villacís, César, 220
Villacorta, Brenda, 63–4
Villáran, Susan, 205
Villeda, Mauricio, 82
wages, 10–11, 33, 35, 45–6, 65, 78, 89–90, 154, 166, 170, 280
Wampis, 198–9
Warintz, 218–19
Washington, 35, 57, 101, 216, 239, 262
Washington Consensus, 216–17, 262
waste, 9–10, 104, 131, 169
water,
access, 91, 99, 126, 171, 201
contamination, 66–7, 69–71, 98–101, 104–5, 113, 122, 167, 172, 194
