Built
Page 21
Roma Agrawal, February 2018
SOURCES
Addis, Bill. Building: 3000 Years of Design Engineering and Construction. University of Michigan: Phaidon, 2007
Agrawal, Roma. ‘Pai Lin Li Travel Award 2008 – Stress Ribbon Bridges.’ The Structural Engineer, Volume 87, 2009
Agrawal, R., Parker, J. and Slade, R. ‘The Shard at London Bridge.’ The Structural Engineer, Volume 92, Issue 7, 2014
Ahmed, Arshad and Sturges, John. Materials Science in Construction: An Introduction. Routledge, 2014
Allwood, Julian M. and Cullen, Jonathan M. Sustainable Materials – Without the Hot Air: Making Buildings, Vehicles and Products Efficiently and with Less New Material. UIT Cambridge, 2015.
Balasubramaniam, R. ‘On the corrosion resistance of the Delhi iron pillar.’ Corrosion Science, Volume 42, Issue 12, 2000
Bagust, Harold. The Greater Genius? A Biography of Marc Isambard Brunel. The University of Michigan: Ian Allan, 2006.
Ballinger, George. ‘The Falkirk Wheel: from concept to reality.’ The Structural Engineer, Volume 81, Issue 4, 2003
Barton, Nicholas and Stephen Myers. The Lost Rivers of London: Their effects upon London and Londoners, and those of London and Londoners upon them. Historical Publications, Limited, 2016
British Constructional Steelworks Association. A Century of Steel Construction 1906–2006. British Constructional Steelworks Association, 2006.
Blockley, David. Bridges: The Science and Art of the World's Most Inspiring Structures. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010
Brady, Sean. ‘The Quebec Bridge collapse: a preventable failure.’ The Structural Engineer, 92 (12), 2014 (2 parts)
Brown, David J. Bridges: Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature. London: Mitchell Beazley, 1993
Bryan, Tim. Brunel: The Great Engineer. Ian Allan, 1999
Clayton, Antony. Subterranean City: Beneath the Streets of London. London: Historical Publications, 2010.
Cross-Rudkin, P. S. M., Chrimes, M. M. and Bailey, M. R. Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 2: 1830–1890
Crow, James Mitchell. ‘The concrete conundrum.’ Chemistry World, 2008
Davidson, D. ‘The Structural Aspects of the Great Pyramid.’ The Structural Engineer, Volume 7, Issue 7, 1929. (Paper read before the Yorkshire Branch at Leeds on 7 February 1929.)
Dillon, Patrick (writer) and Biesty, Stephen (illustrator). The Story of Buildings: From the Pyramids to the Sydney Opera House and Beyond. Candlewick Press, 2014.
European Council of Civil Engineers. Footbridges – Small is beautiful. European Council of Civil Engineers, 2014.
Fabre, Guilhem, Fiches, Jean-Luc, Leveau, Philippe, and Paillet, Jean-Louis. The Pont Du Gard: Water and the Roman Town. Presses du CNRS, 1992.
Fahlbusch, H. ‘Early dams.’ Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering History and Heritage, Volume 162, Issue 1, 1 Feb 2009 (19–28)
‘The Falkirk Wheel: a rotating boatlift.’ The Structural Engineer, 2 January 2002
Fitchen, John. Building Construction Before Mechanization. MIT Press, 1989.
Giovanni, Pier and d'Ambrosio, Antonio. Pompeii: Guide to the Site. Electa Napoli, 2002
Gordon, J.E. Structures: or why things don’t fall down. Da Capo Press, 2009.
Gordon, J.E. The New Science of Strong Materials: or why you don’t fall through the floor. United States of America: Penguin Books, 1991
Graf, Bernhard. Bridges That Changed the World. Prestel, 2005.
Hanley, Susan B. ‘Urban Sanitation in Preindustrial Japan.’ The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Volume 18, No. 1, 1987
Hibbert, Christopher, Keay, John, Keay, Julia and Weinreb, Ben. The London Encyclopaedia. Pan Macmillan, 2011.
Holland, Tom. Rubicon: The Triumph and Tragedy of the Roman Republic. Hachette UK, 2011.
Home, Gordon. Old London Bridge. Indiana University: John Lane, 1931.
Khan, Yasmin Sabina. Engineering Architecture: The Vision of Fazlur R. Khan. W.W. Norton, 2004.
Lampe, David. The Tunnel. Harrap, 1963.
Landels, J.G. Engineering in the Ancient World. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978.
Landau, Sarah Bradford and Condit, Carl W. Rise of the New York Skyscraper 1865–1913. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999.
Lepik, Andres. Skyscrapers. Prestel, 2008.
Levy, Matthys and Salvadori, Mario. Why Buildings Fall Down: How Structures Fail. United States of America: W.W. Norton, 2002.
Mathewson, Andrew, Laval, Derek, Elton, Julia, Kentley, Eric and Hulse, Robert. The Brunels' Tunnel. ICE Publishing, 2006.
Mays, Larry, Antoniou, George P. and Angelakis, N. ‘History of Water Cisterns: Legacies and Lessons.’ Water. 5. 1916-1940. 10.3390/w5041916.
McCullough, David. The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge. Simon & Schuster, 1983
Mehrotra, Anjali and Glisic, Branko. Deconstructing the Dome: A Structural Analysis of the Taj Mahal. Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures, 2015.
Miodownik, Mark. Stuff Matters: Exploring the Marvellous Materials That Shape Our Man-Made World. Penguin UK, 2013.
Oxman, Rivka and Oxman, Robert (guest-edited by). The New Structuralism. Design, engineering and architectural technologies. Wiley, 2010.
Pannell, J.P.M. An Illustrated History of Civil Engineering. Univerity of California: Thames and Hudson, 1964.
Pawlyn, Michael. Biomimicry in Architecture. RIBA Publishing, 2016.
Pearson, Cynthia and Delatte, Norbert. Collapse of the Quebec Bridge, 1907. Cleveland State University, 2006
Petrash, Antonia. More than Petticoats: Remarkable New York Women. Globe Pequot Press, 2001
Poulos, Harry G. and Bunce, Grahame. Foundation Design for the Burj Dubai – The World’s Tallest Building. Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Arlington, VA, August 2008.
Randall, Frank A. History of the Development of Building Construction in Chicago Safety in tall buildings. Institution of Structural Engineers working group publication, 2002
Salvadori, Mario. Why Buildings Stand Up. United States of America: W.W. Norton and Company, 2002.
Santoyo-Villa, Enrique and Ovando-Shelley, Efrain. Mexico City’s Cathedral and Sagrario Church, Geometrical Correction and Soil Hardening 1989–2002– Six Years After.
Saunders, Andrew. Fortress Britain: Artillery Fortification in the British Isles and Ireland. Beaufort, 1989.
Scarre, Chris (editor). The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World: The Great Monuments and How They Were Built. Thames & Hudson, 1999.
Shirley-Smith, H. The World’s Greatest Bridges. Institution of Civil Engineers Proceedings, Volume 39, 1968.
Smith, Denis. ‘Sir Joseph William Bazalgette (1819-1891); Engineer to the Metropolitan Board of Works.’ Transactions of the Newcomen Society, Vol.58, Iss. 1, 1986
Smith, Denis (editor). ‘Water-Supply and Public Health Engineering’, Studies in the History of Civil Engineering, Volume 5
Sprague de Camp, L. The Ancient Engineers. Dorset, 1990.
Soil Survey, Tompkins County, New York, Series 1961 No.25. United States Department of Agriculture, 1965.
Trout, Edwin A.R.. ‘Historical background: Notes on the Development of Cement and Concrete’, September 2013
Tudsbery, J.H.T. (editor). Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Vitruvius. The Ten Books on Architecture (translated by Morgan, Morris Hicky). Harvard University Press, 1914.
Walsh, Ian D. (editor). ICE Manual of Highway Design and Management. ICE Publ., 2011.
Weigold, Marilyn E. Silent Builder: Emily Warren Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge. Associated Faculty Press, 1984
Wells, Matthew. Engineers: A History of Engineering and Structural Design. Routledge, 2010.
Wells, Matthew. Skyscrapers: Structure and Design. Laurence King Publishing, 2005.
Wes
t, Mark. The Fabric Formwork Book: Methods for Building New Architectural and Structural Forms in Concrete. Routledge, 2016.
Wood, Alan Muir. Civil Engineering in Context. Thomas Telford, 2004.
Wymer, Norman. Great Inventors (Lives of great men and women, series III). Oxford University Press, 1964.
https://www.tideway.london
http://puretecwater.com/reverse-osmosis/what-is-reverse-osmosis
http://www.twdb.texas.gov/publications/reports/numbered_reports/doc/r363/c6.pdf
http://mappinglondon.co.uk/2014/londons-other-underground-network/
http://www.pub.gov.sg/about/historyfuture/Pages/HistoryHome.aspx
http://www.clc.gov.sg/Publications/urbansolutions.htm
http://www.thameswater.co.uk/
http://www.bssa.org.uk/about_stainless_steel.php?id=31
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19386-for-self-healing-concrete- just-add-bacteria-and-food/
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-bridge- disaster-feature/
https://www.documents.dgs.ca.gov/dgs/pio/facts/LA Workshop/climate.pdf
http://www.cement.org/
http://www.unmuseum.org/pharos.htm
http://www.otisworldwide.com/pdf/AboutElevators.pdf
http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/qanats/qanats.pdf
http://users.bart.nl/~leenders/txt/qanats.html
http://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html
http://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/driving-on-the-left/
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone. 0026847
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSwvH6YhqIM
http://www.livescience.com/8686-itsy-bitsy-spider-web-10-times-stronger-kevlar.html
http://linkis.com/www.catf.us/resource/flbGp
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-33962178
http://www.romanroads.org/
http://idrillplus.co.uk/CSSROADMATERIALSCONTAININGTAR171208.pdf
http://www.groundwateruk.org/Rising_Groundwater_in_Central_London.aspx
http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/1993-bombay-serial-blasts-terror-attack-rocks-india-financial-capital-over-300-dead/1/301901.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/13/world/200-killed-as-bombings-sweep-bombay.html?pagewanted=all
http://www.bbc.co.uk/earth/story/20150913-nine-incredible-buildings- inspired-by-nature
http://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/2011/12/uk-military-bridging-floating- equipment/
http://www.meadinfo.org/2015/08/s355-steel-properties.html?m=1
http://www.fabwiki.fabric-formedconcrete.com/
http://www-smartinfrastructure.eng.cam.ac.uk/what-we-do-and-why/focus-areas/sensors-data-collection/projects-and-deployments-case-studies/fibre-optic-strain-sensors
http://www.instituteofmaking.org.uk/research/self-healing- cities
PHOTOGRAPHY CREDITS
here courtesy of Martin Avery; here courtesy of John Parker and Roma Agrawal; here courtesy of Major Matthews Collection; here © kokkai; here © Dennis K. Johnson; here © Prisma by Dukas Presseagentur GmbH / Alamy Stock Photo; here © Fernand Ivaldi; here © Craig Ferguson; here © robertharding / Alamy Stock Photo; here © Evening Standard / Stringer; here © mmac72; here © Darren Robb; here © Anders Blomqvist; here © duncan1890; here © Henry Ausloos; here courtesy of Roma Agrawal; here © DNY59; here © Allan Baxter; here courtesy of Roma Agrawal; here courtesy of wikipedia; here © Alvin Ing, Light and Motion; here © Garden Photo World / Suzette Barnett; here © Paola Cravino Photography; here © De Agostini / L. Romano; here courtesy of wikipedia; here © exaklaus-photos; here © Heritage Images; here © Heritage Images; here © Everett Collection Historical / Alamy Stock Photo; here © Fotosearch / Stinger; here © Stock Montage; here © Washington Imaging / Alamy Stock Photo; here © Popperfoto; here © North Wind Picture Archives / Alamy Stock Photo; here © Empato
INDEX
Page numbers in italic refer to the illustrations
3D printing here, here, here
9/11 here
Abbey Mills Sewage Treatment Works, London here, here
acanthus leaves here
acceleration, of sway here
Acropolis, Athens here
Acton, London here, here
Admiralty here
adobe here
aeroplanes here, here
aggregates here, here
air gaps, fire prevention here
akasha here
Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, Japan here
Alexander the Great here
Anatolia here, here
Andronicus of Cyrrhus here
Angel of Independence victory column, Mexico City here
aqueducts here, here, here, here, here, here
aquifers here, here
Arabian Sea here
arches aqueducts here, here, here
Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence here
construction here, here
corbelled arches here, here
Derinkuyu here
forces acting on here, here, here, here, here
insulae here
pointed arches here
quadripartite arches here, here
Roman here, here, here, here, here
Archimedes here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Arciniega, Claudio de here, here
Aristotle here
Armageddon (film) here
Armstrong, Lord here
Arnolfo di Cambio here
Arthur, Chester here
ash, volcanic here, here, here
Assyria here
Athens here Acropolis here
Parthenon here
Propylaea here
‘Tower of the Winds’ here, here
atoms here
Atrush, River here
Attenborough, David here
attenuation tanks, sewage here
Augustus, Emperor here
Avignon here
Azerbaijan here
Aztecs here, here, here, here, here, here
Babylon here, here, here
bacteria recycling waste water here, here
‘self-healing’ concrete here
sewage treatment here
baking here
balance, cable-stayed bridges here
balconies here
Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong here
Baroque architecture here
basements, skyscrapers here, here
Basilica Cistern, Istanbul here, here
Basilica di Santa Croce, Florence here
Batman Begins (film) here
Battersea, London here
Bazalgette, Joseph here, here, here, here, here
beams here, here, here, here in ancient architecture here
exoskeletons here
flexing here, here, here, here
shape here
bearings cable-stayed bridges here
earthquake protection here, here
Beckton sewage treatment works, London here, here
beehives here, here
Beijing here
Belgium here
‘the bends’ here
Bénézet, Saint here
Berbers here
Bessemer, Anthony here
Bessemer, Henry here, here
Bessemer Process here, here, here
Bilbao here
biomimicry here, here, here
birds here, here
‘Bird’s Nest’ National Stadium, Beijing here
Black Sea here
boats Falkirk Wheel here, here
The Pontoon here, here, here
sailing here
Boeing aeroplanes here
bolts, tie-systems here
Bombay Stock Exchange here, here
bombs here, here
Bond, James here
bonds, metals here
bone, biomimicry here
Bosque de Chapultepec, Mexico City here
bouncy bridges here
braces here
/>
bricks here, here arches here, here
Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence here, here
concrete here
Indus Valley Civilisation here
Jericho here
load-bearing structures here
manufacture here
mortar here, here
Roman here, here, here
tunnels here, here, here
Victorian architecture here
bridges here Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, Japan here
Brooklyn Bridge, New York here, here, here, here, here
cable-stayed bridges here, here, here, here
construction here
Falkirk Wheel here, here
forces here
Forth Bridge here
foundations here, here, here, here
Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco here
graphene here
Ishibune Bridge here, here
London Bridge here, here
Millau Viaduct here, here
movement joints here
Northumbria University Footbridge, Newcastle here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Old London Bridge here, here
piers here, here
Pont d’Avignon here
The Pontoon here, here, here
Quebec Bridge here, here, here
reinforced concrete here
resonance here, here, here
Roman here
rope bridges here
silk bridge here, here
span here
steel here
stress-ribbon bridges here, here
suspension bridges here, here, here, here
Sydney Harbour Bridge here, here, here
and temperature here
3D printing here
trusses here
tuned mass dampers here, here
Britain Beneath Your Feet (documentary) here
British Association here
British Empire here
Bronze Age here
Brooklyn Bridge, New York here, here, here, here, here
Brooklyn Engineers’ Club here
Brunel, Isambard here, here, here, here
Brunel, Marc here, here, here, here
Brunel, Mary here
Brunel, Sophia here, here
Brunelleschi, Filippo here, here, here, here, here, here