FBI Report, Abu Jandal, FD-302.
FBI Report, “Interview of John Philip Walker Lindh,” December 9–10, 2001.
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation. “Hijackers Timeline.” February 1, 2007.
FBIS Report, Compilation of Usama bin Laden Statements, 1994–January 2004.
Government Accountability Office, “Afghanistan Security: Further Congressional action may be needed to ensure completion of a detailed plan to develop and sustain capable Afghan National Security Forces,” June 2008.
John C. Yoo, Memorandum to Alberto Gonzales, United States Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, August 1, 2002.
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States Final Report (Washington, D.C., 2004) (“9/11 Commission Report.”)
National Intelligence Council, National Intelligence Assessment, “The terrorist threat to the U.S. homeland,” July 2007. http://www.dni.gov/press_releases/20070717_release.pdf.
New York City Police Department, “Al-Qaeda Plots in the West: Assessment of Operations 1988–2008.”
State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Human Rights Report.
State Department, Patterns of Global Terrorism.
U.S. Army, “The U.S. Army in Afghanistan, Operation Enduring Freedom: October 2001– March 2002,” CMH Pub 70-83-1.
U.S. Army, “A Different Kind of War,” United States Army in Operation Enduring Freedom, October 2001–September 2005, Combat Studies Institute Press, June 2009.
U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, Memorandum for John A. Rizzo, “Interrogation of al-Qaida operative,” August 1, 2002.
U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, Memorandum for John A. Rizzo, May 10, 2005.
White House, Text of Strategic Framework Agreement and Security Agreement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Iraq, November 27, 2008, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/
releases/2008/11/20081127-2.html.
White House, “White Paper of the Interagency Policy Group’s Report on U.S. Policy toward Afghanistan and Pakistan,” March 27, 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents
/afghanistan_pakistan_white_paper_final.pdf.
Summary of the White House Review of the December 25, 2009 Attempted Terrorist Attack, p. 2. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/
white-house-review-summary-regarding-
12252009-attempted-terrorist-attack.
Donald P. Wright and Colonel Timothy R. Reese, On Point II: Transition to the New Campaign: The United States Army in Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, May 2003–January 2005 (Washington, D.C.: CSI Press, 2008).
Selected document sets and reports
“A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm,” Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies, 1996. http://www.iasps.org/strat1.htm.
Amy Belasco, “The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and other global war on terror operations since 9/11,” Congressional Research Service, May 15, 2009. www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33110.pdf.
“Battle for Pakistan,” multiple papers and authors, New America Foundation, 2010.
Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, Al-Qa’ida’s Foreign Fighters in Iraq: A First Look at the Sinjar Records, December 19, 2007.
Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism (New York: Vintage Books, 2008). http://www.preventwmd.gov/report/.
Congressional Research Service, “Direct Overt U.S. Aid and Military Reimbursements to Pakistan, FY2002-FY2009,” http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/pakaid.pdf.
Council of Europe, Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, “Secret detentions and illegal transfers of detainees involving Council of Europe Member States,” June 7, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp
/hi/pdfs/marty_08_06_07.pdf.
Sara Daly, John Parachini, and William Rosenau. “Aum Shinrikyo, Al-Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor: Implications of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism.” RAND Project AIR FORCE 2005. RAND Corporation. http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/
2005/RAND_DB458.pdf
Mark Denbeaux and Joshua Denbeaux, “Report on Guantánamo detainees: A profile of 517 detainees through analysis of Department of Defense data,” Seton University School of Law, http://law.shu.edu/aaafinal.pdf.
James Dobbins, Seth Jones, Benjamin Runkle, Siddarth Mohandas, Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority (Santa Monica: RAND, 2009).
James Dobbins, John G. McGinn, Keith Crane, Seth G. Jones, Rollie Lal, Andrew Rathmell, Rachel M. Swanger, Anga R. Timilsina, America’s Role in Nation Building From Germany to Iraq (Santa Monica: RAND, 2003).
Gilles Dorronsoro, “The Taliban’s Winning Strategy in Afghanistan.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2009.
Christine Fair, “Suicide attacks in Afghanistan, 2001–2007,” United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan, September 9, 2007.
George Washington University. National Security Archive.
Government of India, Final Report on Mumbai Attacks, 26–28 November, 2008.
Nancy Kay Hayden. “Terrifying Landscapes: a study of scientific research into understanding motivations of non-state actors to acquire and/or use weapons of mass destruction.” Defense Threat Reduction Agency. June 22, 2007. http://www.dtra.mil/documents/asco/
publications/pdf/Terrifying_Landscapes.pdf.
Scott Helfstein, Nassir Abdullah, Muhammad al-Obaidi. “Deadly Vanguards: a Study of al-Qa’ida’s Violence against Muslims.” Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, December 2009.
Scott Helfstein. “Making the Grade?: Assessing al-Qa’ida’s Learning and Adaptation.” Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, May 2009.
Human Rights Watch, “The Human Cost,” April 15, 2007. http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2007/04/15/human-cost-0.
Institute for Defense Analyses, “Iraqi Perspectives Project: Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents,” September 2007.
International Atomic Energy Agency, “Combating illicit trafficking in nuclear and other radioactive material,” Technical Guidance Reference Manual (IAEA: Vienna, 2007).
International Crisis Group. “Afghanistan’s Endangered Compact.” Policy Briefing, January 29, 2007. http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/
south_asia/b59_afghanistans_endangered_compact.pdf.
International Crisis Group. “Countering Afghanistan’s insurgency: no quick fixes.” Asia Report, November 2, 2006. http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4485.
International Crisis Group. “In Their Own Words: Reading the Iraqi Insurgency.” Middle East Report No. 50. February 15, 2006. http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3953.
IntelCenter. “The Al-Qaeda Documents,” Ben Venzke (Tempest Publishing, 2002).
IntelCenter Breakout of as-Sahab audio/video.
International Crisis Group, “Pakistan’s Tribal Areas: Appeasing the Militants,” December 11, 2006.
Colin Kahl, Michèle A. Flournoy, Shawn Brimley, “Shaping the Iraq Inheritance,” CNAS, June 2008.
Hekmat Karzai, “Strategic and Operational Measures to Curb the Growing Threat of Suicide Terrorism in Afghanistan.” Centre for Conflict and Peace Studies, Kabul, Afghanistan.
Kenneth Katzman, “Afghanistan: Elections, Constitution, and Government,” Congressional Research Service, August 8, 2006. http://fpc.state.gov/documents/
organization/71864.pdf.
Kenneth Katzman. “Afghanistan: post-war governance, security, and U.S. policy.” CRS Report for Congress, September 10, 2007. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL30588.pdf
Sarah Ladbury, “Testing hypotheses of radicalization in Afghanistan: why do men join the Taliban and Hezb-i-Islami? How much do local communities support them?” Department of International Development, August 14, 2009.
Sameer Lalwani, “Pakistani Capabilities for a Counterinsurgency Campaign: A Net
Assessment,” New America Foundation, September 2009.
Robert S. Leiken, “Bearers of global jihad?” The Nixon Center, March 2004.
Daniel Markey, “Securing Pakistan’s Tribal Belt,” Council on Foreign Relations, 2008.
Pew Global Attitudes Survey, “Unfavorable views of Jews and Muslims on the increase in Europe,” September 17, 2008. http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/262.pdf
Pew Global Attitudes Project, “Global public opinion in the Bush years,” December 18, 2008. http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=263.
Terror Free Tomorrow, “Results of a new nationwide public opinion survey before the June 2008 Pakistani by-elections,” June 2008. http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/
PakistanPollReportJune08.pdf.
Terror Free Tomorrow, “Pakistanis reject U.S. military action against al-Qaeda; more support bin Laden than President Musharraf,” September 2007. http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/Pakistan%20Poll%20Report.pdf.
David Schanzer, Charles Kurzman, Ebrahim Moosa, “Anti-terror lessons of Muslim-Americans,” Triangle Center on Terrorism and Homeland Security, p. 7. http://sanford.duke.edu/centers/tcths/documents/Anti-TerrorLessonsfinal.pdf.
Senlis Council, “The Return of the Taliban,” Spring/summer 2006. http://www.icosgroup.net/documents/Afghanistan_5_Years_Later.pdf.
Yuma Turabi and Lorenzo Delegates, “Afghanistan: Bringing Accountability Back In From Subjects of Aid to Citizens of the State,” Integrity Watch Afghanistan Report, June 2008.
New York University Center on Law and Security, “Terrorist Trial Report Card, U.S. edition,” September 11, 2006, http://www.lawandsecurity.org/publications/TTRC Complete.pdf.
United Kingdom. Home Office. “Report of the Official Account of the Bombings in London on 7th July 2005.” http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/documents/7-july-report.pdf?view=Binary.
United Nations Assistance Mission to Afghanistan. “Suicide attacks in Afghanistan.” September 1, 2007.
United Nations Commission of Inquiry into the Facts and Circumstances of the Assassination of Former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, April 15, 2010.
United States Institute of Peace, “Iraq Study Group Report,” December 6, 2006. http://media.usip.org/reports/iraq_study_group_report.pdf.
Matt Waldman, “Falling Short: Aid Effectiveness in Afghanistan,” Oxfam Research Report, May 2008.
West Point. Combating Terrorism Center. Harmony collection.
West Point, Combating Terrorism Center. Bombers, Bank Accounts, and Bleedout: Al-Qaeda’s Road in and out of Iraq, ed. Brian Fishman.
Joshua T. White, “Pakistan’s Islamist Frontier: Islamic Politics and U.S. Policy in Pakistan’s North-West Frontier.” Center on Faith and International Affairs, 2008).
Andrew Wilder and Andrew Reynolds, “Free, fair or flawed?” Afghanistan Research Evaluation Unit, September 2004, http://www.cmi.no/pdf/?file=/afghanistan/doc/AfghanElections-FreeFairorFlawed.pdf.
World Health Organization, Afghanistan and Iran, 2006.
Zroona Zehnoona. “An assessment of the hearts and minds campaign in southern Afghanistan.” Senlis Council, autumn 2006. http://www.senliscouncil.net/modules/publications/017_publication
Selected court documents
Bundeskriminalamt, “Auswertebericht ze Ahmad Fadil Nazal Al Khalayleh alias Abu Musab al-Zarqawi,” July 22, 2005.
United States of America v. Adam Gadahn, Central District Court of California, SA CR 05-254 A Superseding Indictment.
United States of America v. Ali Hamza Ahmad Sulayman al Bahlul.
United States of America v. Ali Mohamed, United States Southern District, New York. S(7) 98 Cr. 1023 (LBS), October 24, 2000.
United States of America v. Bryant Neal Vinas, Eastern District Court of New York 08-CR-823.
United States of America v. Cabdulaahi Ahmed Faarax, Abdeiweli Yassin Isse, criminal complaint filed October 8, 2009 in U.S. District Court Minnesota.
United States of America v. Daniel Patrick Boyd et al.; Indictment in U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, filed 7/22/09.
United States of America v. David C. Headley, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, Case No. 09 CR 830. Affidavit in Support of Criminal Complaint.
United States of America v. Dhiren Barot, Southern District of New York 05 Crim. 311 sealed indictment.
United States of America v. Enaam Arnaout, No. 02-CR-892 (North District of Illinois, filed January 6, 2003).
United States of America v. Hassan Abujihaad, a/k/a “Paul R. Hall,’ District Court of Connecticut, March 1, 2007.
United States of America v. Iyman Faris, United States District Court, Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division, Statement of Facts.
United States of America v. Jeffrey Leon Battle et al, United States District Court of Oregon, No. CR 02-399HA, Indictment.
United States of America v. John Phillip Walker Lindh, United States District Court, Eastern District of Virginia, Crim. No. 02-37-A, “Proffer of facts in support of defendant’s suppression motions.”
United States of America v. Kevin James et al U.S. District Court for the Central District of California Case No. CR 05-214-CJC and exhibits.
United States of America v. Mohamad Ibrahim Shnewer, Dritan Duka, Eljvir Duka, Shain Duka, Serdar Tatar, U.S. District Court, District of New Jersey, Criminal No 07-459.
United States of America v. Richard Colvin Reid, United States District Court of Massachusetts, Crim. No. 02-10013-WGY, Government’s Sentencing Memorandum, January 17, 2003.
United States of America v. Najibullah Zazi, Eastern District of New York. Indictment. 09-CR-663: Memorandum of law in support of the government’s motion for a permanent order of detention.
United States of America v. Ali Saleh Khalah al-Marri, Plea Agreement, filed April 3, 2009, District Court for the Central District of Illinois, Peoria Division N0. 09-CR-10030.
United States of America v. Usama bin Laden, et al. S(7) 98 Cr. 1023 (LBS). United States District Court, Southern District of New York.
United States of America v. Zacarias Moussaoui, Crim. No. 01-455-A (Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria division).
United States Supreme Court, HAMDI V. RUMSFELD (03-6696) 542 U.S. 507 (2004), Opinion (O’Connor), June 28, 2004.
District Court of Little Rock, Arkansas, County of Pulaski, Affidavit for Search and Seizure Warrant. Carlos Leon Bleds.
Mohammed Abdullah Warsame, Affidavit in support of pre-trial detention,” filed by Special Agent Kiann Vandenover, U.S. District Court of Minnesota, Crim. 04-29 (JRT/FLN), February 6, 2004.
Tribunale di Milano, Sezione Giudice per le indagini preliminari, “The judge presiding over preliminary investigations,” n. 10838/05, n. 1966/05. “Decree for the application of coercive measures,” art. 292 c.p.p., n. n. 10838/05, n. 1966/05.
Newspapers, magazines, journals, news agencies and broadcast news
Newspapers: The Age, Al-Quds al-Arabi, Al-Sharq al-Awsat, Arab News, Chicago Tribune, Christian Science Monitor, Columbus Dispatch, Daily Telegraph, Daily Times (Pakistan), Dawn (Pakistan), Der Spiegel, Financial Times, The Forward, Globe and Mail, The Guardian, Al-Hayat, Independent, Los Angeles Times, New York Daily News, New York Times, The News (Pakistan), Philadelphia Inquirer, Plymouth Herald, Sunday Mail, Times of India, Times of London, U.S. News and World Report, USA Today, Vancouver Sun, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Washington Times
Magazines: Al Majallah, American Interest, Arms Control Today, Atlantic Monthly, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Commentary, Defense Horizons, Granta, Foreign Policy, Friday Times, Jihad, Middle East Media Research Institute Special Dispatch Series, Mother Jones, The Nation, National Interest, National Review, New Scientist, The New Republic, New York Review of Books, New York Times Magazine, The New Yorker, Newsweek, Politico, Prospect, Talking Points Memo, Time, Vanity Fair, Washington Monthly, The Weekly Standard
Journals: Air & Space Power Journal, CTC Sentinel, Current History, Dem
ocracy, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy Research Institute, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, International Security, Jane’s Intelligence Review, Journal of Democracy, Journal of Strategic Studies, Middle East Policy, Middle East Quarterly, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Nonproliferation Review, RAND Paper Series, Military Review, Political Psychology, Political Science and Politics, Political Science Quarterly, Quarterly Journal of Military History, Review of Politics, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Terrorism and Political Violence, Terrorism Monitor (Jamestown Foundation), Washburn Law Journal, Washington Quarterly, World Policy Journal
News agencies: Agence France Presse, American Forces Press Service, Associated Press, CanWest News, Global Security Newswire, Reuters
Broadcast news and radio: ABC, Al Arabiya, Al Jazeera, BBC, CBC, CBS News, CNN, Fox News, Geo, MBC, NBC, NPR, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, PBS, Voice of America
Documentaries
Adam Curtis, “The Power of Nightmares,” BBC Two, October 2004.
CNN, “In the Footsteps of bin Laden.” Aired August 23, 2006.
CNN, “Terror Nation”, January 1994.
Discovery/Times Channel, “Mission Ops: Assignment IEDs.” Aired May 15, 2007. Story House Productions.
Discovery/Times Channel, “Al-Qaeda 2.0.” Aired March 25, 2003. Story House Productions.
Yosri Fouda. “Top Secret: The Road to September 11.” Al-Jazeera (Qatar). Aired September 11, 2002.
Home Box Office, “The Journalist and the Jihadi: The Murder of Daniel Pearl,” 2006.
National Geographic, “Holy War, Inc.” Story House Productions, 2001.
National Geographic, “Blinding Horizon: Osama Bin Laden’s Quest for the Bomb.” Story House Productions, 2003.
PBS Frontline, “Obama’s War” (2009); “Bush’s War” (2007); “The Dark Side” (2006); “Chasing the Sleeper Cell” (2003); “Campaign Against Terror” (2002); “Gunning for Saddam” (2001); “Loose Nukes” (1996).
Acknowledgments
No book is an island, and this one certainly wasn’t. Katherine Tiedemann worked on all phases of this book: performing and organizing research, making important editorial suggestions, fact-checking and footnoting all of the material, and doing photo research. It was my good fortune to have found someone as smart and well-organized as Katherine to work on this book and to have worked with every day for the past three years at the New America Foundation. Katherine is going on to do her Ph.D. in political science at George Washington University and has a very bright future ahead of her.
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