Rishawi, Sajida al-, 169
Roberts Commission, 39
Robertson, Nic, 81
Robespierre, Maximilien, 1
Rodriguez, Jose, 113
Rohde, David, 332
Rolince, Michael, 106
Rolling Stone, 323
Romania, 24, 113
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 39
Rose, Flemming, 236
Rubin, Barnett, 195
Rumsfeld, Donald, 49, 144, 179, 261, 278, 294
Afghan War plan and, 180, 181, 182
detention of prisoners authorized by, 103–4, 106
dictum of, 55–56
on Iraq-al-Qaeda connection, 132, 135–36
on Iraq insurgency, 158
Iraq seen as target by, 52, 53, 80–81
on Iraq surge, 273, 274
Rushdi, Osama, 17–18
Russert, Tim, 148
Russia, xvi, 26, 49, 301
Sabah, Zaina al-, 86
Sadat, Anwar, 13, 23
Sadr, Moqtada al-, 291
Sadr City, Iraq, 292, 293
Sageman, Marc, 201–2, 204, 205
Sahwa (Awakening), 12
Salafist Group for Call and Combat, 211
Salman Pak training camp, 140–41
Samara, Hussein Ali al-, 169
Samarra, Iraq, 269
Sanchez, Ricardo S., 156, 157, 165, 166
Saudi Arabia, xvi, 133, 141, 171, 211, 298, 300–301, 302
bin Laden’s differences with royal family of, 19
mujahideen supported by, 16
terrorism in, 209–10, 300–301, 302, 304–5, 336
U.S. military presence in, 19, 20, 299
U.S. support for, 27
Scheuer, Michael, 40, 139, 349
Schroen, Gary, 54, 56–57, 59
Sears tower, 242
Senate, U.S.:
Appropriations Committee of, 141
Armed Services Committee of, 146, 150, 287
Foreign Relations Committee of, 185, 287, 328
Intelligence Committee of, 95, 134, 151–52
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of, xv, xvi, xvii, 18, 30, 36, 37, 38, 39, 47, 51, 81, 87–88, 180, 201, 206, 217, 243, 244, 298
as alleged Zionist conspiracy, 10
as al-Qaeda success, 90, 91–92
al-Qahtani’s role in, 107–8
Atta’s riddle on, 3
bin Laden on, 11, 27–28, 59–60, 61
economic effect of, 91–92, 93, 209
first anniversary of, 126–27, 251, 253
Hussein and, 52, 53, 55–56, 132, 135–36
Iraq and, 52, 53, 55–56, 59
lack of resignations following, 39
Muslim world’s view of, 28
planning for, 3–6, 24, 31–32, 33, 93–94, 115, 252–53
rumors in al-Qaeda camps of, 4–5
suicide wills of hijackers of, 5
warnings of, 37–39, 47–50
see also 9/11 Commission
Serbia, 27
SERE program, 111
Services Office, 14
Sewall, Sarah, 277
Shah, Ejaz, 251
Shahab, Mohammed Mansour, 140
Shah of Iran, 12–13, 264
Shahzad, Faisal, 211
sharia law, 22
Sharif, Sayyid Imam al-, 299
Sharon, Ariel, 33
Sheehan, Michael, 40–41, 45, 46, 129, 205, 224, 226
Shehhi, Marwan al-, 6
Sheikh, Abdul Aziz Abdullah al-, 298
Sheikh, Omar, 249–51
Shelton, Tina, 139
Shias, 137, 157, 163–64, 166–67, 168, 173, 249, 270, 274, 275, 281, 289, 291
Shihri, Said Ali al-, 307
Shnewer, Mohamad, 241
Shomali Plains, Afghanistan, 60
Shultz, Richard, 40
Shumate, Scott, 112
Shumpert, Ruben, 238
“shura,” 193
Siddiqui, Aafia, 223
SIGINT, 345
Sinjar, Iraq, 270
Sirrs, Julie, 348–49
Sistani, Ali al-, 272
Sky, Emma, 284–85, 286, 288, 294
smallpox, 96–97
Small Wars Journal, 271
Smirnov, Leonid, 218
Smith, Graeme, 179
Somalia, 6–7, 20–21, 59, 217, 237
Sons of Iraq, 271, 272
Soufan, Ali, 45, 47, 110, 112, 114
South Waziristan, Pakistan, 254, 260, 263, 331, 332
Soviet Union, 314
Afghanistan invaded by, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14–16, 17, 20, 23, 69, 78, 81, 133, 158, 160–61, 162, 177, 179, 190, 240, 316, 320
in Cold War, 18
collapse of, 24, 218
nuclear material from, 220, 221–22
Spataro, Armando, 102, 103, 204
Special Boat Service, 72
Special Forces, 40–41, 42, 55, 187, 261, 288, 339
in Afghan War, 60, 61, 63–64, 65, 67, 72, 73, 80, 82, 190
Mazar-e-Sharif captured by, 61
Special Services Group, 257
State Department, U.S., 33, 36, 98, 100, 105, 136, 154, 277, 309
Status of Forces Agreement, 293
Stevenson, Adlai, 142
Story of the Malakand Field Force, The (Churchill), 254
“Strategy for Eliminating the Threat from the Jihadist Networks of al Qida,” 42
Study of Revenge: Saddam Hussein’s Unfinished War Against America (Mylroie), 135
Submission (film), 203
Sudan, 20, 21, 24, 36, 53, 68, 87, 100, 133–34, 151–52, 200, 217, 338
Sude, Barbara, 37, 39, 48
Sufaat, Yazid, 116, 223
suicide bombers, xvi, 34, 167, 168–69, 183–85, 188–89, 209, 211, 236, 257, 262, 264, 285–86, 302, 307, 317, 331, 341, 346
Cheney as target of, 187
Suicide Bombers in Iraq (Hafez), 167
Sunni Awakening, 195
Sunnis, 156, 157, 163–64, 165, 167, 171, 173, 195, 248–49, 267, 270, 272, 281, 289, 290, 291, 293, 297, 302
Sun Tzu, 86
Supreme Command (Cohen), 280
Supreme Court, Pakistani, 258–59
Supreme Court, U.S., 308
Suqami, Satam al-, 38
Suri, Abu Musab al-, 19, 24, 90–91, 202–3
“Survey of Intelligence Information of Any Iraqi Involvement in the September 11 Attacks,” 52
Suskind, Ron, 225–26
Swat, Afghanistan, 330
Swedan, Ahmed Salim, 346
Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 27
Syria, 100, 167–68, 171
Tabarak, Abdallah, 70, 78, 79
Tablighi Jamaat, 126
Taft, William, IV, 105
Tajikistan, 55
Tajiks, 54, 65
takfir, 17–18, 22, 299–300
Tal Afar, Iraq, 268
Taliban, xv, 8, 91, 174, 300, 320–21
airstrikes on, 60
al-Qaeda’s relationship with, 89–90
arrest of members of, 82
attacks in West planned by, 210
collapse of, xv, 6, 10, 52, 79, 93, 104, 139, 164–65, 175, 180, 196, 203, 220, 254, 317, 322, 335, 341, 344
Kabul under, 174–75, 178
regrouping of, 182, 185–86, 247, 248, 255–56, 262, 310–11, 312, 313–14, 329
and responsibility for al-Qaeda’s crimes, 40–41, 51
sanctions on, 41
suicide bombing against CIA by, 211
in surrender to Karzai, 67
U.S. drone strikes of, 313, 331–33, 345, 347
Tantawi, Mohamed, 297
Tanweer, Shehzad, 198, 199
Tanzania, bombing of U.S. embassy in, 4, 21, 40, 50, 59, 127, 135, 220, 253, 304
Tarin Kowt, Afghanistan, 63–65, 66, 191
Tariq, Abu, 271
Tarnak Farms, 45
Tatar, Serdar, 241
TATP, 234
Tawhid, 144
Team B, 44, 138–39
&
nbsp; Tel Aviv, Israel, 239
Tenet, George, 42, 48, 54, 72, 157–58
Afghan War plan of, 55
Bush briefed on terrorism by, 97
on Iraq-al-Qaeda connection, 139, 142, 146
10th Mountain Division, 81, 185
Thailand, 110–11
Thomas, Clarence, 105
Time, 50, 226
Times (London), 71, 141
Time Square, 207
Tora Bora, 68–70
Tora Bora, battle of, 70–85
al-Qaeda casualties in, 75, 79
bin Laden’s escape in, xvii, 34, 52, 70, 76, 77–79, 82, 84–85, 174, 337, 338
cease-fire in, 77, 79
debate over, xvii, 70
U.S. airstrikes in, 71, 75–77, 80, 83
torture, xvi, 113–14
at Abu Ghraib, 113
of Abu Zubaydah, 111
Bush administrations denunciation of, 100
in Egyptian prisons, 22, 98–100, 102
at Guantánamo Bay, 106–7
of Qutb, 22
waterboarding, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118
Yoo’s defense of, 104–5, 108
see also extraordinary renditions
Townsend, Frances Fragos, 128–29, 130, 207, 260
Trabelsi, Nizar, 25
Transparency International, 193
“Treatise on the Legal Status of Using Weapons of Mass Destruction against Infidels,” 217–18
“Triangle of Death,” 171, 269
Truman, Harry S., 318
Tunisia, 79, 210, 341
Turabi, Hassan, 133–34
Turkey, 120, 124, 163, 172, 210, 336, 349
Turki al-Faisal, Prince of Saudi Arabia, 17, 19, 21
26th Marine Expeditionary Units, 81–82
Tyranny’s Ally (Wurmser), 138
Uighurs, 307
Ummah Tameer-e-Nau (UTN), 215–16
Understanding Terror Networks (Sageman), 201–2
United flight 93, 114, 252
United Kingdom, xvi, 26, 244–45
ricin case in, 223–24
Sykes-Picot Agreement and, 27
United Nations, 26, 181, 194, 211, 301, 310, 321
Afghanistan conference of, 66, 67, 154
Baghdad headquarters of, 162
United Nations Convention Against Torture, 100
United Nations Security Council, 59
Powell’s presentation to, 142, 143, 145, 146
United States:
bin Laden’s belief in weakness of, 6–7, 9–10, 59, 93, 94
bin Laden’s declaration of war against, 21–22, 29, 30–31, 32, 304
in Cold War, 18
culture of, 27, 57
Israel supported by, 18, 27–28, 32, 33, 238
mujahideen supported by, 16
Muslims aided by, 26–27
Pakistan aided by, 228
Pakistani peace deals with, 260–61
sanctions on Talibans by, 41
strategic errors of, xv, xvii
uranium, 218, 220, 227–28
Uruzgan, Afghanistan, 63–64, 191, 192
Uzbekistan, xvi, 42, 55, 56, 81, 216, 221, 222–23
Uzbeks, 61, 65, 187, 255
Vancouver Sun, 141
van Gogh, Theo, 203–4
Vanity Fair, 141
Vann, John Paul, 266
Vietnam War, xvii, 6, 154, 163, 170, 275, 313, 314, 316, 326
Vinas, Bryant Neal, 235, 243
Vines, John, 181
Virginia Military Institute, 180
Voice of America, 9
Vulcans, 44
Wadud, Abu Musab Abdul, 211
Wall Street Journal, 249
Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 239
“war on terror,” xv, xvi
ambiguity of, 58–59
first reference to, 57
launch of, 52
Obama’s abandonment of term, 303, 304
see also Afghan War; Iraq War
Warsame, Mohammed Abdullah, 25
Warsa Pact, 24
Washington, D.C., 146
Washington Post, 4, 142, 201, 227, 295, 321, 327
waterboarding, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118
weapons of mass destruction, 26, 59, 96, 145–46
al-Qaeda’s desire for, 213, 214–30, 247
Iraq’s alleged possession of, 132, 133, 139, 140, 143, 144, 146, 147–48, 156, 165, 172, 224–25
Westergaard, Kurt, 236
Wilkinson, Jim, 141
Williams, Paul L., 225
Willow Creek, N.C., 240
Wilner, Thomas, 307
Wolfowitz, Paul, 43, 54, 83, 154, 158, 174, 179, 276, 294–95
Hussein-al-Qaeda connection and, 135–37, 142
Hussein’s overthrow desired by, 55, 56, 135
on Team B, 44
Wood, William B., 190–91, 193
Woodward, Bob, 321
World Bank, 128, 162
World Islamic Front, 33
World Trade Center:
remains of, 52–53
see also September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of
World Trade Center, 1993 attack on, 37, 38, 101, 110, 119
Saddam Hussein and, 56, 134–35, 136
World War I, 276
World War II, 39, 170
Wurmser, David, 138
Yazid, Mustafa Abu al-, 188, 197, 211
Yee, James, 125
Yemen, 19, 30, 36, 45–46, 79, 92, 100, 127, 141, 211, 304–5, 307, 308
“Yoghurt project,” 220
Yoo, John, 104–5, 108
Yousef, Ramzi, 101, 119, 136–37
Yusuf, Jameel, 250
Zahir, Hajji, 74
Zahir Shah, Mohammed, 317
Zaidan, Ahmed, 26, 61, 341–42, 348
Zarate, Juan, 207
Zardari, Asif Ali, 262, 263, 264
Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-, 143, 144, 160–64, 165, 224, 267, 269–70, 301, 318, 343
Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 30, 46, 116, 151, 166–67, 169, 187, 199, 255, 257, 261, 301, 302, 336, 339, 343, 344, 345, 348
Azzam’s differences with, 17, 18
bin Laden’s first meeting with, 17, 23
bin Laden’s influence on, 23–24
Egypt denounced by, 22–23
in escape from Tora Bora, 78
Islamic criticism of, 299, 300
in jail, 17, 32, 160
jihad as interpreted by, 17
jihadist cell set up by, 22–23
and planning of 9/11, 2, 4–5
WMDs desired by, 215, 219–20, 223
Zazi, Najibullah, 233–35, 243, 244
Zelikow, Philip, 278
About the Author
Peter Bergen is the author of Holy War, Inc., which has been translated into eighteen languages, and The Osama bin Laden I Know. They were both named among the best non-fiction books of the year by The Washington Post and documentaries based on the books were both nominated for Emmys. Bergen is CNN’s national security analyst and a fellow at the New America Foundation and New York University’s Center on Law & Security. He is a contributing editor at The New Republic and has worked as a correspondent for National Geographic television, Discovery, and CNN. He has held teaching positions at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University. His writing has appeared in the New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, Foreign Affairs, Atlantic, Rolling Stone, Time, Vanity Fair, and many other newspapers and magazines around the world. He is a member of the National Security Preparedness Group, a successor to the 9/11 Commission, and is the editor of the AfPak Channel, which can be found at www.foreignpolicy.com/afpak. He has testified before several congressional committees about Afghanistan, Pakistan, and al-Qaeda. Bergen holds a M.A. in modern history from New College, Oxford University. He is married to the documentary director Tresha Mabile. They live in Washington, D.C.
For more information visit www.peterbergen.com.
During the mid-1990s’ civil war that tore Afghanistan apart, child soldiers like these were a common sight. It was out of this chaos that the Taliban would arise. Photo by Peter Bergen.
Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri, al-Qaeda’s top leaders, in Afghanistan in early November 2001. During this interview, they improbably claimed al-Qaeda possessed some kind of nuclear weapon. Visual News/ Getty Images.
An exceptionally rare photograph of the reclusive Taliban leader Mullah Omar, taken in Kandahar sometime before the 9/11 attacks. Face partially concealed, third from left. Photo courtesy of CNN.
Noman Benotman, seen here in Afghanistan, a onetime companion-in-arms of Osama bin Laden, who met with him a year before 9/11 and warned him of the folly of attacking the United States. Photo courtesy of Noman Benotman.
CIA al-Qaeda expert Barbara Sude in Yemen. The 9/11 Commission Report identified her as one of the principal authors of the August 6, 2001 briefing to President Bush entitled “Bin Ladin Determined to Strike in U.S.” Photo courtesy of Barbara Sude.
Gary Berntsen headed CIA operations on the ground in Afghanistan in the winter of 2001. Photo courtesy of Gary Berntsen.
CIA Director George Tenet briefs President Bush and National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice about the Agency’s plans to attack the Taliban and al-Qaeda in Afghanistan, at Camp David in Maryland on September 29, 2001. White House photo by Eric Draper. Courtesy of the George W. Bush Presidential Library.
Inside a cave in Tora Bora, the last confirmed location of Osama bin Laden, in eastern Afghanistan. The caves there are rudimentary affairs, but can withstand heavy bombing. Photo by Peter Bergen.
Future Afghan president Hamid Karzai surrounded by the team of U.S. Special Forces who helped him in the fight against the Taliban, outside Kandahar on December 3, 2001. Photo courtesy of Major Jason Amerine.
Ali Soufan, left, one of the few Arabic-speaking agents at the FBI before 9/11, was able to solicit a great deal of uncoerced information from al-Qaeda insiders. Photo courtesy of Ali Soufan.
Egyptian militant Abu Omar was abducted from the streets of Milan by CIA officers in 2003. He spent four years in Egypt’s hellish prisons. Photo by Peter Bergen.
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the operational commander of the 9/11 attacks, was roused from his bed in the middle of the night and arrested in Pakistan on March 1, 2003. U.S. government photo via Associated Press.
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