by Avi Shlaim
21. Ann Dearden, Jordan (London: Robert Hale, 1958), 119.
22. Morris, The Hashemite Kings, 211.
23. P. J. Vatikiotis, Politics and the Military in Jordan: A Study of the Arab Legion 1921–1957 (London: Frank Cass, 1967), 124.
24. C. H. Johnston, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1956’, 19 March 1957, FO 371/127876, PRO.
25. Ibid.
26. Captain Aluf Hareven, Military Intelligence, to Foreign Ministry, 14 May 1956, ‘The Establishment of a Fedayeen Organisation in Jordan’, 3745/1, Israel State Archive (ISA), Jerusalem.
27. Zeid Raad, ‘A Nightmare Avoided: Jordan and Suez 1956,’ Israel Affairs, 1:2 (Winter 1994).
28. S. B. Yeshaya to the director-general of the Foreign Ministry, 15 October 1956, 3745/ 1, ISA.
29. Research Department, Foreign Ministry, 18 October 1956, ‘Israel and the Entry of an Iraqi Army into Jordan’, 3745/1, ISA.
30. Research Department, Foreign Ministry, 24 October 1956, ‘The New Jordanian Parliament’, 3745/1, ISA.
31. S. Divon to Foreign Minister, 15 October 1956, 3745/1, ISA.
32. Eliahu Elath, London, to the Foreign Ministry, 13 December 1956, 3745/1, ISA.
Chapter 6: The Liberal Experiment
1. Hussein bin Talal, Uneasy Lies the Head: An Autobiography (London: Heinemann, 1962), 127.
2. Ibid., 128.
3. Interview with Marwan Kasim.
4. Robin Bidwell, Dictionary of Modern Arab History (London: Kegan Paul, 1998), 292.
5. Moshe Dayan, Diary of the Sinai Campaign (London: Sphere Books, 1967), 89.
6. David Ben-Gurion’s diary, 17 October 1956, the Ben-Gurion Archive, Sede-Boker. For an English version see ‘Ben-Gurion’s Diary: The Suez-Sinai Campaign’ in The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal, eds. Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh (London: Frank Cass, 1990), 303.
7. Avi Shlaim, ‘The Protocol of Sèvres, 1956: Anatomy of a War Plot’, International Affairs, 73:3 (July 1997).
8. Appendix in ibid. The text of ‘The Protocol of Sèvres, 24 October 1956’was first published as Appendix A in Keith Kyle, Suez (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991).
9. Zeid Raad, ‘A Nightmare Avoided: Jordan and Suez 1956’, Israel Affairs, 1:2 (Winter 1994).
10. Hazza’ al-Majali, Mudhakkarati [My Memoirs], in Arabic (Beirut: Dar al-Ilm lil-Malayeen, 1960).
11. Anwar al-Khatib al-Tamimi, Ma’a Salah al-Din fi al-Quds: Ta’ammulat wa-Dhikrayat [With Salah al-Din in Jerusalem: Contemplations and Memoirs], in Arabic (Jerusalem: Dar al-Tibaah al-Arabiyah, 1989), 105–11.
12. Charles Johnston, The Brink of Jordan (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1972), 27.
13. Peter Snow, Hussein: A Biography (London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1972), 100.
14. Quoted in Kennett Love, Suez-The Twice-fought War: A History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969), 532–3.
15. Khatib, Ma’a Salah al-Din fi al-Quds, 111.
16. Dayan, Diary of the Sinai Campaign, 89–90.
17. Philip Geyelin’s interview with Ali Abu Nuwar, 20 June 1990, ‘The Papers of Philip Geyelin’, Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony’s College, Oxford.
18. Interview with Prince El Hassan bin Talal.
19. James Morris, The Hashemite Kings (London: Faber and Faber, 1959), 213.
20. Snow, Hussein, 100–101.
21. C. H. Johnston, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1956’, 19 March 1957, FO 371/127876, PRO.
22. John Bagot Glubb, A Soldier with the Arabs (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1957), 432.
23. Johnston, The Brink of Jordan, 81.
24. Munib al-Madi and Suleiman Musa, Tarikh al-urdunn fi al-qarn al-’ishreen [The History of Jordan in the Twentieth Century], in Arabic, 2nd ed., Volume I (Amman: Maktaba al-Muhtasab, 1988), 648.
25. Lester Mallory to the DOS, 9 November 1956, Foreign Relations of the United States 1955–1957. Volume XIII. Near East: Jordan-Yemen (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing House, 1988), 59.
26. Ibid., 64.
27. Interview with Sir Roger Tomkys.
28. ‘Memorandum of a Conversation’, 10 December 1956, Foreign Relations of the United States. Volume XIII, 74.
29. Sir Harold Caccia to FO, 25 December 1956, FO 371/121525, PRO.
30. ‘Memorandum of a Conversation’, 17 January 1957, Foreign Relations of the United States. Volume XIII, 81–3.
31. Gideon Rafael to Foreign Ministry, 22 January 1957, 3745/1, ISA.
32. Morris, The Hashemite Kings, 214.
33. Johnston, The Brink of Jordan, 27.
34. Shimshon Arad, Washington, ‘The Situation in Jordan’, 29 April 1957, 3745/1, ISA.
35. Robert B. Satloff, From Abdullah to Hussein: Jordan in Transition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 161.
36. Ibid., 154.
37. Hussein bin Talal, Uneasy Lies the Head, 133–4.
38. Mallory to DOS, 13 February 1957, Foreign Relations of the United States. Volume XIII, 84–6.
39. Johnston, The Brink of Jordan, 163.
40. Ibid., 47–8.
41. Hussein bin Talal, Uneasy Lies the Head, 128–31.
Chapter 7: A Royal Coup
1. Lester Mallory to the DOS, 29 March 1957, Foreign Relations of the United States 1955–1957. Volume XIII. Near East: Jordan-Yemen (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing House, 1988), 88–9.
2. C. H. Johnston, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1956’, 19 March 1957, FO 371/127876, Public Record Office (PRO).
3. Interview with Natheer Rasheed; and Joseph A. Massad, Colonial Effects: The Making of National Identity in Jordan (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 193.
4. Hussein bin Talal, Uneasy Lies the Head: An Autobiography (London: Heinemann, 1962), 135.
5. C. H. Johnston, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1956’, 19 March 1957, FO 371/127876, PRO.
6. Hussein bin Talal, Uneasy Lies the Head, 135.
7. Uriel Dann, King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism: Jordan 1955–1967 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 56.
8. James Morris, The Hashemite Kings (London: Faber and Faber, 1959), 216.
9. Hussein bin Talal, Uneasy Lies the Head, 136.
10. Elie Podeh, ‘The Struggle for Arab Hegemony after the Suez Crisis’, Middle Eastern Studies, 29:1 (January 1993).
11. Hussein bin Talal, Uneasy Lies the Head, 137–51.
12. Peter Snow, Hussein: A Biography (London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1972), 108–13.
13. Miles Copeland, The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969), 189.
14. Interview with Natheer Rasheed.
15. Johnston to Lloyd, 14 May 1957, FO 371.127880/VJ 1015/118. Cited in Robert B. Satloff, From Abdullah to Hussein: Jordan in Transition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 168.
16. Foreign Relations of the United States. Volume XIII, 94–7.
17. Erskine B. Childers, The Road to Suez: A Study of Western-Arab Relations (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1962), Appendix B, 397–401.
18. Lawrence Tal, Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan 1955–1967 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 45.
19. Satloff, From Abdullah to Hussein, 167.
20. P. J. Vatikiotis, Politics and the Military in Jordan: A Study of the Arab Legion 1921–1957 (London: Frank Cass, 1967), 130–35.
21. Childers, The Road to Suez, 398.
22. Tal, Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan, 49.
23. Dann, King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism, 60.
24. Foreign Relations of the United States. Volume XIII. 100–109.
25. Charles Johnston, The Brink of Jordan (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1972), 61; and Satloff, From Abdullah to Hussein, 171–2.
26. Dann, King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism, 64.
27. Johnston, The Brink of Jordan, 62.
28. C. H. Johnston, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1957’, 28 January 1958, FO 371/134006, PRO.
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29. Johnston, The Brink of Jordan, 62.
30. Ibid, 79–81.
31. Foreign Relations of the United States. Volume XIII, 109.
32. C. H. Johnston, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1957’, 28 January 1958, FO 371/134006, PRO.
33. Wilbur Crane Eveland, Ropes of Sand: America’s Failure in the Middle East (New York: W. W. Norton, 1980), 183–4.
34. Ibid., 188.
35. Ibid., 189–91.
36. Bob Woodward, ‘CIA Paid Millions to Jordan’s King Hussein’, Washington Post, 18 February 1977; Bob Woodward, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981–1987 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987), 238.
37. Philip Geyelin, ‘Hashemite: The Story of King Hussein of Jordan’, unpublished manuscript, ‘The Papers of Philip Geyelin’, Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony’s College, Oxford, Chapter 30, 9–10.
38. Interview with a former CIA official who wished to remain anonymous.
39. Interview with Mreiwad al-Tall.
40. Satloff, From Abdullah to Hussein, 174–5.
41. C. H. Johnston, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1957’, 28 January 1958, FO 371/134006, PRO.
42. Ibid.
Chapter 8: The Year of Revolution
1. Malcolm H. Kerr, The Arab Cold War: Gamal Abd al-Nasir and His Rivals 1958–1970, 3rd ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1971).
2. Elie Podeh, The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arabic Republic (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1999), 39–48. See also Patrick Seale, The Struggle for Syria: A Study in Post-war Arab Politics 1945–1958 (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), 321.
3. Podeh, The Decline of Arab Unity, 47.
4. Charles Johnston, The Brink of Jordan (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1972), 88.
5. James Lunt, Hussein of Jordan (London: Fontana/Collins, 1990), 70.
6. I am grateful to Foulath Hadid for sharing with me his knowledge of Iraqi history during this period.
7. Hussein bin Talal, Mihnati ka-malik [My Profession as King], in Arabic, (Amman: Al-Ahliyya Publishing House, [n.d.]), 140–46.
8. Douglas Little, ‘A Puppet in Search of a Puppeteer? The United States, King Hussein and Jordan 1953–1970’, International History Review, 18:3 (August 1995).
9. Harold Macmillan, Riding the Storm 1956–1959 (London: Macmillan, 1971), 503.
10. Lawrence Tal, Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan 1955–1967 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 56.
11. Mouayad Ibrahim K. al-Windawi, ‘Anglo-Iraqi Relations 1945–1958’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading, 1989), 321.
12. Michael Ionides, Divide and Lose: The Arab Revolt of 1955–1958 (London: Geoffrey Bles, 1960), 246.
13. Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv, Behind the Uprising: Israelis, Jordanians, and Palestinians (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), 55–6.
14. Uriel Dann, King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism: Jordan 1955–1967 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 86–7.
15. Little, ‘A Puppet in Search of a Puppeteer? The United States, King Hussein and Jordan 1953–1970’.
16. Hussein bin Talal, Uneasy Lies the Head: An Autobiography (London: Heinemann, 1962), 160–61.
17. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.
18. Al-Windawi, ‘Anglo-Iraqi Relations 1945–1958’, 330.
19. Hussein. bin Talal, Uneasy Lies the Head, 155.
20. Interview with Ali Shukri.
21. Philip Geyelin, ‘Hashemite: The Story of King Hussein of Jordan’, unpublished manuscript, ‘The Papers of Philip Geyelin’, Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony’s College, Oxford, Chapter 29,1 5.
22. Eliezer Be’eri, Army Officers in Arab Politics and Society (New York: Praeger, 1970), 176.
23. Humphrey Trevelyan, The Middle East in Revolution (London: Macmillan, 1970), 135–7.
24. For an analysis of a first-hand account of the massacre see Elie Kedourie, Arabic Political Memoirs and Other Studies (London: Frank Cass, 1974), 179–82.
25. Al-Windawi, ‘Anglo-Iraqi Relations 1945–1958’, 327–8.
26. Little, ‘A Puppet in Search of a Puppeteer? The United States, King Hussein and Jordan 1953–1970’.
27. Heath Mason to FO, 16 July 1958, FO 371/134038/30190, Public Record Office (PRO).
28. Macmillan, Riding the Storm 1956–1959, 518.
29. Geyelin, ‘Hashemite: The Story of King Hussein of Jordan’, Chapter 29, 15.
30. Macmillan, Riding the Storm 1956–1959, 518.
31. Avi Shlaim, ‘Israel, the Great Powers, and the Middle East Crisis of 1958’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 27:2 (May 1999).
32. David Ben-Gurion’s diary, 14 July 1958, Ben-Gurion Archive, Sede-Boker.
33. Lord Hood to Sir William Hayter, 9 September 1958, FO 371/134279, PRO.
34. Minute by C. A. E. Shuckburgh, 28 July 1958, FO 371/134289/30190, PRO.
35. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.
36. Hussein bin Talal, Uneasy Lies the Head, 168.
37. Ibid., 167.
38. Interview with Prince Talal bin Muhammad.
39. Ibid.
40. Johnston, The Brink of Jordan, 104.
41. James Morris, The Hashemite Kings (London: Faber and Faber, 1959), 220.
42. Ibid., 222.
43. Johnston, The Brink of Jordan, 106.
44. Robert B. Satloff, ‘The Jekyll-and-Hyde Origins of the US-Jordanian Strategic Relationship’ in The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment, ed. David W. Lesch (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2003), 128.
45. Foreign Relations of the United States 1955–1957. Volume XIII. Near East: Jordan-Yemen (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing House, 1988), 74–7.
46. Dann, King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism, 91.
47. Johnston, The Brink of Jordan, 107.
48. Macmillan, Riding the Storm 1956–1959, 524.
49. Johnston, The Brink of Jordan, 108–11.
50. Ibid., 109, 112.
51. Hussein bin Talal, Uneasy Lies the Head, 172.
52. Ibid., 179–85.
53. Tal, Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan, 65.
54. R. Levi to Foreign Ministry, 14 November 1958, ‘Jordan’, 3745/4, Israel State Archive (ISA).
55. Quoted in Tal, Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan, 153.
Chapter 9: Arab Foes and Jewish Friends
1. Lawrence Tal, Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan 1955–1967 (Basing-stoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 69.
2. Interview with Ahmad al-Lozi.
3. Tal, Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan, 67–9.
4. Hussein bin Talal, Uneasy Lies the Head: An Autobiography (London: Heinemann, 1962), 196.
5. Interview with Jamal Sha’er; and Peter Snow, Hussein: A Biography (London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1972), 134.
6. Tal, Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan, 73–4.
7. C. H. Johnston, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1959’, 16 January 1960, FO 371/151040, Public Record Office (PRO).
8. Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv, Behind the Uprising: Israelis, Jordanians, and Palestinians (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), 56–7.
9. Charles Johnston, The Brink of Jordan (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1972), 156.
10. Malik Mufti, ‘The United States and Nasserist Pan-Arabism’ in The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment, ed. David W. Lesch (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996), 168.
11. Hussein bin Talal, Uneasy Lies the Head, 186–94.
12. Foreign Relations of the United States 1961–1963. Volume XVII. Near East: 1961–1962, Department of State (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing House, 1994), 273–6.
13. Interview with Sir Roger Tomkys.
14. J. P. C. E. Henniker-Major, ‘Annual Political Review for Jordan for 1961’, FO 371/ 164080, PRO.
15. Hussein bi
n Talal, Uneasy Lies the Head, 220–21.
16. Ibid, 222–8.
17. John Henniker, Painful Extractions: Looking Back at a Personal Journey (Eye, Suffolk: Thornham Books, 2002), 128–9.
18. J. P. C. E. Henniker-Major, ‘Annual Political Review for Jordan for 1961’, FO 371/ 164080, PRO.
19. Uriel Dann, King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism: Jordan 1955–1967 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 116–17.
20. Interview with Princess Basma bint Talal.
21. Dann, King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism, 120.
22. Philip Robins, A History of Jordan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 106–7.
23. Interview with Tariq al-Tall.
24. Interview with Mreiwad al-Tall.
25. Asher Susser, On Both Banks of the Jordan: A Political Biography of Wasfi al-Tall (London: Frank Cass, 1994), 51–5; and Tal, Politics, the Military, and National Security in Jordan, 88–9.
26. Roderick Parkes, ‘Annual Political Review for Jordan, 1962’, FO 371/164080, PRO.
27. Interview with Ali Shukri.
28. Roderick Parkes, ‘Annual Political Review for Jordan, 1962’, FO 371/164080, PRO.
29. Kamal S. Salibi, The Modern History of Jordan (London: I. B. Tauris, 1993), 206–7.
30. Roderick Parkes, ‘Annual Political Review for Jordan, 1962’, FO 371/164080, PRO.
31. Ibid.
32. Roderick Parkes, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1963’, FO 371/175645, PRO.
33. Snow, Hussein, 154–5.
34. Roderick Parkes, ‘Jordan: Annual Review for 1963’, FO 371/175645, PRO.
35. Ibid.
36. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.
37. Melman and Raviv, Behind the Uprising, 59–62.
38. Gideon Shomron to the Foreign Ministry, 10 August 1960, 3782/16, Israel State Archives (ISA).
39. Gideon Shomron to Avraham Cohen, the Foreign Ministry, 27 September 1960, 3782/16, ISA.
40. Gideon Shomron to Avraham Cohen, the Foreign Ministry, 20 October 1960, 3782/16, ISA.
41. Avraham Cohen to Gideon Shomron, London, 24 October 1960, 3782/16, ISA.
42. Gideon Shomron to Avraham Cohen, the Foreign Ministry, 20 December 1961, 3782/16, ISA.
