Lion of Jordan
Page 85
28. Yehuda Lukacs, Israel, Jordan, and the Peace Process (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1999), 140.
29. Dan Raviv and Yossi Melman, Every Spy a Prince: The Complete History of Israel’s Intelligence Community (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990), 213–14.
30. Moshe Zak, ‘Israeli-Jordanian Negotiations’, Washington Quarterly, 8: 1 (Winter 1985).
31. Interview with Adnan Abu-Odeh.
32. Gideon Rafael, Destination Peace: Three Decades of Israeli Foreign Policy (New York: Stein and Day, 1981), 363; and Yossi Melman, ‘Talks Amidst Hostility’, Ha’aretz, 2 August 1991.
33. Melman and Raviv, Behind the Uprising, 130–34.
34. Oral History Project, Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Jerusalem. Fifth interview with Yigal Allon, 4 June 1979, 5001/19, Israel State Archives (ISA).
35. Zak, ‘Israeli-Jordanian Negotiations’.
36. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.
Chapter 18: The Camp David Accords
1. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (London: Collins, 1982), 285.
2. Interview with Prince Talal bin Muhammad.
3. Interview with Sharif Zaid bin Shaker.
4. Moshe Dayan, Breakthrough: A Personal Account of the Egypt-Israel Peace Negotiations (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981), 35–7.
5. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.
6. Eliahu Ben Elissar, Lo Od Milhama [No More War], in Hebrew (Jerusalem: Ma’ariv, 1995), 33–6.
7. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.
8. ‘King Hussein Calls on Arabs to Heal Splits, Not To Aggravate Them’, Jordan Times, 29 November 1977.
9. Interview with Laila Sharaf.
10. Raad Alkadiri, ‘Strategy and Tactics in Jordanian Foreign Policy 1967–1988’ (unpublished D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, 1995), 104.
11. Letter from Jimmy Carter to King Hussein, 16 August 1978, Box 13, ‘The Papers of Philip Geyelin’, Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony’s College, Oxford.
12. Letter from King Hussein to Jimmy Carter, 27 August 1978, ibid.
13. Interview with Dan Patir.
14. Interviews with King Hussein bin Talal, Prince Raad bin Zaid and Nicholas Veliotis.
15. Carter, Keeping Faith, 397.
16. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of a National Security Adviser 1977–1981 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983), 261.
17. Carter, Keeping Faith, 404.
18. Obituary of Cyrus Vance by Harold Jackson, Guardian, 14 January 2002.
19. Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), 229–30.
20. Interviews with King Hussein bin Talal, Laila Sharaf and Marwan Kasim. For the text of the Questions and Answers see Appendix B in Madiha Rashid Al Madfai, Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process 1974–1991 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 222–30.
21. Interview with Nicholas Veliotis.
22. Carter, Keeping Faith, 409.
23. Interview with Ali Shukri.
24. Robert Fisk, The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East (London: Fourth Estate, 2005), 183.
25. Mahmoud Riad, The Struggle for Peace in the Middle East (London: Quartet, 1981), 330–34.
26. Interview with Prince Talal bin Muhammad.
27. Al Madfai, Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process 1974–1991, 64.
28. Ibid., 54–6, 80.
Chapter 19: Lebanon and the Reagan Plan
1. Queen Noor, Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2003), 81.
2. Ibid., 2.
3. Ibid., 258–9.
4. Interview with Prince Talal bin Muhammad.
5. Interview with Ali Shukri.
6. Interview with Cranwell G. Montgomery.
7. Interview with King Abdullah bin Hussein.
8. Interview with Prince Talal bin Muhammad.
9. Ronald Reagan, An American Life (London: Hutchinson, 1990), 410.
10. Interview with Richard Viets. On that first visit the Reagans invited the king and Queen Noor to lunch in their private quarters. Viets was also invited. In the middle of this small affair, Reagan suddenly said, ‘I understand that the Dead Sea is so salty that no fish can survive in it.’ The comment was not germane to anything that went on before. Hussein said, ‘That’s correct. No fish can survive there.’ Reagan: ‘I think we can help you out. We have special fish in California and I think they would love to live in the Dead Sea.’ Hussein’s eyes went almost into the dome of his head; he could hardly believe that this conversation was taking place. After lunch Reagan took Viets aside and said he was going to have members of his staff contact him to arrange the shipment of the fish. The two of them, Reagan said, were going to sort out this problem for Jordan. Viets was embarrassed but the king was characteristically good-humoured. When they met on future occasions, he would often rib Viets by saying, ‘When are you going to bring the fish?!’
11. ‘King Appeals for Decisive Arab Action on Lebanon Situation’, Jordan Times, 18 March 1978.
12. Interview with Adnan Abu-Odeh.
13. Ze’ev Schiff and Ehud Yaari, Israel’s Lebanon War (London: Allen and Unwin, 1985), 39–44.
14. Arye Naor, Memshalah be-milhamah: tifkud memshelet yisrael be-milhemet levanon, 1982 [Cabinet at War: The Functioning of the Israeli Cabinet during the Lebanon War 1982], in Hebrew (Tel Aviv: Lahav, 1986), 119–20.
15. Interview with Prince Talal bin Muhammad.
16. Interview with Sharif Zaid bin Shaker.
17. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Scribner’s, 1993), 87.
18. Mohamed Heikal, Secret Channels: The Inside Story of Arab–Israeli Peace Negotiations (London: HarperCollins, 1996), 356.
19. Caspar Weinberger, Fighting for Peace: Seven Critical Years at the Pentagon (London: Michael Joseph, 1990), 101.
20. Interview with Nicholas Veliotis.
21. Noor, Leap of Faith, 215.
22. William B. Quandt, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab–Israeli Conflict since 1967 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 256–7.
23. Raad Alkadiri, ‘Strategy and Tactics in Jordanian Foreign Policy 1967–1988’ (unpublished D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, 1995), 138–9; and John Newhouse, ‘Profiles: Monarch’, New Yorker, 19 September 1983.
24. Quandt, Peace Process, 257.
25. Interview with Nicholas Veliotis.
26. Reagan, An American Life, 431.
Chapter 20: Peace Partnership with the PLO
1. Raad Alkadiri, ‘Strategy and Tactics in Jordanian Foreign Policy 1967–1988’ (unpublished D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, 1995), 175.
2. Interview with Shimon Peres.
3. ‘Address by His Majesty King Hussein I to the Nation, Wednesday, 19 February 1986’ (Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Ministry of Information), 45.
4. Interview with Taher al-Masri.
5. Ibid.
6. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Scribner’s, 1993), 457.
7. Ibid., 445.
8. Ibid., 447.
9. Madiha Rashid Al Madfai, Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process 1974–1991 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 169.
10. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 451.
11. Ibid., 451.
12. Interview with Shimon Peres.
13. Moshe Zak, Hussein oseh shalom [Hussein Makes Peace], in Hebrew (Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1996), 201–2,263–4.
14. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 452–5.
15. Adam Garfinkle, Israel and Jordan in the Shadow of War: Functional Ties and Futile Diplomacy in a Small Place (London: Macmillan, 1992), 113.
16. Alan Hart, Arafat: A Political Biography, revised ed. (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1994), 444–6.
17. Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv, Behind the Uprising: Israelis, Jordanians, and Palestinians (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), 173.
18. Interview with Shimon Peres.
19. Lady Mishcon always laid on a lavish lunch for her distinguished guests and the atmosphere was usually relaxed, with a great deal of small talk and a mixture of Jewish and Arab humour. Beilin described the king as ‘smiley, very nice, very friendly, very outgoing, and surprisingly modest’. Interview with Dr Yossi Beilin.
20. Melman and Raviv, Behind the Uprising, 166–7.
21. Andrew Gowers and Tony Walker, Behind the Myth: Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian Revolution (London: W. H. Allen, 1990), 261.
22. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 460.
23. ‘Address by His Majesty King Hussein I to the Nation, Wednesday, 19 February 1986’ (Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Ministry of Information), 85.
24. Interview with Dr Taher Kanaan.
25. Yehuda Lukacs, Israel, Jordan, and the Peace Process (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1999), 164.
26. Melman and Raviv, Behind the Uprising, 175; and Zak, Hussein oseh shalom, 204–5.
27. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 790.
28. Queen Noor, Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2003), 271.
29. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 844.
30. Interview with Adnan Abu-Odeh.
31. Interviews with Taher al-Masri and Dr Samir Mutawi.
32. Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web: Bush, Saddam, Thatcher and the Decade of Deceit (London: Faber and Faber, 1993), 26–7.
33. David Schenker, Dancing with Saddam: The Strategic Tango of Jordanian-Iraqi Relations (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2003), 37.
34. For data on Jordan’s finances in general see Laurie A. Brand, Jordan’s Inter-Arab Relations: The Political Economy of Alliance Making (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994).
35. Interview with Prince Talal bin Muhammad.
36. Interview with Ali Shukri.
Chapter 21: The London Agreement
1. Ali Mahafza, ’Ashrat a’awam min al-kifah wa al-bina: majmuat khutub jalalat al-malik Hussein bin Talal 1977–1987 [Ten Years of Struggle and Building: The Collected Speeches of His Majesty King Hussein bin Talal 1977–1987], in Arabic (Amman: Markaz al-Kitab al-Urduni, 1988), 894–916.
2. Shayke Ben-Porat, Sikhot im Yossi Beilin [Talks with Yossi Beilin], in Hebrew (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuhad Publishing House, 1996), 89–94.
3. Shimon Peres, Battling for Peace: Memoirs (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1995), 305–9.
4. The Peres-Hussein London Agreement, 11 April 1987, ibid., Appendix 2,361–2.
5. Ibid., 308–9; and Yitzhak Shamir, Summing Up: An Autobiography (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1994), 169.
6. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Scribner’s, 1993), 938–9.
7. Ibid., 940–41.
8. Arye Naor, Ktovet al ha-kir: le’an molikh ha-Likud [Writing on the Wall: Where is the Likud Leading?], in Hebrew (Tel Aviv: Edanim, 1988), 177–9.
9. New York Times, 13 May 1987, quoted in Andrew Gowers and Tony Walker, Behind the Myth: Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian Revolution (London: W. H. Allen, 1990), 266.
10. Interview with Shimon Peres.
11. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.
12. Interview with Ali Shukri.
13. Interview with Yossi Beilin.
14. Shamir, Summing Up, 257.
15. Efraim Halevy, Man in the Shadows: Inside the Middle East Crisis with the Man Who Led the Mossad (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2006), Chapter 1.
16. Interview with Dan Meridor.
17. Yediot Aharonot, 4 February 1994, quoted in Yehuda Lukacs, Israel, Jordan, and the Peace Process (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1999), 173.
18. Queen Noor, Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2003), 276.
19. Interview with Marwan Kasim.
20. The 50 Years War, transcript of interview for six-part BBC television series, Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony’s College, Oxford (1998), King Hussein, 2 March 1997.
21. Interview with King Abdullah bin Hussein.
22. Interview with Dan Meridor.
23. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 942–3.
24. Ibid., 944–7.
25. Noor, Leap of Faith, 277.
26. Interview with Taher al-Masri.
27. ‘Talking Points: Hussein – First Meeting’ [n.d.], Box 28, ‘The Papers of Philip Geyelin’, Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony’s College, Oxford.
28. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 947–8.
29. Interview with Taher al-Masri.
30. Address by King Hussein to the Arab League Summit Conference, Amman, 8 November 1987, Mahafza, ’Ashrat a’awam min al-kifah wa al-bina, 1,058–60.
31. The50Years War, King Hussein, 2 March 1997.
Chapter 22: Intifada and Disengagement
1. Don Peretz, Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising (Boulder, Co: Westview Press, 1990), 167.
2. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Scribner’s, 1993), 1,018–26.
3. The50years War, transcript of interview for six-part BBC television series, Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony’s College, Oxford (1998), Zaid Rifa’i, 6 March 1997.
4. Ze’ev Schiff and Ehud Yaari, Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising – Israel’s Third Front (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 297–9.
5. Interview with Richard Viets.
6. Raad Alkadiri, ‘Strategy and Tactics in Jordanian Foreign Policy 1967–1988’ (unpublished D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, 1995), 194–5.
7. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 1,025–7.
8. Adnan Abu-Odeh, Jordanians, Palestinians, and the Hashemite Kingdom in the Middle East Peace Process (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1999), 224–5.
9. Interview with Adnan Abu-Odeh.
10. Ibid.
11. Interview with Taher al-Masri.
12. Asher Susser, In through the Out Door: Jordan’s Disengagement and the Middle East Peace Process (Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1990), 13.
13. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 1,030–31.
14. Jordan Times, 9 April 1988.
15. Shimon Peres to King Hussein, 26 July 1988, ‘The Private Papers of Moshe Zak’, Ramat Aviv.
16. King Hussein to Shimon Peres, 27 July 1988, ibid.
17. Interview with Adnan Abu-Odeh.
18. Interview with King Hussein bin Talal.
19. Address by King Hussein on Jordan’s Disengagement from the West Bank, 31 July 1988, in The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Documentary Record 1967–1990, ed. Yehuda Lukacs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 520–25.
20. Queen Noor, Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2003), 280.
21. Interview with Dr Taher Kanaan.
22. Interview with Taher al-Masri.
23. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 1,033.
24. Schiff and Yaari, Intifada, 271–2.
25. Susser, In through the Out Door, 37.
26. Adiba Mango, ‘Jordan on the Road to Peace 1988–1999’ (unpublished D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, 2002), 45.
27. Philip Robins, A History of Jordan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 177.
28. Interview with Ali Shukri.
29. Laurie A. Brand, Jordan’s Inter-Arab Relations: The Political Economy of Alliance Making (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 95.
30. Interviews with Ali Shukri, Prince Talal bin Muhammad and Prince Raad bin Zaid.
31. Philip Geyelin, draft of ‘Chapter 1: 1988/1989: The Bush Connection’, unfinished book manuscript, Box 27, ‘The Papers of Philip Geyelin’, Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony’s College, Oxford.
32. Personal memorandum from King Hussein to President Bus
h, February 1989, Box 13, ibid.
33. Interview with Marwan Kasim.
34. Interview with Prince El Hassan bin Talal.
35. Mango, ‘Jordan on the Road to Peace 1988–1999’, 45–53.
36. Interview with Marwan Kasim.
37. Interview with Samir Mutawi.
38. Interview with Prince Raad bin Zaid.
39. Interview with Sharif Zaid bin Shaker.
40. Robins, A History of Jordan, 101.
41. Noor, Leap of Faith, 296.
42. Robins, A History of Jordan, 174.
43. Interview with Prince Raad bin Zaid.
Chapter 23: The Gulf Crisis and War
1. Government of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, White Paper, Jordan and the Gulf Crisis: August 1990-March 1991 (Amman: August 1991), 4.
2. Interview with Ihsan Shurdom.
3. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 1st ed. (New York: Vintage, 1998), 318.
4. Jordan, White Paper, 4–5.
5. Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 319.
6. Interview with Wesley Egan. Egan served in the American Embassy in Cairo during the Gulf crisis.
7. James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace 19 S 9–1992 (New York: Putnam’s, 1995), 290.
8. Queen Noor, Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2003), 307–8.
9. Washington Post, 15 August 1990.
10. Mohamed Heikal, Illusions of Triumph: An Arab View of the Gulf War (London: Fontana, 1992), 273–5.
11. J. O’C [Jack O’Connell], ‘The Persian Gulf Crisis’, Box 17, ‘The Papers of Philip Geyelin’, Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony’s College, Oxford. Jack O’Connell was the CIA station chief in Amman from 1967 to 1971, and, after retiring from government service in 1972, an adviser and representative of the Jordanian government in Washington.
12. Heikal, Illusions of Triumph, 288.
13. Noor, Leap of Faith, 310.
14. Lawrence Tal, ‘Jordan’ in The Cold War and the Middle East, eds. Yezid Sayigh and Avi Shlaim (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 121.
15. Interviews with Christopher Prentice and Sir Mark Allen. Christopher Prentice was Britain’s ambassador to Jordan 2002–6. Mark Allen was counsellor (political) at the British Embassy in Amman 1990–94.