Lion of Jordan

by Avi Shlaim

  Ali, Prince 391, 587

  Alia, Princess 92, 93, 94, 95–6, 183, 551

  Alia, Queen 43, 355

  death 391

  Allon Plan 288–90, 291, 292–5

  modified 337

  as basis for later proposals 374–5, 382

  Allon, Yigal 379–80

  Herzog and 263

  personal hostility to Hussein 287–8

  meetings with Hussein 294–5, 298–300, 345, 381–2

  and Jordanian civil war 330–31, 332

  support for Hussein 330, 332, 335, 348

  message to Hussein 332

  meeting with Hussein (1970) 335–7

  support for United Arab Kingdom plan 348

  and Prince Hassan 389

  Amanpour, Christiane, interview 599–600

  Amer, Field Marshal Abdel Hakim, Egyptian commander 113, 117, 119, 240–41, 246

  Amery, Sir Julian, MP 249, 270, 272

  Amir, Lieutenant General Ali, Egyptian

  head of United Arab Command 220

  Amit, Meir, director of Mossad 200, 264

  Amman 18

  palaces 60

  villa in Al-Hummar 60, 92

  fedayeen in 312–13, 316–17

  Amman Accord (1986) 424

  principles of 424–5

  reactions to 425–7

  Amman Agreement (October 1970) 337–8

  Amman Pact (1956) 113, 114

  Anglo-Jordanian treaty (1948) 80, 83, 103

  termination of 123–4, 127

  Aqaba 16, 17, 183

  Iraqi supplies through 411–12

  Aqaba, Gulf of 116, 168

  Arab Constitutional Party 112

  Arab Cooperation Council (ACC) 468–70, 479, 614

  Arab Defence Council, Cairo 230

  Arab League

  and UN partition plan 24, 31

  and First Arab-Israeli War 26, 28, 30–31

  and Israeli threat to Jordan 73–4

  Security Pact 77, 78

  and UN Resolution (1958) 169

  and Palestinian separatism 204

  recognition of PLO 337–8, 419, 420, 422

  support for PLO 384, 460–61

  rejection of Camp David Accords 400, 404

  and Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 479, 480–81

  emergency meeting in Cairo (1990) 486

  summit meetings 261, 262; Cairo (1964) 202–5; Alexandria (1964)211–12; Casablanca (1965) 220; Khartoum (1967), ‘three noes’ declaration 266–8, 269; Rabat (1969) 310; Rabat (1974) 382, 383–7, 422; Baghdad (1977) 404–5; Fez (1982) 419, 422; Amman (1987) 452; Algiers (1988) 460–61

  Egypt: suspension 404, 613; readmission 452

  Arab Legion 17, 73, 98

  and First Arab-Israeli War 26, 28–9

  10th Infantry Regiment 52

  nationalism in 62, 73, 81, 105

  border security with Israel 69,72, 73, 98–9

  British subsidy to 80, 103, 106

  suppression of riots (1955–6) 85, 86–9, 90

  Arabization 98, 103, 104, 105, 106

  Bedouin regiments 100–101

  Haderi regiments 100

  see also Jordanian Arab Army

  Arab Liberation Front (wing of Iraqi Ba’th party) 312

  Arab Revolt (1916) 3, 4–7

  Arab solidarity agreement (1957) 123–4, 155

  Arab states

  disunity among 187, 266

  balance between radical and conservative 210, 232, 400

  and causes of June War 234–5, 240–42

  Hussein’s disillusionment with 250, 251

  and Israel 48, 164, 192, 202, 564

  and Jordan 75–6, 232;

  view of conduct in First Arab-Israeli War 28–31, 32–3; and Jordanian civil war 335, 340; reaction to United Arab Kingdom plan 343–6

  and lack of progress on peace 283

  and Palestine 67, 76

  response to Reagan Plan 421

  Arab Union, Jordan and Iraq 154–7

  and Iraqi coup 159–62

  Arab–Syrian Congress 10, 11

  Arabia, and Arab Revolt 6

  Arafat, Yasser

  and Fatah 219, 323

  as chairman of PLO 301, 309, 312

  ceasefire agreements 317, 320

  and second Rogers Plan 320

  declaration of independence in Irbid 331

  ceasefire after civil war 335, 336

  and Amman Agreement 337–8

  rejection of United Arab Kingdom plan 346

  and Egyptian–Syrian war plan 360

  at 1974 Rabat summit 383

  and banishment of PLO 417

  agreement with Hussein (1983) 420

  and negotiations with Hussein 423, 431

  Hussein’s distrust of 448, 452

  independence for West Bank and Gaza Strip 467

  and recognition of Israel 467

  renunciation of terrorism 468

  and Saddam Hussein 494

  and peace negotiations (from 1991) 511

  and Oslo Accord 521, 522, 523

  and economic aspirations for Palestine 565

  inability to control terrorists 570

  and Wye Agreement (1998) 589–90

  at funeral 607

  Arens, Moshe, Israeli minister of defence 446

  Arif, Colonel Abd al-Salam, President of

  Iraq 254, 268

  Iraqi coup 159–60

  and Iraqi troops in Jordan 322

  Arif, General Rafiq, UAR commander-in- chief 158

  al-Asad, Hafiz, Syrian President 333, 388

  Cairo summit (1973) 359

  and October War 369

  and Geneva Conference 372

  and Iran–Iraq War 413

  reconciliation with Hussein 431–2

  and Syrian plan to assassinate Hussein 554–5

  at funeral 607

  Ashrawi, Dr Hanan, PLO spokesperson 512, 517

  Aswan Dam 114

  Atmah, Ibrahim, RJAF 213

  al-Atrash, Farid 92

  al-Atrash, Sultan 20

  al-Awn, Sharif Abdul Hamid 90

  Ayyash, Yahya, Hamas bomb-maker 556

  Aziz, Tariq, Iraqi foreign minister 495

  al-Badr, Imam Muhammad, Yemen 188

  Badran, Mudar, as prime minister 397, 511

  Baghdad Pact (1955) 76–90, 155

  Bahrain 412

  Baker, James, US Secretary of State 508–9, 510, 511

  and Madrid Conference 513, 515

  Balfour, Arthur 8

  Balfour Declaration (1917) 8, 9

  Balfour-Paul, Glen, British ambassador to Amman 352–3, 354–5

  Bar-Lavie, Ze’ev, IDF Military Intelligence 225, 369

  Bar-Lev, Chaim, IDF chief of staff 292–3, 307–8

  Barak, Major-General Ehud 498, 500, 501

  Barbour, Walworth, US ambassador to Israel 248

  Barnea, Aharon and Amalia, Mine Enemy 94–5

  Basma, Princess 430, 591

  on Hussein’s relationship with family 60–61, 588

  Basra, port of 411

  Ba’th Arab Socialist Party 113, 135

  Ba’th Party 85, 312

  Ba’th Party, Iraq 189, 312, 334, 413

  Ba’th Party, Syria 62, 135, 312, 334, 413

  coup in Syria 189, 235

  Batikhi, General Samih 572, 574

  plot against Prince Hassan 585, 594

  Bayar, Calal, President of Turkey 82 Bedouins

  in Arab Revolt 6

  Prince Hassan and 583–4

  Begin, Menachem

  view of West Bank 256, 395

  and contacts with Hussein 263–4

  and second Rogers Plan 320

  as prime minister 392–3, 395, 413–14

  rejection of UN Resolution 242:395

  view of PLO 395

  deception in Camp David Accords 401

  and war in Lebanon 416

  rejection of Reagan Plan 418–19, 613

  Beilin, Yossi, Israeli foreign ministry 4
30

  and London Agreement 441, 444, 445

  Beirut, Israeli siege of 416–17

  Beit Shean, rocket attack 314

  Beit Shemesh, Hussein’s visit to 569–70

  Ben-Aharon, Yossi 498

  Ben-Gurion, David 48, 225

  and relations with Jordan 34–5, 116, 177

  and assassination of Abdullah 36

  and raid on Qibya 71–2

  and Suez 115–16

  territorial ambitions of 116, 163, 167

  Bennett, Air Vice-Marshal Sir Erik 249, 270, 412

  Bilby, Kenneth, New York Herald Tribune 34

  Bitar, Salah 135

  Black September commandos 339

  Boumedienne, Houari, Algerian president 265

  British Army, Parachute Brigade 162, 168, 169

  Brown, Dean, US ambassador to Amman 329

  Brown, George, British foreign minister 264–5

  Brzezinski, Zbigniew, US national security adviser 402, 405

  Bull, Odd, Norwegian chief-of-staff of UNTSO 241

  Bundy, McGeorge 286

  Buraimi Oasis 78

  Burns, Findley, Jr, US ambassador to Jordan 228, 229–30

  Bush, George H. W., US President 470–71

  Hussein’s relations with 470, 491

  and Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 479–80, 487–9

  US troops in Saudi Arabia 482–3

  and Operation Desert Storm 504, 505

  Cairo, conference (1921) 12, 14

  Cairo Agreement (1970) 335

  Cairo summit (1973) 359–60

  Camp David Accords 400–406

  Jordanian questions on 402–3

  Camp David conference 398–400

  Carter, Jimmy, US President

  and rights of Palestinians 389, 395

  and Hussein 391–2, 406

  and Begin 395, 401

  and Camp David conference 398–400

  and Camp David Accords 401–2, 403–4

  cuts in aid to Jordan 405–6

  Carter, Rosalynn 391–2

  censorship

  lifted 64–5

  imposition of 149, 587, 616

  on UAR radio broadcasts 157

  Chadli ben Jedid, President of Algeria 492

  Chamoun, Camille, President of Lebanon 159, 162

  Charles, Prince of Wales 616

  Childers, Erskine, on Zarqa Affair 137–8

  Christopher, Warren, US Secretary of State 524, 536, 540

  Churchill, Winston S., as colonial secretary 12, 13, 14

  CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)

  support for Hussein 144–9

  and Iraqi coup 158, 161

  on Jordanian regime 231–2, 240

  and Saddam Hussein 411, 437

  and Syrian plot against Hussein 554–5

  Clinton, Bill, US President

  and Oslo Accord 522, 528

  and Jordanian–Israeli peace treaty 535, 543, 545–6, 547

  and Washington Declaration 537–8

  at funeral of Rabin 553–4

  and Netanyahu 563, 573, 590

  and peace process 581

  and Wye Agreement (1998) 588–91

  at funeral of Hussein 607

  Cohen, Mendel, memoirs At the Court of King Abdullah48–9

  Cold War 143

  and American view of Middle East 300, 329–30, 414

  see also Soviet Union

  communism, perception of threat of 122, 126, 154, 174

  Copeland, Miles, CIA 134

  Coral Island, meeting on 303

  Craig, Mrs, nanny to Princess Alia 95, 96

  Crawford, Professor James 540

  Crossman, Richard 87, 89

  Curzon, Lord 18

  Czechoslovakia, and Soviet-Egyptian arms deal 81

  Dalgleish, Wing Commander Jock 46, 168, 170–71

  Damascus, entry of Arab Army into (1916) 6

  Danin, Ezra 27

  Daoud, Muhammad, head of military government 242, 325, 335

  Dayan, General Moshe 115, 119, 297

  minister of defence 248, 348

  view of occupied territories 256, 356

  opposition to Hussein 257, 307, 331

  on Jewish claim to Jerusalem 258

  and Bundy 286

  retaliation against Palestinian terrorism 303, 308

  targeting of East Ghor Canal 304

  opposition to revised Allon Plan 337

  and meetings with Hussein 350–51, 376–7, 393–5

  offer of defence pact 350, 351, 352

  and United Arab Kingdom plan 350–51

  and October War 362, 367–8

  as foreign minister in Likud government 393, 413

  offer of partition of West Bank 394

  Dead Sea, mineral resources 358

  Dhofar, insurgency 410, 412

  Dina Abdul Hamid, Queen (first wife) 90–96

  and daughter Alia 92, 93, 94, 95–6, 183

  divorce 93–4, 95–6, 179

  second marriage to Salah Ta’amari 94–5

  Dinitz, Simha 347–8, 356–7, 428

  Domino Theory, applied by US to Middle East 159, 329

  Doudin, Marwan 434

  Douglas-Home, Sir Alec, British foreig secretary 328–9

  Druze, minority in Syria 20

  Duke, Charles, British ambassador to Jordan 84, 101, 102–3

  Dulles, John Foster

  on future of Jordan (1956) 122–3, 140, 143

  on Nasser’s intentions for UAR 154

  view of Israel 163, 167

  East Bank

  Fatah bases 274–5

  regulation of Palestinian organizations 337–8

  control regained 341

  development plans 386

  after Oslo Accord 532

  East Ghor Canal, Israeli attacks on 304

  East Jerusalem, Har Homa settlement 566, 568, 570

  Eban, Abba, Israeli foreign minister 167, 242

  in favour of peace agreements 256, 263

  and direct contact with Hussein 257, 279, 287

  meetings with Hussein and Rifa’i 279–80, 281, 288–90, 294–5, 297, 299–300

  view of Hussein 283–4, 331

  indiscretion about meetings with Hussein 299–300

  and Rogers Plan 309

  and Hussein’s problem with fedayeen 313–15

  and Geneva conference 372

  Eden, Sir Anthony, prime minister

  and Nasser 77–8, 79

  and Baghdad Pact 84, 89

  on dismissal of Glubb 102, 103–4

  and Suez war 107, 114–15

  Egypt 6, 21, 31, 150

  Amman Pact 113

  and Arab Cooperation Council 468, 469–70

  Arab League: Rabat summit 310; suspension 404, 613; readmission 452

  Free Officers’ Revolution (1952) 62

  dependence on USSR 81, 265, 310

  and Israel 356, 370, 565; responsibility for June War 240–48, 251; and proposals for peace 257–8, 357, 396; military disengagement agreement (1974) 373; Sinai II agreement 387–8; peace treaty (1979) 413

  and Jordan: hostility towards 53, 60, 68; radio propaganda against 77, 80, 81, 84; economic aid for 123, 128; mutual defence treaty (1967) 237–8, 239; and murderers of Tall 339, 345

  and Palestinians 107–8, 384

  October War 358–9, 365–6, 369–70

  reaction to Jordanian-Israeli peace treaty 547, 552

  and Syria: defence treaties 81–2, 235, 237; joint war plan 359–60; end of alliance 369

  and UAR 153–4, 179, 213–14

  and Yemen revolution 188–9

  and United States 309, 320, 481

  violation of 1970 ceasefire 320–21

  see also Nasser, Gamal Abdel; Sadat, Anwar

  Egyptian air force, destruction by Israel (1967) 240

  Egyptian Army, October War 365

  Eilan, Arye, Israeli foreign ministry 72–3

  Eisenhower Doctrine 14, 126

  Eisenhower, Dwight D.


  and Suez crisis 114–15

  support for Hussein 143–4, 167

  meeting with Hussein 173–4

  El-Bid, Salem, vice-president of Yemen 494

  Elath, Eliahu, Israeli ambassador in London 193–4

  Elazar, David, Israeli chief of staff 364

  Eran, Dr Oded, Israeli ambassador in Amman 572

  Eshkol, Levi, Israeli prime minister 196, 256, 299

  and Rabin 224–5

  policy of support for Hussein 225, 248

  on West Bank 256, 300–301

  and direct contact with Hussein 257, 278–9, 287, 297

  Eshkol, Miriam 225

  Eveland, Wilbur Crane, CIA 144–6

  Eytan, Walter, Israeli ambassador to France 221

  Fahd, King of Saudi Arabia 402, 403, 425

  and Iran-Iraq war 413

  and Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 479, 481

  Fahmy, Ismail, Egyptian foreign minister 372

  Faisal bin Hussein (d.1933) 3, 4, 6, 23

  as king of Syria 10, 11

  as king of Iraq 14, 19

  Faisal bin Hussein, Prince 183, 587

  Faisal ibn Abd al-Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia 164, 188

  and Nasser 267, 268

  and Gaddafy 310

  and October War 366

  Faisal II, King of Iraq (and cousin) 54, 59, 79, 92, 155

  and Arab Union 156

  warned by Hussein of plot against him 158

  murder of 160, 165–6

  Fatah faction (PLO) 94–5, 312

  guerrilla operations 219–20, 232, 274–5

  attempts to contain 222

  and Samu’ incident 223

  Israeli attacks on 276–7, 282

  plan to expel to Syria 307–8

  fighters in Amman 317, 335–6

  call for general strike 323, 335

  and Black September commandos 339

  reaction to United Arab Kingdom plan 344

  plot to assassinate Hussein 383

  Fawzi, Dr Mahmud, Egyptian foreign minister 104

  al-Fayez, Akif 141, 172

  fedayeen terrorists 108

  Hussein’s policy towards 276–7

  Israeli warnings on 286

  border war with Israel 303–4

  civil war with 311 -40

  growing power and arrogance of 311, 312–13

  attacks on army bases 315–16

  renewed attacks in Jordan 321

  in Irbid 323–4, 338

  in Ajlun 336, 339

  controls on 337–8

  expelled to Syria 339

  First Arab-Israeli War (1947–9) 25–32

  first phase 25–6

  second phase 27

  armistice (1949) 32

  France

  interests in Middle East 5, 10–11, 20

  and Suez 115–17

  Free Jordanian Officers movement 62, 63

  and dismissal of Glubb 99,100

  and Zarqa Affair 129, 139

  Friedman, Thomas, New York Times563

  Gaddafy, Colonel Muamar 310, 335

  Gardiner, Toni (Antoinette) see Muna, Princess

  Gardiner, Lieutenant-Colonel Walker 180